Production of the Macroalgae Ulva lactuca Integrated with the Shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a Biofloc System: Effect of Total Suspended Solids and Nutrient Concentrations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Facilities
2.2. Physical and Chemical Parameters
2.3. Growth and Nutrient Absorption by Macroalgae
2.4. Proximal Composition and Biocompounds of Macroalgae
2.5. Shrimp Performance
- Mean final weight (g): final biomass of live animals (g)/total number of animals;
- Weekly weight gain (g week-1): weight gain (g)/number of weeks.
- Final biomass (g): ∑ final weight of all live animals (g);
- Survival (%) = (final number of animals/initial number of animals) × 100;
- Feed conversion factor (FCR) = ∑ration offered (g)/(biomass gains (g);
- Productivity (kg m−3): (final biomass (kg)/tank volume (m3);
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physical and Chemical Parameters
3.2. Macroalgae Performance
3.3. Proximal Composition and Biocompounds of Macroalgae
3.4. Shrimp Performance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | CONT | T100 | T200 | T250 | T300 |
Total ammonia N–NH3 (mg L−1) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.01 |
Nitrite NO2—N (mg L−1) | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.01 ± 0.03 |
Nitrate NO3—N (mg L−1) | 0.05 ± 0.04 a | 28.33 ± 5.77 b | 45.00 ± 0.00 c | 56.67 ± 5.77 d | 73.33 ± 5.77 e |
Phosphate P–PO4−3 (mg L−1) | 0.14 ± 0.03 a | 0.81 ± 0.12 b | 1.25 ± 0.05 c | 1.55 ± 0.14 d | 1.60 ± 0.00 e |
SS (mL L−1) | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 1.97 ± 1.38 b | 8.00 ± 1.00 c | 11.67 ± 0.58 d | 19.67 ± 0.58 e |
TSS (mg L−1) | 11.67 ± 2.89 a | 111.67 ± 63.31 b | 213.33 ± 50.08 c | 246.67 ± 2.89 d | 325.00 ± 21.21 e |
Turbidity (NTU) | 2.57 ± 0.37 a | 26.23 ± 18.01 b | 74.63 ± 62.35 c | 176.10 ± 18.36 d | 304.10 ± 12.77 e |
Treatments | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | CONT | T100 | T200 | T250 | T300 |
Temperature (°C) | 26.92 ± 2.30 | 26.55 ± 2.18 | 26.56 ± 2.18 | 26.79 ± 2.46 | 26.56 ± 2.19 |
DO (mg L−1) | 5.89 ± 0.70 | 6.03 ± 0.71 | 6.00 ± 0.70 | 5.90 ± 0.74 | 5.98 ± 0.71 |
pH | 8.15 ± 0.09 c | 8.18 ± 0.07 c | 8.16 ± 0.08 b | 8.23 ± 0.07 a | 8.22 ± 0.07 a |
Salinity (‰) | 30.43 ± 1.81 a | 30.00 ± 0.51 a | 29.43 ± 1.57 a | 29.19 ± 1.40 ab | 27.90 ± 0.66 b |
Alkalinity (mg CaCO3 L−1) | 173.33 ± 23.93 cb | 174.36 ± 21.40 cb | 175.66 ± 24.69 cb | 205.92 ± 34.15 a | 183.08 ± 27.05 b |
Total ammonia N–NH3 (mg L−1) | 0.12 ± 0.07 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.03 |
Nitrite NO2—N (mg L−1) | 0.26 ± 0.55 a | 1.06 ± 1.36 b | 1.30 ± 1.96 b | 1.40 ± 2.43 b | 0.35 ± 0.40 b |
Nitrate NO3—N (mg L−1) | 1.56 ± 3.13 a | 19.53 ± 3.53 b | 32.25 ± 4.85 c | 44.97 ± 9.01 d | 59.38 ± 6.80 e |
Phosphate P-PO4− 3 (mg L−1) | 0.56 ± 0.36 a | 0.79 ± 0.38 ab | 1.21 ± 0.39 b | 1.16 ± 0.30 b | 1.67 ± 0.26 c |
SS (mL L−1) | 2.65 ± 2.34 a | 5.93 ± 3.33 b | 11.15 ± 3.17 c | 15.08 ± 4.39 d | 21.71 ± 4.98 e |
TSS (mg L−1) | 134.05 ± 81.36 a | 232.62 ± 92.76 b | 290.48 ± 65.36 b | 354.05 ± 88.69 c | 403.69 ± 79.03 c |
Turbidity (NTU) | 80.37 ± 62.71 a | 106.26 ± 79.79 a | 167.31 ± 95.65 ab | 232.91 ± 101.9 b | 287.48 ± 104.59 b |
Calcium hydroxide (g L−1) # | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 0.07 ± 0.06 | 0.08 ± 0.03 |
