Nanomaterials

12 pages, 1248 KB

Open AccessArticle

d-Band Engineering of Layered (Fe_1−xNi_x)₃GaTe₂ for Enhanced Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution by Ni-Substitutional Doping

by Xiaomin Tian, Yuan Cao, Huilin Zhou, Fanjie Tan, Ziqin Zhang, Liying Pei, Yi Ma, Jianzhi Gao, Wenliang Zhu and Minghu Pan

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130820 - 2 Jul 2026

Abstract

Tuning the d-band electronic structure of non-noble-metal catalysts is a central strategy for an alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), yet how composition controls the d orbital in multi-Wyckoff-site layered systems remains insufficiently understood. Here, layered (Fe_1-xNi_x)₃ [...] Read more.

Tuning the d-band electronic structure of non-noble-metal catalysts is a central strategy for an alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), yet how composition controls the d orbital in multi-Wyckoff-site layered systems remains insufficiently understood. Here, layered (Fe_1-xNi_x)₃GaTe₂ single crystals (x = 0.2–1.0) were synthesized by the self-flux method as a platform to address this question. Single-crystal XRD and EDS confirm that Ni is uniformly incorporated into the parent P6₃/mmc framework while inducing a composition-dependent lattice evolution. Electrochemical measurements in 1.0 M KOH reveal a clear volcano-shaped composition dependence, peaking at x = 0.6, where the lowest overpotential, the smallest Tafel slope (94 mV dec⁻¹), the lowest charge-transfer resistance and the largest double-layer capacitance are simultaneously reached. First-principles calculations show that Ni doping reshapes the Fe-site d orbital strongly composition-dependent rate: the Fe d-band center upshifts rapidly by ~0.5 eV between x = 0.4 and x = 0.6, while the Ni d-band center stays nearly fixed in the same composition range. The maximum of HER activity therefore aligns with a steep upshift of the Fe d-band center rather than with the Ni content itself. Charge-density mapping of (Fe_0.4Ni_0.6)₃GaTe₂ further demonstrates that the electron-enriched regions are located on the Fe and interlayer Ni3 sublattices that dominate the d states near E_F. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Production and Evolution Based on Nanocatalysts)

41 pages, 25748 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances and Challenges in Pulsed Lasers Based on Low-Dimensional Material Saturable Absorbers

by Wenpei Zhang, Haotian Lu, Yunrou Wu, Weitao Liu, Tinglun Xing, Xi Wang, Xin Zhang and Ke Chen

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130819 - 2 Jul 2026

Abstract

Low-dimensional materials (LDMs) are often favored by researchers in the ultrafast photonics field for their low optical loss, ultrafast carrier response, broadband nonlinear absorption, and easy integration with optoelectronic systems. High-performance broadband saturable absorbers (SAs) fabricated from LDMs have become core components for [...] Read more.

Low-dimensional materials (LDMs) are often favored by researchers in the ultrafast photonics field for their low optical loss, ultrafast carrier response, broadband nonlinear absorption, and easy integration with optoelectronic systems. High-performance broadband saturable absorbers (SAs) fabricated from LDMs have become core components for achieving compact and miniaturized ultrafast laser. This paper systematically reviews the laser applications of LDM SAs in the near/mid-infrared spectral region, focusing on the pulse modulation mechanisms, material systems, and device integration approaches. It analyzes current research progress and challenges while outlining future development trends for LDM SAs in ultrafast pulsed lasers and optoelectronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Optical and Laser Applications)

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25 pages, 2819 KB

Open AccessReview

Microbial and Insect Gut-Mediated Polystyrene Microplastic Degradation for Environmental Remediation Applications

by Huy Loc Nguyen, Hong Minh Xuan Nguyen and Thi Bich Ngoc Nguyen

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130818 - 2 Jul 2026

Abstract

Polystyrene (PS), particularly expanded polystyrene (EPS), is an environmentally significant commodity polymer that contributes substantially to secondary microplastic and nanoplastic pollution through environmental weathering and fragmentation. During aging, PS undergoes nano-scale physicochemical transformations, including chain scission, surface oxidation, and the formation of oxygen-containing [...] Read more.

