Study of Reinforced Concrete with the Addition of Pozzolanic against the Penetration of Chlorides through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Study
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Mix Design
3.1.1. Cement
3.1.2. Pozzolans
3.2. Tomography to Determine Porosity
3.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy—EIS
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Accelerated Test of Chlorides According to ASTM 1556
4.2. Tomography
4.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
4.4. Summary of Key Findings
5. Conclusions
- -
- In utilizing tomography, this study found varying porosity levels across different concrete types. REF concrete exhibited the highest total porosity at 2.48%, MK concrete showed a slightly lower porosity at 2.43%, and RHA concrete had the lowest porosity at 1.06%. These findings are crucial in understanding the microstructural differences among the concretes and their potential impact on durability.
- -
- The chloride diffusion coefficients, determined according to ASTM 1556, varied significantly among the concrete types. REF concrete had the highest diffusion rate (Da = m2/s), indicating a greater vulnerability to chloride penetration, whereas RHA (Da = m2/s) and MK concrete (Da = m2/s) demonstrated considerably lower diffusion rates, suggesting enhanced resistance to chloride ion ingress.
- -
- Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) effectively characterized and quantified the differences in system resistance among the concrete types. These differences highlight the distinct electrochemical behaviors of the concretes and their responses to corrosive environments.
- -
- At low frequencies (around 0.01 Hz), associated with the resistance in the electrode bars/concrete system, the study identified a blend of physical and chemical resistance, with a slightly greater emphasis on physical mechanisms.
- -
- Medium frequencies (around 39 Hz) were linked to the resistance of the concrete/bar system, revealing a balance of chemical and physical resistance, but with chemical processes playing a more dominant role.
- -
- At high frequencies (around 100 kHz), corresponding to the electrolyte resistance in the system (concrete + water + NaCl), the findings suggest a nuanced balance of physical and chemical protective mechanisms, with a slight lean towards physical protection.
- -
- The addition of active mineral additives, particularly those with an alumino-silicic composition, significantly enhances the concrete’s defense against chloride ion attacks. This study illustrates the effectiveness of these additives in providing a predominantly physico-chemical protective effect.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | % |
---|---|
C | 0.2370 |
Si | 0.1950 |
Mn | 0.7730 |
P | 0.0044 |
S | 0.0474 |
Cr | 0.0809 |
Mo | 0.0083 |
Ni | 0.0499 |
Al | 0.0221 |
Co | <0.01 |
Cu | 0.0820 |
Nb | 0.0055 |
Ti | 0.0320 |
V | <0.001 |
W | <0.010 |
Pb | <0.002 |
Sn | 0.0027 |
Mg | <0.002 |
B | >0.132 |
Fe | <98.2 |
FRX | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | Na2O | K2O | CaO | SrO | P2O5 | TiO2 | MnO | PPC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | 63.6 | 17.6 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 0.72 | 3.9 | 0.29 | 0.85 | 37.39 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 3.9 |
Bogue Composition | Compound | C3S | C2S | C3A | C4AF | |||||||||
% | 60.15 | 5.08 | 8.,61 | 8.82 |
Density (g/cm3) (He Pic NUMATS) | 2.47 @ 21C | 2.63 @ 21C |
