Accessibility, Functioning, and Activities of Daily Living with Visual Impairment amongst Adults from Minority Ethnic Communities in the UK
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Activities of Daily Living (ADL)
3.2. Navigation and Mobility Outside the Home
3.3. Information and Technology
4. Discussion
4.1. Activities of Daily Living
4.2. Navigation and Mobility Outside the Home
4.3. Technology
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participant Characteristics | MEC (n = 77) | WC (n = 77) |
---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | |
Age | U = 2919.5, p = 0.871 | |
M (SD) | 40.78 (±15.58) | 41.09 (±15.62) |
Range | 18–85 | 18–85 |
Gender | Χ2 (1, N = 154) = 0.00, p = 1.00 | |
Female | 51.9 (40) | 51.9 (40) |
Male | 48.1 (37) | 48.1 (37) |
Region | p = 0.344 | |
London | 44.2 (34) | 31.2 (24) |
Southeast | 6.5 (5) | 2.6 (2) |
Southwest | 5.2 (4) | 3.9 (3) |
East of England | 5.2 (4) | 2.6 (2) |
East Midlands | 3.9 (3) | 5.2 (4) |
West Midlands | 5.2 (4) | 2.6 (2) |
Northeast | - | 5.2 (4) |
Northwest | 13.0 (10) | 23.4 (18) |
Yorkshire and the Humber | 3.9 (3) | 3.9 (3) |
Scotland | 7.8 (6) | 9.1 (7) |
Wales | 3.9 (3) | 7.8 (6) |
Northern Ireland | 1.3 (1) | 2.6 (2) |
England | 87.2 (68) | 80.5 (62) |
Setting | Χ2 (2, N = 154) = 4.68, p = 0.097 | |
City/big town | 67.5 (52) | 55.8 (43) |
Small town | 22.1 (17) | 37.7 (29) |
Rural area | 10.4 (8) | 6.5 (5) |
Marital status | p = 0.835 | |
Single | 41.6 (32) | 37.7 (29) |
In a relationship | 7.8 (6) | 9.1 (7) |
Cohabiting | 6.5 (5) | 10.4 (8) |
Married | 31.2 (24) | 36.4 (28) |
Civil partnership | 2.6 (2) | - |
Separated | 1.3 (1) | 1.3 (1) |
Divorced | 6.5 (5) | 3.9 (3) |
Widowed | 2.6 (2) | 1.3 (1) |
Education 1 | U = 2794, p = 0.397 | |
No formal qualifications | - | 5.2 (4) |
GCSE/O-Level | 11.7 (9) | 14.3 (11) |
A-Level/Advanced Highers | 15.6 (12) | 18.2 (14) |
Apprenticeship, vocational, NVQ, or HND | 16.9 (13) | 11.7 (9) |
Undergraduate degree | 27.3 (21) | 31.2 (24) |
Masters, PhD | 18.2 (14) | 16.9 (13) |
Non-UK qualifications | 3.9 (3) | - |
Other | 6.5 (5) | 2.6 (2) |
Employment 2 | Χ2 (4, N = 154) = 0.33, p = 0.988 | |
Employed (including part-time) | 42.9 (33) | 40.3 (31) |
Self-employed | 6.5 (5) | 5.2 (4) |
Unemployed | 14.3 (11) | 14.3 (11) |
Retired | 10.4 (8) | 11.7 (9) |
Other 2 | 26.0 (20) | 28.6 (22) |
V.I. severity 3 | U = 2951, p = 0.922 | |
Severe | 39.0 (30) | 44.2 (34) |
Moderate | 35.1 (27) | 23.4 (18) |
Mild | 26.0 (20) | 31.2 (24) |
Could not be classified | - | 1.3 (1) |
Importance of Issues Relating to ADL | MEC (n = 77) | WC (n = 77) |
---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | |
Confidence in my ability to do everyday tasks | U = 2216, p = 0.003 | |
Extremely important | 50.6 (39) | 28.6 (22) |
Very important | 39.0 (30) | 49.4 (38) |
Somewhat important | 7.8 (6) | 19.5 (15) |
Not important at all | 2.6 (2) | 2.6 (2) |
Help and support to take care of myself and my home | U = 1852, p < 0.001 | |
