Dichotomic Decision Optimization for the Design of HVDC Superconducting Links
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Road vehicle traction system [9]: three options are common: front-, rear-, or all-wheel drive. Depending on the chosen use, the weather conditions (snow), the required power, etc., the optimum decision is going to change, affecting the remaining design parameters of the car.
- Airplane engines location [10]: several options are available, for instance, front wings or rear wings. Each of them gives different possibilities in terms of manageability and puts the airplane under different mechanical stresses: compression (rear wings) and traction (front wings).
- Thermal cycle cold sink in power plants [11]: a dry cooling system is cheaper but decreases the cycle efficiency when compared to a wet cooling system, which usually conditions the location of the power plant.
- Windmill morphology [12]: the three-bladed windmill is not the most efficient, but is commonly used at present, due to the balance between cost, reliability, and efficiency.
2. Background: Technologies for Bulk Power Transmission
2.1. Selection of Link Technology
2.2. Additional Selection Criteria
2.2.1. Visual Impact
2.2.2. Infrastructure Footprint and Right-of-Way
2.2.3. Sensitivity to Climatic Hazards
2.2.4. Sensitivity to Ambient Temperature
2.2.5. Sensitivity to Rocky Environment
2.2.6. Ease of Making Joints
2.2.7. Repairability
2.2.8. Resilience and Contingency
2.2.9. Monitoring and Maintenance
2.2.10. Generated Electromagnetic Fields
2.2.11. General Considerations
2.3. Main Components of a Superconducting Cable System
- ○
- Superconductor;
- ○
- Cryostat (cryogenic envelope), housing the cooling fluid needed to maintain the superconductor temperature;
- ○
- High-voltage electrical insulation;
- ○
- Cryogenic terminations and joints;
- ○
- Adequate cooling devices connected to associated power and fluid supplies for the auxiliary equipment (chiller, pumps, etc.).
3. Dichotomic Decision Optimization for an HVDC Superconducting Link
3.1. Superconducting Materials and Cooling Fluids
3.1.1. Superconductor Selection
3.1.2. Fluid Selection for the MgB2 Superconducting Cable
3.2. Design of the Cryogenic Envelope
3.3. Fluid Selection for the Thermal Shield
3.4. High-Voltage Insulation
3.5. Protection of the Cable System
- The “fault tolerant” conductor design withstands the quench, with an over-current during the fault but no damage to the conductor. This is due to the copper core of the cable (see Figure 4), which acts as a low-resistance electrical shunt protecting the superconducting wires and transporting the current in excess of the superconducting critical current. The cable must be disconnected from the grid and can be energized again after the recovery of the operating temperature.
- The “fault transparent” conductor design is enabled by the high current and good thermal stability of the MgB2 superconductor, which come at an affordable cost. In such a design, a conductor consisting of multiple high-current MgB2 strands can withstand the fault current without a quench.
4. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criteria | OHL | SUB | UGC | GIL | SCC | Item |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Visual impact | | | | | | 2.2.1 |
Infrastructure footprint and right-of-way | | | | | | 2.2.2 |
Sensitivity to climatic hazards | | | | | | 2.2.3 |
Sensitivity to ambient temperature | | | | | | 2.2.4 |
Sensitivity to rocky environment | | | | | | 2.2.5 |
Ease of making joints | ★★ ★★ | ★★ | ★★ ★ | ★★ | ★ | 2.2.6 |
Repairability | ★★ ★★ | 0 | ★★ | ★★ | ★ | 2.2.7 |
Resilience and contingency | ★★ ★★ | ★ | ★★ | ★★ | ★ | 2.2.8 |
Monitoring and maintenance | ★ | ★★ ★★ | ★★ ★★ | ★★ | ★★ | 2.2.9 |
Generated electromagnetic fields (EMF) | ★ | ★★ ★ | ★★ | ★★ ★★ | ★★ ★★ | 2.2.10 |
Established grid technology | ★★ ★★ | ★★ ★ | ★★ ★ | ★★ | ★ |
Shape | Dimensions | Performance of Commercial Tapes and Wires | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bi2223 | Laminated PIT * tapes | Width 4.5 mm | Thickness 0.3–0.5 mm | Ic @70 K, 0.5 T 350–400 A.cm−1 | Length < 1500 m | 80–120 €/kA/m |
YBCO | Laminated thin film coated tapes | Width 4–12 mm | Ic @70 K, 0.5 T 500–800 A.cm−1 | Length < 500 m | ||
MgB2 | Cylindrical PIT * wires | Ø 0.8–1.5 mm | Ic @20 K, 1T 400 A/mm2 | Length < 3000 m | 3–5 €/kA/m |
Liquid N2 | He * | Liquid H2 | Liquid Ne | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abundant and safe | Not rare and safe | Abundant but flammable | Very rare and safe | |
T solidification (K) | 65 | N/A | 15 | 24.6 |
T boiling (K) at 3 bar | 87 | 5 | 24 | 31 |
Cp (J/kg.K) (P, T) | 2000(70K) | 5300(20K) | 9400(20K) | 1800(27K) |
ρ (kg/m3) | 830(70K) | 5.7(3bar,20K)–9.8(20bar,20K) | 72(20K) | 1212 |
Viscosity (µPa.s) | 225(70K) | 4(20K) | 15(20K) | 120(27K) |
No Thermal Shield | With Thermal Shield | ||
---|---|---|---|
SCC at 15 K | Shield at 60 K SCC at 15 K | Shield at 100 K SCC at 15 K | |
Heat inleak at the cold wall (W/m2) | 7.3 | Shield 4.5 Cable 0.7 | Shield 4.5 Cable 1.3 |
Electrical power to maintain the shield temperature (Din = 120 mm) (Welec/m) | N/A | 22 | 12 |
Electrical power to maintain the SCC at 15 K (Din = 40 mm) (Welec/m) | 57 | 5 | 10 |
Total electrical power (Welec/m) | 57 | 27 | 22 |
Direct Flux | Return Flux | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Liquid N2 | LNG | Gaseous He | Gaseous H2 | |
Abundant and safe | Abundant but flammable | Common and safe | Abundant but flammable | |
T solidification (K) | 65 | 91 | N/A | N/A |
T boiling (K) at 3 bar | 87 | 120 | N/A | N/A |
Cp (J/kg·K)(T) | 2030(76K) | 3400(105K) | 5200(60K) | 10,700 (60K) |
ρ (kg/m3) | 812(76K) | 430(105K) | 2.4(3bar) | 1.25(3bar) |
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Muñoz-Antón, J.; Marian, A.; Lesur, F.; Bruzek, C.-E. Dichotomic Decision Optimization for the Design of HVDC Superconducting Links. Entropy 2020, 22, 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22121413
Muñoz-Antón J, Marian A, Lesur F, Bruzek C-E. Dichotomic Decision Optimization for the Design of HVDC Superconducting Links. Entropy. 2020; 22(12):1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22121413
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuñoz-Antón, Javier, Adela Marian, Frédéric Lesur, and Christian-Eric Bruzek. 2020. "Dichotomic Decision Optimization for the Design of HVDC Superconducting Links" Entropy 22, no. 12: 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/e22121413