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Batteries
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Battery Safety
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Battery Safety

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2016) | Viewed by 83320

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Andreas Jossen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Electrical Energy Storage Technology (EES), Technical University München (TUM), Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
Interests: electrical thermal coupled battery models; performance and lifetime models; battery state of charge and battery state of health determination methods; battery characterisation; energy management and battery management; battery safety including models for battery safety; multi-cell storage systems; battery system architecture; battery integration in electric vehicle; photovoltaic systems and portable systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Within Li-ion batteries, highly flammable electrolytes are used in combination with active materials that can run under overheat condition into an exothermal decomposition reaction. The high energy density, in combination with the low heat capacity, results in a fast heating in case of an overload or short circuit.

One important challenge of further battery development is to keep batteries safe, even if the specific energy increases and the size on cell and pack level increases.

Safety of cells and battery systems must be guaranteed by use of safe materials, a proper cell and battery pack design, and supported by active safety functions of a battery management system. As an example, cell-to-cell propagation of a thermal runaway is a key topic for pack design. Finally, the safety must be validated by a set of safety tests.

This Special Issue addresses all levels of battery safety, beginning at the material level, cell components, and cell design. Furthermore, safety of pack level and control level are of interest. Battery safety is a holistic approach, as the interaction between different components, even on different levels, must be taken into account.

I want to invite you to publish your original research paper or a review paper in this Special Issue. Share your results to make batteries safer and keep future developments safe.

Prof. Dr. Andreas Jossen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • material safety properties and characteristics
  • safety testing
  • hazard level
  • battery abuse
  • safe cell design
  • safe battery pack design
  • safety monitoring
  • state of safety (SOS)

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

4589 KiB  
Article
Overcurrent Abuse of Primary Prismatic Zinc–Air Battery Cells Studying Air Supply Effects on Performance and Safety Shut-Down
by Fredrik Larsson, Antti Rytinki, Istaq Ahmed, Ingvar Albinsson and Bengt-Erik Mellander
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010001 - 03 Jan 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 12217
Abstract
Overcurrent abuse has been performed on commercial 48 Ah primary prismatic zinc (Zn)–Air battery cells with full air supply as well as with shut-off air supply. Compared to other battery technologies, e.g., lithium-ion batteries, metal–air batteries offer the possibility to physically stop the [...] Read more.
Overcurrent abuse has been performed on commercial 48 Ah primary prismatic zinc (Zn)–Air battery cells with full air supply as well as with shut-off air supply. Compared to other battery technologies, e.g., lithium-ion batteries, metal–air batteries offer the possibility to physically stop the battery operation by stopping its air supply, thus offering an additional protection against severe battery damage in the case of, e.g., an accidental short circuit. This method may also reduce the electrical hazard in a larger battery system since, by stopping the air supply, the voltage can be brought to zero while maintaining the energy capacity of the battery. Measurements of overdischarge currents and current cut-off by suffocation have been performed to assess the safety of this type of Zn–air battery. The time to get to zero battery voltage is shown to mainly be determined by the volume of air trapped in the cell. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety)
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3001 KiB  
Article
The Evolution of Lithium-Ion Cell Thermal Safety with Aging Examined in a Battery Testing Calorimeter
by Jianbo Zhang, Laisuo Su, Zhe Li, Ying Sun and Ningning Wu
Batteries 2016, 2(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries2020012 - 14 Apr 2016
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 11309
Abstract
The effect of calendar aging on the thermal safety of 4.6 Ah pouch cells with a LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathode was investigated by a battery test calorimeter (BTC) that can be used to determine the heat evolved during an uncontrolled exothermic [...] Read more.
The effect of calendar aging on the thermal safety of 4.6 Ah pouch cells with a LiMn2O4 (LMO) cathode was investigated by a battery test calorimeter (BTC) that can be used to determine the heat evolved during an uncontrolled exothermic runaway reaction. Cells were stored at 55 °C and 100% state of charge (SOC) for accelerated aging, and they were taken out after 10, 20, 40, 68, and 90 days of storage to obtain different aging states. Those cells were then put into the BTC for thermal safety tests. The results show the cell thermal safety improves after aging: (1) the self-heating temperature increases; (2) the thermal runaway temperature increases; and (3) the exothermal rate during the process of thermal runaway decreases. The cell voltage drops to zero about 40 °C earlier than the thermal runaway, indicating the voltage can be used as a signal for cell safety monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety)
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7528 KiB  
Article
Lithium-Ion Battery Aspects on Fires in Electrified Vehicles on the Basis of Experimental Abuse Tests
by Fredrik Larsson, Petra Andersson and Bengt-Erik Mellander
Batteries 2016, 2(2), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries2020009 - 11 Apr 2016
Cited by 86 | Viewed by 23574
Abstract
Safety issues concerning the use of large lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electrified vehicles are discussed based on the abuse test results of Li-ion cells together with safety devices for cells. The presented abuse tests are: overcharge, short circuit, propane fire test and external [...] Read more.
Safety issues concerning the use of large lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in electrified vehicles are discussed based on the abuse test results of Li-ion cells together with safety devices for cells. The presented abuse tests are: overcharge, short circuit, propane fire test and external heating test (oven). It was found that in a fire, cells with higher state of charge (SOC) gave a higher heat release rate (HRR), while the total heat release (THR) had a lower correlation with SOC. One fire test resulted in a hazardous projectile from a cylindrical cell. In the fire tests, toxic gas emissions of hydrogen fluoride (HF) were measured for 100%, 50% and 0% SOC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety)
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Graphical abstract

1604 KiB  
Article
Toxic Gas Emissions from Damaged Lithium Ion Batteries—Analysis and Safety Enhancement Solution
by Antonio Nedjalkov, Jan Meyer, Michael Köhring, Alexander Doering, Martin Angelmahr, Sebastian Dahle, Andreas Sander, Axel Fischer and Wolfgang Schade
Batteries 2016, 2(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries2010005 - 07 Mar 2016
Cited by 82 | Viewed by 34942
Abstract
Lithium ion batteries play an increasing role in everyday life, giving power to handheld devices or being used in stationary storage solutions. Especially for medium or large scale solutions, the latter application confines a huge amount of energy within a small volume; however, [...] Read more.
Lithium ion batteries play an increasing role in everyday life, giving power to handheld devices or being used in stationary storage solutions. Especially for medium or large scale solutions, the latter application confines a huge amount of energy within a small volume; however, increasing the hazard potential far above the common level. Furthermore, as the safety hazards of lithium ion cells have been known for years, impressively shown by several burning cars or laptops, the need for a further enhancement of the safety of these systems is rising. This manuscript presents measurements of the gas emission from lithium ion batteries in case of a malfunction for different scenarios, showing a large variety of species with mostly toxic to highly toxic properties. The measurements were carried out using a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS), photoacoustic spectroscopy, and chemical analysis. It is shown that the inflammation of a cell can be overcome, also preventing a cascading effect to neighboring cells, but giving rise to worse toxic gas emission. Furthermore, a filtration concept is presented that decreases the concentration of the emitted components significantly and promises filtration below immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) equivalent levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety)
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