Extremely important | 46.8 (36) | 19.5 (15) |
Very important | 29.9 (23) | 33.8 (26) |
Somewhat important | 14.3 (11) | 31.2 (24) |
Not important at all | 6.5 (5) | 15.6 (12) |
Missing | 2.6 (2) | - |
Support Needs Relating to ADL | MEC (n = 77) | WC (n = 77) |
% (n) | % (n) | |
House cleaning | U = 2410.5, p = 0.151 | |
Always | 21.6 (16) | 10.7 (8) |
Frequently | 12.1 29) | 10.7 (8) |
Sometimes | 24.3 (18) | 28.0 (21) |
Rarely | 8.1 (6) | 12.0 (9) |
Never | 33.8 (25) | 38.7 (29) |
Looking after children | U = 1019, p = 0.239 | |
Always | 4.2 (2) | 4.2 (2) |
Frequently | 4.2 (2) | 6.3 (3) |
Sometimes | 27.1 (13) | 6.3 (3) |
Rarely | 2.1 (1) | 10.4 (5) |
Never | 62.5 (30) | 72.9 (35) |
Preparing food | U = 2330, p = 0.023 | |
Always | 14.3 (11) | 9.1 (7) |
Frequently | 10.4 (8) | 11.7 (9) |
Sometimes | 29.9 (23) | 14.3 (11) |
Rarely | 13.0 (10) | 14.3 (11) |
Never | 31.2 (24) | 50.6 (39) |
Not applicable | 1.3 (1) | - |
Personal care | U = 2909, p = 0.793 | |
Always | 5.2 (4) | 3.9 (3) |
Frequently | 2.6 (2) | - |
Sometimes | 9.1 (7) | 11.7 (9) |
Rarely | 9.1 (7) | 9.1 (7) |
Never | 74.0 (57) | 75.3 (58) |
Getting around the home | U = 2638, p = 0.161 | |
Always | - | 5.2 (4) |
Frequently | 3.9 (3) | 1.3 (1) |
Sometimes | 7.8 (6) | 6.5 (5) |
Rarely | 18.2 (14) | 5.2 (4) |
Never | 68.8 (53) | 81.8 (63) |
Not applicable | 1.3 (1) | - |
Taking medicines | U = 2490, p = 0.083 | |
Always | 11.7 (9) | 6.5 (5) |
Frequently | 10.4 (8) | 6.5 (5) |
Sometimes | 22.1 (17) | 16.9 (13) |
Rarely | 7.8 (6) | 11.7 (9) |
Never | 46.8 (36) | 58.4 (45) |
Getting dressed | U = 3042.5, p = 0.723 | |
Always | 2.6 (2) | 9.1 (7) |
Frequently | 1.3 (1) | 3.9 (3) |
Sometimes | 14.3 (11) | 9.1 (7) |
Rarely | 10.4 (8) | 6.5 (5) |
Never | 71.4 (55) | 71.4 (55) |
Doing DIY around the house | U = 2141, p = 0.748 | |
Always | 36.9 (24) | 26.5 (18) |
Frequently | 10.8 (7) | 20.6 (14) |
Sometimes | 21.5 (14) | 23.5 (16) |
Rarely | 3.1 (2) | 7.4 (5) |
Never | 27.7 (18) | 22.1 (15) |
Able to go out and do shopping | U = 3146.5, p = 0.480 | |
Completely | 35.1% (27) | 44.2% (34) |
Somewhat | 41.6% (32) | 32.5% (25) |
Not really | 16.9% (13) | 15.6% (12) |
Not at all | 6.5% (5) | 7.8% (6) |
Providing Support with ADL | MEC (n = 77) | WC (n = 77) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | Χ2 (1, N = 154) | p-Value | |
No one/Do not need support | 19.5 (15) | 31.2 (24) | 2.78 | 0.095 |
Spouse/partner | 40.3 (27) | 52.2 (35) | 1.92 | 0.166 |
Child/children | 26.9 (18) | 13.4 (9) | 3.76 | 0.053 |
Parents | 22.4 (15) | 23.9 (16) | 0.04 | 0.838 |
Siblings | 23.9 (16) | 7.5 (5) | 6.83, Cramer’s V = 0.226 | 0.009 |
Other family member | 14.9 (10) | 3.0 (2) | 5.86, Cramer’s V = 0.209 | 0.016 |
Friend or neighbour | 26.9 (18) | 14.9 (10) | 2.89 | 0.089 |
Social services (e.g., social or rehabilitation workers) | 1.5 (1) | 1.5 (1) | Fisher’s exact | 1.000 |
District nurse/health visitor | - | - | - | |
