Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases and Male Reproduction
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Physiology of Male Reproductive System
3. Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis in Male Reproductive Function Control
4. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases
Stage | Description |
---|---|
Exposure | Humans are exposed to the bacteria through direct contact with infected animals, consumption of contaminated food or water, or contact with contaminated soil or surfaces. |
Adherence | The bacteria adhere to and colonize the host’s mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. |
Invasion | The bacteria invade host cells or tissues, using a variety of mechanisms such as secretion of virulence factors, inducing host cell uptake, or direct penetration. |
Multiplication | The bacteria multiply rapidly in host tissues, often leading to tissue damage and inflammation. |
Spread | The bacteria may spread to other tissues or organs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. |
Clinical symptoms | The host develops clinical symptoms, which can range from mild to severe and may include fever, chills, diarrhea, respiratory symptoms, or systemic illness. |
5. Bacterial Zoonosis and Their Effect on Male Reproduction
5.1. Leptospirosis on Male Reproductive Function
5.2. Anthrax on Male Reproductive Function
5.3. Brucellosis on Male Reproduction
5.4. Pasteurella Multocida and Male Reproduction
5.5. Bartonellosis and Male Reproduction
5.6. Yersiniosis and Male Reproduction
5.7. Q Fever and Male Reproduction
5.8. Staphylococcus and Male Reproduction
5.9. Tuberculosis and Male Reproduction
5.10. Campylobacteriosis and Male Reproduction
5.11. Escherichia coli (Shiga (Vero) Toxin-Producing (E. coli) (STEC)) and Male Reproduction
5.12. Listeriosis and Male Reproduction
6. Bacterial Zoonotic Infections on Male Reproductive Function: Identified Mechanisms
7. Future Perspectives
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases | Effect on Male Reproduction |
---|---|
Leptospirosis | Leptospires in semen [57,58] |
Brucellosis | Abnormal spermatozoa through ROS generation [52] Sperm abnormalities, orchitis, epididymitis, testicular atrophy and infertility [73] Physical organ dysfunction [76] |
Anthrax | Reduced sperm quality [66] |
Pasteurella multocida | Impairment of scrotal structure, testicular atrophy, and epididymal granuloma [82] Orchitis and low semen quality [83] |
Bartonellosis | Erectile dysfunction [84] |
Yersiniosis | Significant histological changes in the gonads [86] |
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) | Shed from semen of mice and bulls [91] Sexual transmission [93] |
Staphylococcus | Reduced motility and impaired morphology [97] |
Tuberculosis | Disrupts sexual function [101], impairs sperm quality [100], abnormal sperm function test [102], obstructs genital tracts, and causes infertility [101,103,104] |
Campylobacteriosis | Attaches to spermatozoa in chickens [106] Adheres to sperms in bulls [107] Early acrosome reaction and chromatin damage [108] |
Shiga (Vero) toxin-producing E. coli | Reduced sperm motility and viability in boar [113] |
Listerosis | Orchitis through auto-immune mechanism [115] Decrease in sperm volume, motility, and morphology [116] |
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Okeleji, L.O.; Ajayi, L.O.; Odeyemi, A.N.; Amos, V.; Akanbi, B.G.; Onaolapo, M.C.; Olateju, B.S.; Adeyemi, W.J.; Ajayi, A.F. Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases and Male Reproduction. Zoonotic Dis. 2024, 4, 97-113. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis4010010
Okeleji LO, Ajayi LO, Odeyemi AN, Amos V, Akanbi BG, Onaolapo MC, Olateju BS, Adeyemi WJ, Ajayi AF. Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases and Male Reproduction. Zoonotic Diseases. 2024; 4(1):97-113. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis4010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleOkeleji, Lateef Olabisi, Lydia Oluwatoyin Ajayi, Aduragbemi Noah Odeyemi, Victor Amos, Bosede Grace Akanbi, Moyinoluwa Comfort Onaolapo, Bolade Sylvester Olateju, Wale Johnson Adeyemi, and Ayodeji Folorunsho Ajayi. 2024. "Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases and Male Reproduction" Zoonotic Diseases 4, no. 1: 97-113. https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis4010010