Polystyrene (PS), particularly expanded polystyrene (EPS), is an environmentally significant commodity polymer that contributes substantially to secondary microplastic and nanoplastic pollution through environmental weathering and fragmentation. During aging, PS undergoes nano-scale physicochemical transformations, including chain scission, surface oxidation, and the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups, which profoundly influence its environmental fate, microbial colonization, and biodegradation behavior. Conventional remediation technologies remain energy-intensive and often fail to achieve complete mineralization, highlighting the need for sustainable and integrated remediation strategies. Recent studies have demonstrated that diverse microorganisms, including Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Bacillus, and Exiguobacterium, can colonize PS surfaces and initiate oxidative depolymerization through extracellular biofilm formation and oxidative enzymes such as styrene monooxygenase, laccases, and peroxidases. In parallel, insect-based systems, particularly Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio, provide unique biological platforms in which gut microbiota facilitate partial PS degradation and mineralization through synergistic host–microbe interactions. This review critically integrates recent advances in nano-scale PS transformation, microbial colonization, oxidative enzymatic pathways, insect gut-mediated biodegradation, and advanced analytical techniques used to characterize degradation processes. Emphasis is placed on nano–bio interactions and emerging nanotechnology-enabled remediation strategies, including engineered microbial consortia, biofilm-based bioreactors, and nanomaterial-assisted treatment systems. Finally, current limitations and future research priorities are discussed, including degradation kinetics, byproduct toxicity, standardized evaluation methods, and the integration of biological and nanomaterial-based approaches for scalable PS microplastic remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Nanomaterials: Innovations in Sustainable Applications)

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13 pages, 25743 KB

Open AccessArticle

Boosting Photo-to-Thermal Conversion and 1-Nitronaphthalene Reduction in Fe-MOF via Incorporating Carbon Nanotubes Heat-Storage Cocatalyst

by Ying-Cong Wei, Zhuang Miao, Zhipeng Xie and Xiong-Feng Ma

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130817 - 2 Jul 2026

Abstract

The development of efficient and sustainable photothermal catalytic systems is pivotal for modern organic transformations. Herein, we report the rational design and solvothermal synthesis of NH₂-MIL-101(Fe) metal–organic frameworks (NM-101) integrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the photothermal reduction in nitronaphthalene. The [...] Read more.

The development of efficient and sustainable photothermal catalytic systems is pivotal for modern organic transformations. Herein, we report the rational design and solvothermal synthesis of NH₂-MIL-101(Fe) metal–organic frameworks (NM-101) integrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the photothermal reduction in nitronaphthalene. The optimized NM-101/75C composites exhibit exceptional catalytic activity and high selectivity under NIR light irradiation, delivering a high yield of 84.4% within 1 h, which significantly outperforms its individual components. Systematic control experiments and detailed spectroscopic investigations reveal a powerful synergistic effect at the MOF-CNT interface, where the CNTs play a dual role in augmenting light harvesting and facilitating charge carrier separation. Furthermore, the high photothermal conversion efficiency of the composite enables rapid reaction kinetics. This work provides a robust and scalable strategy for constructing high-performance photothermal catalysts, offering critical insights into the interfacial engineering of MOF-based materials for industrial chemical manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Catalysts for Solar Energy Conversion)

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33 pages, 22180 KB

Open AccessReview

MRAM: A Versatile Non-Volatile Memory for Next-Generation Computing

by Zhihan Wang, Haiwen Li and Sheng Jiang

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130816 - 1 Jul 2026

Abstract

Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM), as a promising non-volatile memory technology, has attracted extensive research interest owing to its unique combination of high operating speed, exceptional endurance, low standby power consumption, and CMOS process compatibility. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of [...] Read more.

Magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM), as a promising non-volatile memory technology, has attracted extensive research interest owing to its unique combination of high operating speed, exceptional endurance, low standby power consumption, and CMOS process compatibility. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the technological evolution of MRAM, spanning from Toggle-MRAM to spin-transfer torque (STT)-MRAM and then to spin–orbit torque (SOT)-MRAM. The working mechanisms, performance trade-offs, and integration potential of each generation are systematically summarized. Furthermore, the diverse applications of MRAM—including embedded systems-on-chip (SoCs), edge computing, aerospace and automotive electronics, artificial intelligence accelerators, neuromorphic computing, and hardware-level security—are thoroughly discussed. We also identify key challenges hindering large-scale commercialization, such as the trade-off between write energy and speed, process complexity, storage density constraints, and cost competitiveness. Finally, emerging research directions are proposed, emphasizing short-term priorities such as write current reduction and yield improvement, as well as long-term development strategies focusing on material–device–algorithm co-optimization and ecosystem establishment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Spin and Orbital Torques: Fundamentals, Materials, and Applications in Spintronics)