Charity workers (e.g., volunteers) | - | - | - | |
Paid support workers | 10.4 (7) | 7.5 (5) | 0.37 | 0.545 |
Someone else | 9.0 (6) | 14.9 (10) | 1.14 | 0.287 |
Providing support with shopping | Χ2 (1, N = 154) | |||
No one/Do not need support | 19.5 (15) | 31.2 (24) | 2.78 | 0.095 |
Spouse/partner | 24.7 (19) | 40.3 (31) | 4.26, Cramer’s V = 0.166 | 0.039 |
Child/children | 14.3 (11) | 14.3 (11) | 0.00 | 1.000 |
Parents | 15.6 (12) | 14.3 (11) | 0.05 | 0.821 |
Other family member | 20.8 (16) | 10.4 (8) | 3.16 | 0.076 |
Friend or neighbour | 19.5 (15) | 15.6 (12) | 0.40 | 0.525 |
Support worker | 9.1 (7) | 3.9 (3) | 1.71 | 0.191 |
Staff in store | 11.7 (9) | 9.1 (7) | 0.28 | 0.597 |
Get shopping delivered | 19.5 (15) | 7.8 (6) | 4.47, Cramer’s V = 0.170 | 0.035 |
Volunteer/shopping helper | 1.3 (1) | 1.3 (1) | - | 1.000 |
Someone else | 2.6 (2) | 1.3 (1) | - | 1.000 |
Able to go out and do shopping | U = 3146.5 | 0.480 | ||
Completely | 35.1% (27) | 44.2% (34) | ||
Somewhat | 41.6% (32) | 32.5% (25) | ||
Not really | 16.9% (13) | 15.6% (12) | ||
Not at all | 6.5% (5) | 7.8% (6) |
Importance, Awareness, and Requests for Information in Accessible Format from Service Providers | MEC | WC |
---|---|---|
Format of information provided by service providers | U = 2472.5, p = 0.079 | |
Extremely important | 40.3 (31) | 27.3 (21) |
Very important | 36.4 (28) | 42.9 (33) |
Somewhat important | 18.2 (14) | 22.1 (17) |
Not important at all | 3.9 (3) | 7.8 (6) |
Missing | 1.3 (1) | - |
Has requested information in accessible format from: | ||
Health providers | p = 0.503 | |
Yes | 43.9 (25) | 36.2 (17) |
No | 52.6 (30) | 55.3 (26) |
Not applicable | 3.5 (2) | 8.5 (4) |
Bank | p = 0.150 | |
Yes | 49.1 (28) | 36.2 (17) |
No | 47.4 (27) | 51.1 (24) |
Not applicable | 3.5 (2) | 36.2 (17) |
Utility providers | p = 0.121 | |
Yes | 38.6 (22) | 29.8 (14) |
No | 57.9 (33) | 55.3 (26) |
Not applicable | 3.5 (2) | 14.9 (7) |
Is aware that information can be requested in accessible format from: | ||
Health providers | Χ2 (2, N = 80) = 5.52, p = 0.063 | |
Yes | 34.1 (14) | 51.3 (20) |
No | 51.2 (21) | 25.6 (10) |
Do not want it | 14.6 (6) | 23.1 (9) |
Bank | Χ2 (2, N = 67) = 3.47, p = 0.176 | |
Yes | 33.3 (11) | 47.1 (16) |
No | 48.5 (16) | 26.5 (9) |
Do not want it | 18.2 (6) | 26.5 (9) |
Utility providers | Χ2 (2, N = 76) = 5.98, p = 0.050, Cramer’s V = 0.281 | |
Yes | 32.5 (13) | 47.2 (17) |
No | 55.0 (22) | 27.8 (10) |
Do not want it | 12.5 (5) | 25.0 (9) |
Help required reading printed material | U = 3130.5, p = 0.538 | |
Always | 10.4 (8) | 6.5 (5) |
Frequently | 16.9 (13) | 24.7 (19) |
Sometimes | 24.7 (19) | 24.7 (19) |
Rarely | 24.7 (19) | 27.3 (21) |
Never | 23.4 (18) | 16.9 (13) |
Difficulty reading instructions on medication | U = 2942.5, p = 0.835 | |
Very easy | 3.9 (3) | 6.5 (5) |
Quite easy | 19.5 (15) | 18.2 (14) |
Quite difficult | 28.6 (22) | 26.0 (20) |
Very difficult | 20.8 (16) | 20.8 (16) |
Impossible | 27.3 (21) | 26.0 (20) |