---|---|---|
Blaine (cm2/g) (NUMATS) | 12,246 | 7004 |
FRX CETEM (AXIOS Panalytical) | %w/w | %w/w |
MgO | 0.29 | 0.81 |
Al2O3 | 0.19 | 43.5 |
SiO2 | 93.65 | 48.5 |
P2O5 | 0.32 | 0 |
SO3 | <0.1 | 0 |
K2O | 1.3 | 1.8 |
TiO2 | 0 | 1.3 |
Fe2O3 | <0.1 | 1.9 |
CaO | 0.44 | <0.1 |
MnO | 0.29 | 0 |
BaO | <0.1 | 0 |
Perda ao Fogo | 3.5 | 2.2 |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Tubo Cobalto | Tubo Cobalto | |
---|---|---|
XRD CETEM (Bruker D4) | RHA | MKHPMAX-Co |
Phase Name | Wt% in Original sample | Wt% in Original sample |
Kaolinite | 0.000 | 5.983 |
Muscovite | 0.000 | 3.032 |
Quartz | 0.000 | 6.430 |
Anatase | 0.000 | 1.051 |
Zircon | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Microcline | 0.000 | 3.494 |
Illite | 0.000 | 14.923 |
Cristobalite low | 5.897 | 0.000 |
Fluorite | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Amorphous | 94.1 | 65.1 |
- | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Cement | M | w/c | Mortar Ratio % | Mix Unit | Slump (cm) | Compressive Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP-V ARI HOLCIM | 5.94 | 0.70 | 53 | 1:2.679:3.262 | 12 | 26 |
5.94 | 0.70 | 53 | 1:2.679:3.262:10% RHA | 8 | 28 | |
5.94 | 0.70 | 53 | 1:2.679:3.262:10% MK | 7.5 | 27 |
Deep (mm) | Ref-N (mg/L) | RHA(mg/L) | MK (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
0–5 | 0.500 | 0.812 | 0.804 |
5–10 | 0.384 | 0.388 | 0.296 |
10–15 | 0.268 | 0.188 | 0.096 |
15–20 | 0.200 | 0.104 | 0.080 |
20–25 | 0.164 | 0.080 | 0.032 |
25–30 | 0.140 | 0.060 | 0.024 |
30–35 | 0.132 | 0.052 | 0.020 |
Da (m2/s) | |||
Cs (%) | 0.5653683 | 1.240761 | 1.49701 |
Interval (mm2) | REF Before Chloride (NaCl) | REF After Chloride (NaCl) |
---|---|---|
0.00–0.13 | 188,289 | 112,982 |
0.13–0.26 | 108,828 | 147,894 |
0.26–0.52 | 85,360 | 123,750 |
0.52–1.05 | 45,006 | 53,127 |
1.05–2.09 | 18,131 | 19,609 |
2.09–4.19 | 5319 | 5561 |
4.19–8.38 | 503 | 552 |
TOTAL | 2.48% | 2.80% |
Interval (mm2) | RHA Before Chloride (NaCl) | RHA After Chloride (NaCl) |
---|---|---|
0.00–0.13 | 35,487 | 105,340 |
0.13–0.26 | 34,256 | 91,903 |
0.26–0.52 | 25,485 | 49,819 |
0.52–1.05 | 15,551 | 21,077 |
1.05–2.09 | 8668 | 9911 |
2.09–4.19 | 2849 | 3233 |
4.19–8.38 | 348 | 462 |
8.38–16.75 | 1 | 11 |
16.75–33.5 | 1 | |
TOTAL | 1.06% | 1.32% |
Interval (mm2) | MK Before Chloride (NaCl) | MK After Chloride (NaCl) |
---|---|---|
0.00–0.13 | 64,516 | 112,982 |
0.13–0.26 | 91,914 | 147,894 |
0.26–0.52 | 80,558 | 123,750 |
0.52–1.05 | 42,482 | 53,127 |
1.05–2.09 | 17,430 | 19,609 |
2.09–4.19 | 4864 | 5561 |
4.19–8.38 | 979 | 552 |
8.38–16.76 | 4 | - |
TOTAL | 2.43% | 2.60% |
Frequency/Hz | REF-Months/Z′ kΩ | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
100 k | 124 | 15 | 15 | 22 | 14 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
39 | 134 | 17 | 17 | 24 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
0.01 | 308 | 251 | 246 | 154 | 44 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 21 | 25 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 13 | 9 |
Frequency/Hz | REF-Months/Z″ kΩ | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
100 k | 12 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.77 | 0.61 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.01 |
39 | 1.95 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 0.90 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.19 |
0.01 | 325 | 398 | 459 | 295 | 32 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 9.74 | 9.13 | 6 | 5 |