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31 pages, 2204 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Temperature xTB–MD–DFT Screening of Functionalized Oxide Surface-Patch Models (TiO₂, ZnO, CeO₂) for Hydrocarbon Association and Microbial-Proxy Perturbation Assessment in Cold Bioremediation

by Julio Guerra, Johana Zuñiga, Miguel Gualoto, Tania Oña and Marcelo Cevallos

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130815 - 1 Jul 2026

Abstract

Hydrocarbon biodegradation in cold environments is constrained not only by microbial catabolic capacity but also by interfacial access to poorly soluble substrates and by the way remediation materials interact with microbial envelope-related structures. This study presents an uncertainty-aware low-temperature computational screening workflow for [...] Read more.

Hydrocarbon biodegradation in cold environments is constrained not only by microbial catabolic capacity but also by interfacial access to poorly soluble substrates and by the way remediation materials interact with microbial envelope-related structures. This study presents an uncertainty-aware low-temperature computational screening workflow for prioritizing functionalized oxide surface-patch models that may favor hydrocarbon association while avoiding excessive perturbation of simplified microbial-interface proxies. Twelve finite oxide–ligand candidates derived from TiO₂, ZnO, and CeO₂ patches functionalized with bare, catechol, glycerol, or citric acid states were evaluated against three hydrocarbon probes, hexane, toluene, and naphthalene, and two microbial-interface proxies. The workflow combined GFN2-xTB geometry optimization and relative interaction-energy screening, clean GFN2-xTB/ALPB rescoring with rescue tracking, short xTB-MD perturbation analysis, ORCA refinement of selected candidates, sensitivity analysis of ranking parameters, and integrated evidence classification. The analysis supports interfacial selectivity, rather than maximum adsorption strength, as the central design principle. TiO₂–catechol and TiO₂–glycerol remain experimentally testable primary candidates because their original screening profile combines chemically interpretable hydrocarbon association with comparatively mild microbial-proxy interaction descriptors. ZnO–catechol and ZnO–glycerol emerged as sensitivity-competitive secondary candidates under several scoring assumptions. Completed short xTB-MD trajectories further showed that TiO₂–glycerol produced moderate perturbation against the peptide proxy, whereas TiO₂–glycerol against NAG and ZnO–catechol against the peptide proxy showed very high proxy displacement. Overall, the workflow provides a transparent prioritization framework for experimental validation. Full article

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30 pages, 3787 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ via Sol-Gel Method for Congo Red Adsorption: Kinetic Analysis and DFT Insights

by Yiwang Tang, Hongxia Wang, Junchao Zhang, Yuning Ma, Xiyao Tian, Xintong Liu and Xiulan Xin

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130814 - 1 Jul 2026

Abstract

With the growing emphasis on environmental sustainability, the proper treatment of industrial wastewater and the protection of groundwater resources have become pressing global concerns. Congo red (CR), a widely used azo dye, enters water bodies via wastewater discharge, posing persistent ecological risks to [...] Read more.

With the growing emphasis on environmental sustainability, the proper treatment of industrial wastewater and the protection of groundwater resources have become pressing global concerns. Congo red (CR), a widely used azo dye, enters water bodies via wastewater discharge, posing persistent ecological risks to surface and groundwater systems. Adsorption, as a direct and sustainable remediation approach, necessitates the development of high-performance adsorbents to inhibit CR migration into groundwater. In this study, a Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ composite was synthesized via sol-gel method for efficient CR adsorption, thereby mitigating groundwater contamination risk. The composite exhibited a high specific surface area (246.22 m²/g) and a maximum adsorption capacity of 1027.72 mg/g. Adsorption behavior followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, consistent with chemisorption-driven monolayer adsorption. The Weber–Morris intraparticle diffusion model confirmed rapid initial surface adsorption, beneficial for practical groundwater remediation. pH-dependent adsorption efficiency further indicated the role of electrostatic interactions, informing process optimization under varying groundwater chemistries. DFT calculations demonstrated that Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ possesses a higher adsorption affinity for CR than γ-Al₂O₃. Collectively, Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ shows strong potential as a novel, efficient adsorbent for CR interception and groundwater quality protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Functional Materials: Cross-Scale Innovations from Molecular Design to Macroscopic Applications)

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15 pages, 4263 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatially Confined Co-N₄ Sites on N-Doped Carbon Nanotube for Efficient Salt-Free Neutral H₂O₂ Electrosynthesis

by Manman Zou, Xiaoling Zhuang, Qin Tian and Jili Yuan

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130813 - 1 Jul 2026

Abstract

Two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e⁻-ORR) represents a sustainable and energy-efficient approach for decentralized hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production compared with the conventional anthraquinone process. Among various electrocatalysts, metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) materials have attracted extensive attention owing to their tunable [...] Read more.

