Toxicity and Risk of Biopesticides to Insect Pollinators in Urban and Agricultural Landscapes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biopesticides: Types of Biopesticides, Their Formulations, and Modes of Action
2.1. Microbial Pesticides
2.2. Biochemical Pesticides
2.3. Plant-Incorporated Protectants
2.4. Biopesticide Formulations
3. Biopesticide Uses and Routes of Exposure in Urban and Agricultural Ecosystems
3.1. Biopesticides in Urban Settings
3.2. Biopesticides in Agricultural Settings
4. Biopesticide Effects on Various Pollinator Taxa and Mitigation Recommendations
4.1. Honey Bees
Bioinsecticides | Active Ingredient | Non-Target Bee Species | Effects Reported | Citations |
---|---|---|---|---|
BotaniGard (Bt) | Beauveria bassiana | Bombus terrestris | Reduced longevity | [164] |
Abamectin | Apis mellifera | Very toxic Adverse effects | [165] | |
Nostalgist® | Beauveria bassiana | Bombus terrestris | Queen emergence times affected | [166] |
Priority® | Paecilomyces fumosoroseus | Bombus terrestris | Lower number of workers | [166] |
Nimbecidine | Azadirachtin | Bombus terrestris | Queen emergence times affected Competition point alteration Increase in male production Lower food intake | [166] |
Emamectin Benzoate | Apis mellifera | Extremely toxic | [165] | |
Spinetoram | Bombus impatiens | Very toxic | [167] |
4.2. Bumblebees
4.3. Other Bees
4.4. Lepidopterans
4.5. Dipterans (Syrphids)
Bioinsecticides | Active Ingredient | Non-Target Species | Effect Reported | Citation |
---|---|---|---|---|
ESALQ bacterial culture | Beauveria bassiana strain ESALQ-PL63 | Tetragonisca angustula | Guard bee behavior change | [116] |
Biofungi 1 | Beauveria bassiana | Melipona scutellaris | High toxicity | [185] |
Mycotrol | Beauveria bassiana | Megachile rotundata | Toxicity | [189] |
Azadirachtin | Azadirachtin | Partamona helleri | Feeding avoidance behavior Reduced feeding | [198] |
Cursor | Azadirachtin | Partamona helleri | Delayed development Deformed larvae | [199] |
Bt Cotton | Cry1Ac | Lepidopterans | Reduced populations | [205] |
MON810 | Cry1Ab | Inachis io | Reduced larval population | [206] |
MON89034 × MON88017 | CryA.105 × Cry2Ab2 | Aglais urticae | Feeding impairment Slower development Increased mortality | [207] |
MON810 Bt Maize | Cry1Ab | Aglais urticae | Reduced feeding Slower development | [208] |
Tracer | Spinosad | Episyrphus balteatus | High mortality Failure to oviposit | [211] |
5. Public Perception and Current Scenario of Biopesticide Risk Assessment
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chavana, J.; Joshi, N.K. Toxicity and Risk of Biopesticides to Insect Pollinators in Urban and Agricultural Landscapes. Agrochemicals 2024, 3, 70-93. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals3010007
Chavana J, Joshi NK. Toxicity and Risk of Biopesticides to Insect Pollinators in Urban and Agricultural Landscapes. Agrochemicals. 2024; 3(1):70-93. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals3010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleChavana, Joshua, and Neelendra K. Joshi. 2024. "Toxicity and Risk of Biopesticides to Insect Pollinators in Urban and Agricultural Landscapes" Agrochemicals 3, no. 1: 70-93. https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals3010007