Abstract
This study aimed to assess the prevalence of xerostomia in psychotropics-medicated outpatients of the Lisbon Psychiatric Hospital Centre (CHPL). For this cross-sectional study, 60 outpatients who underwent a general psychiatry consultation signed a consent form and answered a questionnaire assessing Summated Xerostomia Inventory (SXI-PL), and sialometry was performed. Amongst the 60 subjects, 61.70% were male, and the mean age was 51.53 ± 11.15 years. Among the population, the prevalence of hyposialia was 16.7%, and that of xerostomia was 23.3%. Higher SXI-PL scores (7.60 ± 2.26) were reported in patients with normal saliva flow. The symptom that showed a higher severity of xerostomia was “My mouth feels dry” (1.78 ± 0.81).
1. Introduction
Saliva is a biochemically complex fluid consisting of a mixture of water, proteins, glycoproteins and ions that collaborate to carry out several functions for the homeostasis of oral health, including lubrication of oral tissues. It also plays a major role in the process of remineralization and antimicrobial activity and acts as a physical barrier due its numerous immune and nonimmune defence components. Salivary secretion dysfunction is mainly attributed to adverse drug effects, leading the symptom of mouth dryness (xerostomia) because of hyposialia [1]. Hyposialia has been documented upon exposure to antipsychotics and other medications (first-generation antipsychotics, second-generation antipsychotics and anticholinergics) which often disturb saliva secretion [2]. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hyposialia and xerostomia in psychotropics-medicated outpatients of the Lisbon Psychiatric Hospital Centre (CHPL).
2. Materials and Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2022 for a period of 4 months at the outpatient department of the General Psychiatry and Non-Medical Nursing Consultation Department at the CHPL. The inclusion criteria for the patients were as follows: (1) has a psychiatric diagnosis according to the International Classification of Diseases-10 [3]; (2) has had a psychiatric condition for at least 1 year; (3) has taken antipsychotic medication for at least 1 year; (4) is being treated as an outpatient; and (5) is over 18 years old. A sample of 60 outpatients were selected randomly from the psychiatry department of the CHPL, consisting of individuals of both genders aged between 27 and 72 years who consented to participate in this study. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Lisbon Psychiatric Hospital Centre and the Egas Moniz Ethics Committee with the approval number 1126. Subsequently, a questionnaire was applied regarding sociodemographic variables and SXI-PL. Sialometry was performed for unstimulated (USFR) and stimulated (SSFR) salivary flow rates. Hyposialia was considered when USFR < 0.1 mL/min and/or SSFR < 0.7 mL/min [4]. Data were submitted to descriptive analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics® v.28 software.
3. Results
Amongst the 60 outpatients, the majority were male, at 61.70% (37), and the mean age of the study population was 51.53 ± 11.15. The majority of the population, 53 34% (32), had completed primary school or had a lower education level; 46.7% (28) had fewer than 1 monthly family income at minimum wage and 46.7% (28) were retired (Table 1). The frequency distribution of psychiatric patients was as follows: schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders, 66.70% (40); epilepsy, 31.70% (19); and neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorder, 1 (1.7%) (Table 2).
Table 1.
Distribution of participants according to sociodemographic characteristics.
Table 2.
Distribution of participants according to their psychiatric diagnosis.
The prevalence of hyposialia was 16.7% and xerostomia was 23.3% among our population (Table 3). Overall SXI-PL scores ranged from 5 to 15 with a mean of (7.41 ± 2.28) and the severe symptom that showed higher perception of xerostomia was “My mouth feels dry” (1.78 ± 0.81) (Table 4). The mean SXI-PL scores were higher in patients with normal saliva flow (7.60 ± 2.26). The results demonstrate no statistically significant correlation between SXI-PL scores and hyposalivation (p > 0.05) (Table 5).
Table 3.
Distribution of the frequency of salivary flow conditions.
Table 4.
Distribution of the mean scores of Summated Xerostomia Inventory (SXI-PL).
Table 5.
Distribution of SXI-PL mean scores among salivary flow conditions.
4. Discussion
The SXI-PL score was higher in patients with normal saliva flow conditions among our population. Patients with mental disorders often have behavioural pattern impairment and an inability to distinguish symptoms of a concurrent physical illness and do not often consider their oral status [5,6]. Thomson et al.’s (2000) and Hopcraft et al.’s (2010) presented evidence for oral reactions being drug-induced is variable; both studies demonstrated that hospitalized patients who endured dry mouth symptoms more likely had been exposed to more than two kinds of drugs (cardiovascular, psychiatric and allergy drugs) than those who did not complain of dry mouth. [7,8]. Putten et al. (2011) concluded that “My mouth feels dry” (1.8 points) was the most severe symptom of xerostomia reported among a Dutch population [9]. The phenomenon of poor oral health among people with psychological disorders remains a largely neglected problem, and concerns have arisen regarding the iatrogenic effects of antipsychotics and xerostomia-inducing drugs on oral health. Greater awareness of these repercussions could help to protect against the poor outcomes seen in chronic psychosis and relieve the burden of the implications for public health [10].
5. Conclusions
The major limitations of this study were the small size of our sample population and the fact that it was conducted for a single institution, which did not ensure causal relationships and did not give a general perspective of the whole population suffering from mental disorders. Future studies should consider a broader sample size among different institutions. Closer collaboration between mental health clinicians and dentists should also be considered to remove the barriers to care and improve the oral health measures for this neglected population.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, C.R. and C.M.; methodology, C.R. and C.M.; validation, C.R.; formal analysis, C.R. and C.M.; investigation, C.R.; resources, C.R.; data curation, L.P.; writing—original draft preparation, C.R.; writing—review and editing, C.R. and C.M.; supervision, C.R. and C.M.; project administration, C.R. and C.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was financed by national funds through the FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P.—under the project no. UIDB/04585/2020.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Egas Moniz School of Health and Science (protocol code 1013, approved on 27 January 2022).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available as they are part of an ongoing study.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the outpatients who participated in the study. We are indebted to the occupational therapy and nursing staff at the CHPL.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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