Two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e⁻-ORR) represents a sustainable and energy-efficient approach for decentralized hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production compared with the conventional anthraquinone process. Among various electrocatalysts, metal–nitrogen–carbon (M–N–C) materials have attracted extensive attention owing to their tunable electronic structures and favorable *OOH adsorption behavior. However, the uncontrolled pyrolysis process generally leads to structurally heterogeneous and ill-defined coordination environments, making it difficult to precisely regulate active sites and understand catalytic mechanisms. Herein, we report a single-atom catalyst (CoN@OCNT) featuring spatially confined pyridinic-N-coordinated Co single sites, synthesized by anchoring a well-defined hexapod terpyridine Co-precursor onto oxidized carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) to suppress metal aggregation during pyrolysis. Benefiting from the optimized coordination environment and enhanced mass/electron transfer, the CoN@OCNT catalyst exhibits nearly 100% H₂O₂ selectivity over a wide potential window from −1.0 to 0.66 V versus RHE in neutral electrolyte. In situ FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy reveal a rapid *OOH-mediated reaction pathway during the 2e⁻-ORR process. Furthermore, membrane electrode assembly (MEA) testing demonstrates an H₂O₂ production rate of 21.8 mol h⁻¹ g_cat⁻¹ with stable operation over 80 h at 60 mA cm⁻². Remarkably, at an industrially relevant current density of 300 mA cm⁻², the catalyst achieves a record H₂O₂ production rate of 70.3 mol h⁻¹ g_cat⁻¹ and a salt-free H₂O₂ concentration of 9.4 mM, highlighting its great potential for practical large-scale H₂O₂ electrosynthesis in neutral media. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Green Catalysis in Nanomaterials—Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis)

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17 pages, 4583 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Field Coupled Cyclic Degradation Mechanisms of Alumina Ceramic Fiber Ropes

by Hongkai Guo, Lei Shang, Hanlei Zhai, Chunlin Wang, Zhihong Han, Jiajin Xu, Jiahui Zhou, Zhiqiang Luan, Xing Peng and Wenbo Han

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130812 - 30 Jun 2026

Abstract

Continuous alumina (Al₂O₃) fibers are critical reinforcement materials for ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) utilized in extreme high-temperature environments. While their baseline thermal and mechanical properties are well-documented, their long-term service reliability in complex, multi-field environments—specifically coupled thermal, hygral, and [...] Read more.

Continuous alumina (Al₂O₃) fibers are critical reinforcement materials for ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) utilized in extreme high-temperature environments. While their baseline thermal and mechanical properties are well-documented, their long-term service reliability in complex, multi-field environments—specifically coupled thermal, hygral, and atmospheric conditions—remains insufficiently quantified. This study systematically investigates the degradation mechanisms of alumina ceramic fiber ropes subjected to simulated engine exhaust atmospheres and cyclic rain exposure. By integrating macroscopic tensile testing with rigorous multi-scale microstructural characterizations (SEM, XRD, TGA, and advanced surface chemical state analyses via EDS and XPS), a comprehensive degradation model is proposed. Our findings reveal a pronounced two-stage mechanical degradation behavior: an initial catastrophic strength collapse followed by a stabilization phase. We elucidate that the initial embrittlement is governed not merely by thermal damage, but fundamentally by the hydrothermal volatilization and depletion of the surface amorphous SiO₂ binder, which annihilates the inter-fiber cooperative load-sharing capability. Concurrently, quantitative XPS and XRD analyses strongly suggest that the internal amorphous grain-boundary films undergo rapid structural rearrangement and crystallization, effectively homogenizing the microstructure and shifting the fracture mechanics from energy-dissipative crack deflection to unhindered brittle cleavage. After the preferential depletion of the amorphous silicate phase, the exposed α-Al₂O₃ core dictates a stabilized mechanical response. This research provides critical theoretical frameworks and experimental evidence for the life-cycle assessment and microstructural optimization of advanced oxide ceramic fibers in next-generation aerospace applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Carbon/Ceramic Nanocomposites: Microstructure and Properties)