Not applicable | - | 2.6 (2) |
Navigation and Accessibility of External Environments | MEC (n = 77) | WC (n = 77) |
---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | |
Accessibility of public transport (signage, announcement, training of drivers/staff) | U = 2333.5, p = 0.013 | |
Extremely important | 61.0 (47) | 37.7 (29) |
Very important | 26.0 (20) | 44.2 (34) |
Somewhat important | 5.2 (4) | 15.6 (12) |
Not important at all | 7.8 (6) | 2.6 (2) |
Design and accessibility of public buildings | U = 2005.5, p < 0.001 | |
Extremely important | 48.1 (37) | 19.5 (15) |
Very important | 36.4 (28) | 46.8 (36) |
Somewhat important | 7.8 (6) | 24.7 (19) |
Not important at all | 7.8 (6) | 9.1 (7) |
Reduction of obstacles and street clutter | U = 2351, p = 0.024 | |
Extremely important | 50.6 (39) | 36.4 (28) |
Very important | 35.1 (27) | 36.4 (28) |
Somewhat important | 10.4 (8) | 23.4 (18) |
Not important at all | 2.6 (2) | 3.9 (3) |
Missing | 1.3 (1) | - |
Frequency with which one leaves home | U = 3420.5, p = 0.055 | |
Every day | 57.1 (44) | 70.1 (54) |
Every other day | 15.6 (12) | 15.6 (12) |
A couple of times a week | 15.6 (12) | 10.4 (8) |
At least once a week | 5.2 (4) | - |
At least once a fortnight | 3.9 (3) | 1.3 (1) |
Less than once a fortnight | 1.3 (1) | 2.6 (2) |
Do not leave home | 1.3 (1) | - |
Ability to get out as often as one would like | U = 3146.5, p = 0.480 | |
Completely | 39.0 (30) | 44.2 (34) |
Somewhat | 40.3 (31) | 36.4 (28) |
Not really | 11.7 (9) | 16.9 (13) |
Not at all | 9.1 (7) | 2.6 (2) |
I feel able to get out and about independently in my local area | U = 3195, p = 0.357 | |
Strongly agree | 49.4 (38) | 58.4 (45) |
Slightly agree | 32.5 (25) | 24.7 (19) |
Neither agree nor disagree | 3.9 (3) | 1.3 (1) |
Slightly disagree | 6.5 (5) | 7.8 (6) |
Strongly disagree | 7.8 (6) | 7.8 (6) |
Has been injured by street obstacles | Χ2 (1, N = 154) = 0.66, p = 0.418 | |
Yes | 48.1 (37) | 41.6 (32) |
No | 51.9 (40) | 58.4 (45) |
Use public transport as much as one would like | Χ2 (2, N = 154) = 6.40, p = 0.041, Cramer’s V = 0.204 | |
Yes | 49.4 (38) | 68.8 (53) |
No | 39.0 (30) | 26.0 (20) |
Never travel by public transport | 11.7 (9) | 5.2 (4) |
Aids Used to Access Digital and Printed Information | MEC (n = 77) | WC (n = 77) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | Χ2 (1, N = 154) | p-Value | |
Software used to make adjustments to help access PC/laptop/Tablet/smartphone: | ||||
Magnification software | 50.6 (39) | 42.9 (39) | 0.94 | 0.333 |
Screen reader software | 29.9 (23) | 31.2 (24) | 0.03 | 0.861 |
Colour adjustments | 19.5 (15) | 19.5 (15) | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Virtual assistants (e.g., Siri, Cortana) | 29.9 (23) | 26.0 (20) | 0.29 | 0.590 |
Voice recognition software | 27.3 (21) | 22.1 (17) | 0.56 | 0.455 |
Other | 13.0 (10) | 9.1 (7) | 0.60 | 0.440 |
Do not make adjustments | 15.6 (12) | 24.7 (19) | 1.98 | 0.159 |