Removal rate | |||||
Nitrate (%) | 00.00 ± 00.00 c | 28.0 ± 13.0 b | 17.0 ± 15.0 bc | 55.0 ± 4.0 a | 38.0 ± 11.0 ab |
Phosphate (%) | 00.00 ± 00.00 b | 00.00 ± 00.00 b | 00.00 ± 00.00 b | 31.0 ± 10.0 a | 00.00 ± 00.00 b |
Treatments | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CONT | T100 | T200 | T250 | T300 | |
Initial mean weight (g—FW) | 250.31 ± 0.31 | 250.05 ± 0.02 | 250.0 ± 0.00 | 250.51 ± 0.41 | 250.06 ± 0.04 |
Final mean weight (g—FW) | 387.33 ± 115.09 | 317.67 ± 60.86 | 289.0 ± 73.75 | 304.33 ± 76.20 | 275.0 ± 36.69 |
RGR (% dia−1) | 0.89 ± 0.61 | 0.49 ± 0.41 | 0.27 ± 0.52 | 0.38 ± 0.52 | 0.19 ± 0.30 |
Treatments | ||
---|---|---|
Proximal Composition | CONT | T250 |
Moisture (%) # | 77.42 ± 0.09 b | 75.50 ± 0.23 a |
Protein content (%) | 22.85 ± 0.37 b | 24.26 ± 0.89 a |
Lipids (%) | 0.53 ± 0.19 | 0.48 ± 0.19 |
Ash (%) | 30.17 ± 1.80 b | 28.30 ± 0.64 a |
Fiber (%) | 10.65 ± 0.78 | 11.59 ± 3.41 |
Non-nitrogenous extract (%) | 35.77 ± 1.30 | 35.58 ± 1.44 |
Biochemical Analysis | ||
Protein (%) | 23.30 ± 1.59 | 25.85 ± 2.81 |
DPPH (%) | 90.31± 5.38 | 92.97 ± 5.80 |
Chlorophyll-a (mg g−1) | 2.18 ± 0.03 b | 2.27 ± 0.03 a |
Chlorophyll-b (mg g−1) | 2.99 ± 0.28 | 3.31 ± 0.10 |
Carotenoids (mg g−1) | 0.19 ± 0.10 | 0.10 ± 0.03 |
Total Polyphenols (mg GAE g−1) | 0.38 ± 0.12 | 0.33 ± 0.09 |
Treatments | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shrimp | CONT | T100 | T200 | T250 | T300 |
Final mean weight (g) | 6.47 ± 0.27 | 6.60 ± 0.80 | 5.89 ± 0.25 | 6.72 ± 0.26 | 6.31 ± 0.16 |
WGW (g week−1) | 0.38 ± 0.04 | 0.40 ± 0.12 | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.36 ± 0.03 |
Final biomass (g) | 232.78 ± 9.84 | 227.72 ± 12.62 | 211.97 ± 8.96 | 235.07 ± 4.38 | 216.45 ± 17.65 |
Survival (%) | 96.30 ± 6.41 | 96.30 ± 6.41 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 97.22 ± 4.81 | 95.37 ± 8.02 |
FCR | 1.90 ± 0.19 | 2.13 ± 0.30 | 2.18 ± 0.27 | 2.03 ± 0.09 | 2.41 ± 0.59 |
Productivity (kg m−3) | 1.28 ± 0.04 | 1.26 ± 0.07 | 1.18 ± 0.05 | 1.31 ± 0.02 | 1.20 ± 0.10 |
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Carvalho, A.; Braga, Í.; Chaar, F.; Cardozo, A.P.; Monserrat, J.M.; Ramírez, J.R.B.; Wasielesky, W., Jr.; Poersch, L.H. Production of the Macroalgae Ulva lactuca Integrated with the Shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a Biofloc System: Effect of Total Suspended Solids and Nutrient Concentrations. Phycology 2024, 4, 37-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4010002
Carvalho A, Braga Í, Chaar F, Cardozo AP, Monserrat JM, Ramírez JRB, Wasielesky W Jr., Poersch LH. Production of the Macroalgae Ulva lactuca Integrated with the Shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a Biofloc System: Effect of Total Suspended Solids and Nutrient Concentrations. Phycology. 2024; 4(1):37-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarvalho, Andrezza, Ítalo Braga, Florencia Chaar, Alessandro Pereira Cardozo, José María Monserrat, Juan Rafael Buitrago Ramírez, Wilson Wasielesky, Jr., and Luís H. Poersch. 2024. "Production of the Macroalgae Ulva lactuca Integrated with the Shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a Biofloc System: Effect of Total Suspended Solids and Nutrient Concentrations" Phycology 4, no. 1: 37-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology4010002