16 pages, 3472 KB

Open AccessArticle

A One-Step Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Approach to Morphology-Controlled Synthesis of Hollow and Porous YBO₃:Eu³⁺ Microspheres

by Linhui Gao, Yifu Liu, Hongliang Zhu, Yuan Wang, Qiuying Wang and Xinggang Shan

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130811 - 30 Jun 2026

Abstract

YBO₃:Eu³⁺ phosphors are regarded as strong candidates for high-performance luminescent materials owing to their excellent luminescence efficiency. In this study, novel YBO₃:Eu³⁺ porous/hollow microspheres were synthesized via a simple, continuous ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) process using different [...] Read more.

YBO₃:Eu³⁺ phosphors are regarded as strong candidates for high-performance luminescent materials owing to their excellent luminescence efficiency. In this study, novel YBO₃:Eu³⁺ porous/hollow microspheres were synthesized via a simple, continuous ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) process using different organic additives. XRD analysis confirms that all samples crystallize in a pure hexagonal YBO₃ phase, indicating that the additives do not affect phase formation. Electron microscopy reveals a clear morphological evolution from solid to porous and hollow microspheres, with tunable shell thickness and cavity size. Compared with solid microspheres, the obtained hollow microspheres significantly reduce the consumption of rare earth materials with minimal influence on luminescence properties. The results suggest that hollow microspheres are promising substitutes for solid microspheres in the field of rare earth phosphors and the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) approach shows great potential in large-scale synthesis of morphology-controllable microspheres. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Luminescent and Fluorescent Nanomaterials)

14 pages, 2068 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fluorination Site and Degree Regulate the Decomposition of Fluorinated Ethyl Acetate Solvents on Lithium Metal: A First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Study

by Fuming Du, Shuting Hu, Xiao Wang, Xin Gu, Jianjun Liu and Hailong Hu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130810 - 30 Jun 2026

Abstract

Fluorinated carboxylate ester solvents are promising electrolyte components for lithium metal batteries because they can improve oxidative stability and promote LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. However, how fluorination position and degree regulate their intrinsic decomposition behavior on lithium metal remains unclear. Herein, [...] Read more.

Fluorinated carboxylate ester solvents are promising electrolyte components for lithium metal batteries because they can improve oxidative stability and promote LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. However, how fluorination position and degree regulate their intrinsic decomposition behavior on lithium metal remains unclear. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations were employed to systematically investigate six pure fluorinated ethyl acetate solvents on the Li(001) surface, including α-fluorinated ethyl fluoroacetate (EFA), ethyl difluoroacetate (EDFA), and ethyl trifluoroacetate (ETFA), as well as β-fluorinated 2-fluoroethyl acetate (FEA), 2,2-difluoroethyl acetate (DFEA), and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acetate (TFEA). Electronic-structure analysis shows that although the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of all six solvents are mainly distributed around the carbonyl and adjacent regions, the dominant electron-accepting center strongly depends on the fluorination position. In α-fluorinated solvents, the LUMO is highly localized on the α-C atom directly bonded to fluorine, whereas in β-fluorinated solvents, it remains concentrated around the carbonyl C atom. Real-time Bader charge and bond-evolution analyses reveal that fluorination position is the primary factor governing the initial decomposition pathway. The α-fluorinated series preferentially undergoes C-F bond cleavage, and increasing fluorination degree induces deeper cascade decomposition; fully fluorinated ETFA even exhibits C=O double bond cleavage. In contrast, β-fluorinated solvents preferentially undergo carbonyl-side C-O bond cleavage, while C-F bond cleavage occurs only in subsequent steps or is completely suppressed. Notably, β-fluorinated solvents retain high chemical stability even with α-H atoms because the LUMO electron density on α-H is negligible. Meanwhile, limited deep decomposition can still provide F⁻ species for SEI formation. These findings establish an atomic-level structure–reactivity relationship for fluorinated carboxylate ester solvents and provide theoretical guidance for designing stable electrolyte solvents for lithium metal batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Energy Storage Nanomaterials for Batteries and Supercapacitors)

32 pages, 5741 KB

Open AccessReview

Smart Hydrophobic Surfaces: Nature-Inspired Designs for Sustainable Nanostructure Technologies

by Aigerim G. Zhaxybayeva, Muhammad Hashami, Meruyert Nazhipkyzy, Nakhypbek U. Aldiyarov, Saltanat S. Kaliyeva, Nazira B. Kassenova, Aina S. Khamitova, Altynbek A. Zhaparov and Adlet T. Otenov

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130809 - 30 Jun 2026

Abstract

Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces have emerged as key solutions for fluid transport, biofouling prevention, and energy efficiency, with market forecasts projecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 15% through 2030 due to their broad range of applications. This review critically examines [...] Read more.

Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces have emerged as key solutions for fluid transport, biofouling prevention, and energy efficiency, with market forecasts projecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 15% through 2030 due to their broad range of applications. This review critically examines the principles of natural hydrophobicity, as exemplified by lotus leaves and shark skin, and their translation into engineered surfaces via micro/nanofabrication techniques, such as laser patterning, etching, and self-assembly. Recent advances in hybrid nanomaterials have demonstrated WCAs in the range of 140–160°, along with enhanced mechanical strength and chemical stability, enabling applications in self-cleaning, anti-corrosion, and oil–water separation technologies. Superhydrophobic coatings are particularly important for reducing ice adhesion by more than 80%, while drag reduction in pipelines can reach up to 30%, contributing to energy savings. Despite these advances, challenges remain in achieving long-term stability under harsh environmental conditions, minimizing environmental impact, and developing cost-effective, scalable fabrication techniques. Future directions focus on environmentally friendly, multifunctional nanocomposites with switchable wettability, including pH- and light-responsive coatings capable of reversibly transitioning between superhydrophilic (<5°) and superhydrophobic (>150°) states, paving the way for sustainable and adaptable surface technologies. Full article

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2 pages, 3945 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Ahmed et al. Comparative Carcinogenicity of Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes of Different Lengths Administered by Intratracheal Installation into Rat Lungs. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 1402

by Omnia Hosny Mohamed Ahmed, Dina Mourad Saleh, William T. Alexander, Hiroshi Takase, Yuhji Taquahashi, Motoki Hojo, Ai Maeno, Katsumi Fukamachi, Min Gi, Akihiko Hirose, Shuji Tsuruoka, Satoru Takahashi, Hiroyuki Tsuda and Aya Naiki-Ito

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130808 - 30 Jun 2026

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

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28 pages, 5886 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Advances in Green Nanotechnology for Water Treatment: A Systematic Review of Uranium and Thorium Removal from Water

by Simão Martins, Maria de Lurdes Dinis, Beatriz Bento, Maria Cristina Vila, Erika Andrea Levei, Anamaria Iulia Török, Deniz Avsar, Mila Kristiina Pelkonen, Niroshan Gajendra and Laura Ferrando-Climent

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130807 - 30 Jun 2026

Abstract

This systematic review evaluates the application of green-synthesized nanoparticles for the removal of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) from contaminated water sources. The study focuses on the synthesis methods, adsorption performance, operational parameters, and environmental implications associated with these nanomaterials. Following PRISMA guidelines, [...] Read more.

This systematic review evaluates the application of green-synthesized nanoparticles for the removal of uranium (U) and thorium (Th) from contaminated water sources. The study focuses on the synthesis methods, adsorption performance, operational parameters, and environmental implications associated with these nanomaterials. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies published between 2015 and 2025 were identified through searches conducted in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The review highlights the predominance of iron-based nanoparticles, biochar-derived materials, and biopolymer-based composites, many of which demonstrated removal efficiencies exceeding 90% and high adsorption capacities for U (VI) and Th (IV). Key factors influencing performance include solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contaminant concentration, and contact time. The review also examines adsorption mechanisms, regeneration potential, scalability challenges, and concerns related to environmental safety and nanoparticle recovery. Although the reported results demonstrate significant potential for radionuclide remediation, most studies remain limited to laboratory-scale experiments using synthetic water. This review synthesizes current knowledge, identifies existing research gaps, and discusses future directions required to support the practical implementation of green nanotechnologies for sustainable water treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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20 pages, 16629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Broadband and High-Performance Microwave-Absorbing Spinel NiCo₂O₄ Regulated by Fe Doping

by Yuanyuan Lv, Yujia Liu, Danyang Bai, Neng Li and Jin Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130806 - 30 Jun 2026

Abstract

Spinel NiCo₂O₄ has emerged as a promising microwave absorption material due to its unique crystal structure and abundant defect sites. Nevertheless, its low intrinsic electrical conductivity leads to insufficient conductive loss and unsatisfactory high-frequency impedance matching, severely limiting the simultaneous [...] Read more.