Frequency/Hz | CCA-Months/Z′ kΩ | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
100 k | 114 | 60 | 70 | 73 | 62 | 77 | 81 | 88 | 85 | 74 | 82 | 78 | 84 | 94 | 37 | 48 | 19 | 20 | 25 | 13 |
39 | 131 | 69 | 80 | 85 | 72 | 92 | 97 | 98 | 109 | 106 | 93 | 104 | 100 | 107 | 112 | 47 | 61 | 23 | 24 | 15 |
0.01 | 287 | 188 | 198 | 205 | 181 | 212 | 219 | 221 | 244 | 240 | 203 | 222 | 227 | 146 | 118 | 149 | 46 | 63 | 62 | 34 |
Frequency/Hz | CCA-Months/Z″ kΩ | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
100 k | 18 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
39 | 2 | 1.74 | 1.85 | 1.83 | 1.57 | 1.98 | 2.1 | 2.13 | 2.42 | 2.38 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.49 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.70 | 0.74 |
0.01 | 394 | 200 | 262 | 182 | 145 | 167 | 183 | 157 | 184 | 183 | 117 | 127 | 121 | 137 | 50 | 66 | 13 | 26 | 23 | 10 |
Frequency/Hz | MK-Months/Z′ kΩ | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
100 k | 132 | 109 | 114 | 114 | 97 | 106 | 115 | 119 | 119 | 117 | 112 | 100 | 106 | 100 | 112 | 86 | 83 | 53 | 54 | 55 |
39 | 147 | 121 | 125 | 127 | 107 | 118 | 129 | 133 | 134 | 133 | 129 | 116 | 124 | 119 | 131 | 102 | 99 | 65 | 64 | 66 |
0.01 | 337 | 208 | 202 | 197 | 173 | 170 | 181 | 180 | 173 | 171 | 166 | 151 | 161 | 155 | 168 | 136 | 136 | 131 | 95 | 92 |
Frequency/Hz | MK-Months/Z″ kΩ | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | |
100 k | 17 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 14 | 12 | 9 | 7 | 8 |
39 | 3.1 | 1.86 | 1.88 | 1.84 | 1.60 | 1.66 | 175 | 1.77 | 1.73 | 1.81 | 1.77 | 1.67 | 1.81 | 1.77 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.79 | 1.91 | 1.71 | 1.41 |
0.01 | 407 | 73 | 56 | 42 | 39 | 25 | 24 | 22 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 10 |
Degrees of Freedom | Sum of Squares | Mean Square | F Statistic Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material | 2 | 294,150.1 | 147,075.1 | 64.21 | 1.0 × 10−16 |
Frequencies | 2 | 211,040.7 | 105,520.4 | 46.07 | 1.0 × 10−16 |
Interaction | 4 | 23,182.8 | 5795.7 | 2.53 | 0.04229 |
Model | 8 | 530,497.1 | 66,312.1 | 28.95 | 1.0 × 10−16 |
Error | 177 | 405,423.0 | 2290.5 | -- | -- |
Corrected Total | 185 | 935,920.2 | -- | -- | -- |
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Domínguez, A.O.; Filho, R.D.T.; Gomes, J.A.d.C.P.; Silva, R.d.S.; de Souza, E.A.; Silva, A.B.d. Study of Reinforced Concrete with the Addition of Pozzolanic against the Penetration of Chlorides through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Constr. Mater. 2024, 4, 194-215. https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater4010011
Domínguez AO, Filho RDT, Gomes JAdCP, Silva RdS, de Souza EA, Silva ABd. Study of Reinforced Concrete with the Addition of Pozzolanic against the Penetration of Chlorides through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Construction Materials. 2024; 4(1):194-215. https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater4010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleDomínguez, Anilé Ossorio, Romildo Dias Toledo Filho, José Antônio da Cunha Ponciano Gomes, Ralph dos Santos Silva, Eduardo Alencar de Souza, and Adriana Barbosa da Silva. 2024. "Study of Reinforced Concrete with the Addition of Pozzolanic against the Penetration of Chlorides through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy" Construction Materials 4, no. 1: 194-215. https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater4010011