Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted 316L under Non-Equilibrium Solidification Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Material and Specimen Preparation
2.2. Microstructural Characterization
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Microstructural Evolution
4.2. Solidification Structures
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- According to the XRD analysis, the prevailing phase in the microstructure is austenite;
- (2)
- The high cooling rates and constitutional undercooling lead to the formation of very fine grains, sub-grain structures and cellular structures;
- (3)
- Colonies of cellular structures with different orientations form due to the complex heat flow within the melt pools;
- (4)
- Micro-segregation occurs and results in an enrichment of the sub-grain boundaries with most of the alloying elements;
- (5)
- Using the atomic resolution HR-TEM analysis, ferrite could be determined in the enriched area of the sub-grain boundaries.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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316L | C % | Si % | Mn % | P % | S % | Cr % | Mo % | Ni % | Fe % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specimen | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.92 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 16.10 | 2.35 | 11.00 | Balanced |
DIN EN 10088-3 | Max 0.03 | Max 1.00 | Max 2.00 | Max 0.05 | Max 0.03 | 16.50–18.50 | 2.00–2.50 | 10.00–13.00 | Balanced |
Elements | Area 1 [%] | Area 2 [%] | Area 3 [%] |
---|---|---|---|
Si | 1.13 ± 0.10 | 0.72 ± 0.10 | 0.88 ± 0.10 |
Cr | 17.61 ± 0.35 | 16.49 ± 0.35 | 16.81 ± 0.35 |
Mn | 1.09 ± 0.18 | 0.86 ± 0.18 | 0.66 ± 0.18 |
Fe | 66.14 ± 0.20 | 68.48 ± 0.20 | 67.97 ± 0.20 |
Ni | 11.72 ± 0.10 | 11.59 ± 0.10 | 11.75 ± 0.10 |
Mo | 2.31 ± 0.08 | 1.85 ± 0.08 | 1.94 ± 0.08 |
Elements | k0 (γ/L) |
---|---|
Fe | 1 |
Cr | 0.83 |
Ni | 0.90 |
Si | 0.52 |
Mn | 0.78 |
Mo | 0.63 |
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Özel, E.F.; Pede, D.; Müller, C.; Thomann, Y.; Thomann, R.; Mozaffari-Jovein, H. Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted 316L under Non-Equilibrium Solidification Conditions. J. Exp. Theor. Anal. 2023, 1, 64-73. https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1020005
Özel EF, Pede D, Müller C, Thomann Y, Thomann R, Mozaffari-Jovein H. Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted 316L under Non-Equilibrium Solidification Conditions. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses. 2023; 1(2):64-73. https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1020005
Chicago/Turabian StyleÖzel, Emre Firat, Dennis Pede, Claas Müller, Yi Thomann, Ralf Thomann, and Hadi Mozaffari-Jovein. 2023. "Microstructure of Selective Laser Melted 316L under Non-Equilibrium Solidification Conditions" Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses 1, no. 2: 64-73. https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta1020005