Spinel NiCo₂O₄ has emerged as a promising microwave absorption material due to its unique crystal structure and abundant defect sites. Nevertheless, its low intrinsic electrical conductivity leads to insufficient conductive loss and unsatisfactory high-frequency impedance matching, severely limiting the simultaneous realization of strong electromagnetic attenuation and broad absorption bandwidth. Fe³⁺ doping is an effective modification strategy for NiCo₂O₄ by virtue of its matched ionic radius and dual modulation capability for dielectric and magnetic properties. Herein, pristine and Fe-doped NiCo₂O₄ absorbers with different doping contents (4%, 6%, 8%) were fabricated via a hydrothermal–calcination route, and the correlation between Fe doping concentration, microstructure, electronic structure, electromagnetic properties, and microwave absorption performance was systematically investigated. Benefiting from moderate 6% Fe doping, the optimized F6 sample exhibits a refined porous nano-agglomerate structure, which provides abundant heterogeneous interfaces and pore channels for electromagnetic wave scattering and attenuation. The introduced oxygen vacancies and balanced Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺, Co²⁺/Co³⁺, and Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ mixed-valence states effectively strengthen interfacial and dipole polarization, while the optimized electrical conductivity and magnetic properties synergistically boost conductive and magnetic losses. Owing to the dual-loss synergism and superior impedance matching (58% proportion of Δ < 0.4), the F6 sample achieves an excellent minimum reflection loss of −62.7 dB at 2.2 mm and a wide effective absorption bandwidth of 4.6 GHz. This work clarifies the intrinsic structure–performance mechanism of Fe-doped NiCo₂O₄, providing a reliable and feasible strategy for the design and preparation of high-performance spinel-type microwave-absorbing materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harvesting Electromagnetic Fields with Nanomaterials)

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17 pages, 18615 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Co-Loaded with Docetaxel and Indocyanine Green for Synergistic Chemo–Photothermal Therapy

by Guangru Chu, Kaiyi Zhang, Yaru Wu, Siqi He, Zhongkai Liu, Aijiao Wang, Hongji Wang, Liying Cui, Shengkai Liu, Jin Huang, Jinsong Peng and Zhiguo Liu

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130805 - 30 Jun 2026

Abstract

Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HSNs) were synthesized via the Stöber method using resorcinol–formaldehyde resin as a template and further developed as a multifunctional nanocarrier for synergistic chemo–photothermal therapy. Docetaxel (DTX) and indocyanine green (ICG) were co-loaded into HSNs as the prodrug and photothermal [...] Read more.

Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HSNs) were synthesized via the Stöber method using resorcinol–formaldehyde resin as a template and further developed as a multifunctional nanocarrier for synergistic chemo–photothermal therapy. Docetaxel (DTX) and indocyanine green (ICG) were co-loaded into HSNs as the prodrug and photothermal agent. The loading sequence of these agents can critically affect encapsulation efficiency. Preloading DTX followed by ICG incorporation achieved the highest drug loading (38.65%) and preserved the photoactivity of ICG. The resulting ICG&DTX@NH₂-HSNs exhibited strong and stable near-infrared photothermal conversion, as well as pH- and laser-responsive drug release behavior. In vitro studies confirmed efficient cellular uptake by 4T1 tumor cells and enhanced cytotoxicity compared with single treatments. In vivo experiments demonstrated significant tumor growth suppression in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, with the greatest effect observed under combined ICG&DTX@NH₂-HSNs and laser irradiation. Importantly, histological analysis of major organs revealed no obvious toxicity, confirming the biosafety of the present nanoplatform. This study confirmed the potential of hollow mesoporous silica-based nanocarriers as safe and effective platforms for combined chemotherapy and photothermal cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)

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13 pages, 2642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Polymeric and Natural Stabilizers on the Green Synthesis of Platinum and Palladium Nanoparticles

by Wiktoria Stachowicz, Klaudia Kunicka, Martyna Rzelewska-Piekut and Magdalena Regel-Rosocka

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130804 - 30 Jun 2026

Abstract

Platinum and palladium nanoparticles (Pt- and Pd-NPs) were synthesized using a green reduction approach with ascorbic acid (AA) or saponin from Quillaja bark (Qb) as reducing agents and stabilized with conventional polymers (PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone, PEG, polyethylene glycol) or natural surfactants (CG (coco glucoside), [...] Read more.