Not stated | 5.2 (4) | 9.1 (7) | 0.88 | 0.348 |
Aids used for reading: | ||||
Ordinary-size print | 31.2 (24) | 45.5 (35) | 3.32 | 0.068 |
Large-size print (hard copy) | 46.8 (36) | 39.0 (30) | 0.95 | 0.329 |
Large-size text (electronic) | 62.3 (48) | 50.6 (39) | 2.14 | 0.144 |
Paper-based braille | 11.7 (9) | 14.3 (11) | 0.23 | 0.632 |
Electronic braille | 3.9 (3) | 7.8 (6) | - | 0.459 |
Audio with human voice (e.g., DAISY, talking books) | 46.8 (36) | 48.1 (37) | 0.03 | 0.872 |
Synthetic audio (e.g., speech output on computer, eBook) | 54.5 (42) | 44.2 (34) | 1.66 | 0.197 |
Importance of Technology-Related Issues |
MEC (n = 77) |
WC (n = 77) |
---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | |
Better route planning and navigation aids | U = 1891.5, p < 0.001 | |
Extremely important | 46.8 (36) | 20.8 (16) |
Very important | 37.7 (29) | 39.0 (30) |
Somewhat important | 7.8 (6) | 28.6 (22) |
Not important at all | 6.5 (5) | 11.7 (9) |
Missing | 1.3 (1) | - |
Access and support to use the Internet | U = 1874, p < 0.001 | |
Extremely important | 41.6 (32) | 16.9 (13) |
Very important | 40.3 (31) | 36.4 (28) |
Somewhat important | 10.4 (8) | 27.3 (21) |
Not important at all | 7.8 (6) | 19.5 (15) |
Training to use technology to its full potential | U = 1845.5, p < 0.001 | |
Extremely important | 46.8 (36) | 20.8 (16) |
Very important | 39.0 (30) | 35.1 (27) |
Somewhat important | 10.4 (8) | 35.1 (27) |
Not important at all | 3.9 (3) | 9.1 (7) |
Accessibility features of mainstream technology | U = 2527.5, p = 0.087 | |
Extremely important | 40.3 (31) | 29.9 (23) |
Very important | 46.8 (36) | 46.8 (36) |
Somewhat important | 6.5 (5) | 15.6 (12) |
Not important at all | 6.5 (5) | 7.8 (6) |
New smart tech and apps to support people with V.I. | U = 1914, p < 0.001 | |
Extremely important | 55.8 (43) | 20.8 (16) |
Very important | 26.0 (20) | 45.5 (35) |
Somewhat important | 14.3 (11) | 27.3 (21) |
Not important at all | 3.9 (3) | 6.5 (5) |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Kempapidis, T.; Heinze, N.; Green, A.K.; Gomes, R.S.M. Accessibility, Functioning, and Activities of Daily Living with Visual Impairment amongst Adults from Minority Ethnic Communities in the UK. Disabilities 2024, 4, 163-182. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities4010011
Kempapidis T, Heinze N, Green AK, Gomes RSM. Accessibility, Functioning, and Activities of Daily Living with Visual Impairment amongst Adults from Minority Ethnic Communities in the UK. Disabilities. 2024; 4(1):163-182. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities4010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleKempapidis, Theofilos, Nikki Heinze, Asharee K. Green, and Renata S. M. Gomes. 2024. "Accessibility, Functioning, and Activities of Daily Living with Visual Impairment amongst Adults from Minority Ethnic Communities in the UK" Disabilities 4, no. 1: 163-182. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities4010011