Platinum and palladium nanoparticles (Pt- and Pd-NPs) were synthesized using a green reduction approach with ascorbic acid (AA) or saponin from Quillaja bark (Qb) as reducing agents and stabilized with conventional polymers (PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone, PEG, polyethylene glycol) or natural surfactants (CG (coco glucoside), Qb). The influence of stabilizer type on reduction efficiency, particle size, and colloidal homogeneity was investigated. Pt-NPs exhibited consistently high reduction efficiencies (>87%) in all systems, whereas Pd-NPs showed lower efficiencies and greater sensitivity to synthesis conditions. AFM and DLS analyses confirmed the formation of particles within the nanometric range. In AA-based systems, Pt-NPs were generally smaller than Pd-NPs, while the opposite trend was observed in Qb-based systems. Natural surfactants provided effective NP stabilization, low values of polydispersity index (PdI), good size control, and stable nanostructures. The results demonstrated that biosurfactant-based stabilizers, particularly CG and Qb, can successfully replace synthetic polymeric stabilizers in the green synthesis of noble metal NPs, supporting the development of more sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surfactants in Synthesis of Nanomaterials with Unique Properties)

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41 pages, 3921 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Tracks to Hotspots: Particle-Dependent Radiation Energy Deposition in MAPbI₃ Perovskite

by Ivan E. Novoselov, Zhi Xing, Huiliang Sun and Ivan S. Zhidkov

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130803 - 29 Jun 2026

Abstract

Geant4 (version 11.3.2) simulations were used to study particle-dependent radiation interaction in MAPbI₃ under electron, photon, and neutron irradiation. The analysis focused on spatial distributions of interaction events, released energy, secondary-particle generation, and process-specific contributions. A 1 mm single-layer MAPbI₃ target [...] Read more.

Geant4 (version 11.3.2) simulations were used to study particle-dependent radiation interaction in MAPbI₃ under electron, photon, and neutron irradiation. The analysis focused on spatial distributions of interaction events, released energy, secondary-particle generation, and process-specific contributions. A 1 mm single-layer MAPbI₃ target was used to identify the intrinsic material response, while multilayer MAPbI₃ containing detector geometries were considered to assess device-like effects. Electrons produced extended charged particle tracks governed by direct energy loss and secondary-electron cascades. Photons showed weak direct energy deposition, with the response mainly controlled by secondary electrons generated in discrete electromagnetic interactions. Neutrons produced sparse but locally intense energy-release patterns dominated by recoil particles and nuclear-reaction products. The results show that total released energy alone is insufficient to describe radiation response in MAPbI₃; spatial morphology and the balance between primary and secondary contributions are essential for interpreting both detector operation and possible radiation-induced degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic/Perovskite Solar Cell)

14 pages, 4539 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring High Energy Storage Density by a Temperature-Induced Relaxor-to-Ferroelectric Phase Transition

by Qiang Lv and Jieyu Chen

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(13), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16130802 - 29 Jun 2026

Abstract

Crystallization temperature was tuned to control the crystal structure and relaxor behavior of Na_0.5Bi_5.5Ti₄AlO₁₈ films. This established a structure–property regulation pathway, enabling controlled transitions from ferroelectric, non-ergodic relaxor to ergodic relaxor states. Precise crystallization temperature control [...] Read more.

Crystallization temperature was tuned to control the crystal structure and relaxor behavior of Na_0.5Bi_5.5Ti₄AlO₁₈ films. This established a structure–property regulation pathway, enabling controlled transitions from ferroelectric, non-ergodic relaxor to ergodic relaxor states. Precise crystallization temperature control reduced grain size, thereby increasing both bulk resistivity and breakdown strength via suppressed conduction pathways. The Na_0.5Bi_5.5Ti₄AlO₁₈ film achieves outstanding energy storage performance when crystallized at 500 °C, delivering a recoverable energy density of 49.6 J/cm³ and an energy efficiency of 73.5% at an applied electric field of 2820 kV/cm. It also exhibits excellent thermal and frequency stability. Thus, crystallization temperature control is a direct, effective lever for optimizing dielectric energy storage films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Sensors and Energy Storage Device Applications)

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