Understanding Lung Carcinogenesis from a Morphostatic Perspective: Prevention and Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. A Close Connection between Normal Lung Tissue Repair Mechanism and Carcinogenesis
2.1. Lung Tissue, Progenitor Cell, Cancer Stem Cell, and Injury-Triggered Carcinogenesis
2.2. Normal Physiological Responses for Homeostasis and Injury Repair in Lung Tissue
2.2.1. Basal Cell
2.2.2. Club Cell
2.2.3. PNEC
2.2.4. AEC II
3. Dysregulations and Aberrations Supporting Lung Carcinogenesis
3.1. Molecular Aberrations Driving Tumor Initiation and Lung CSC Maintenance
3.2. Dysregulations of Signals from Microenvironment during Lung Tissue Repair
3.3. Cellular Reprogramming Involving Transitioning to Mesenchymal Phenotype
4. Current Use of Phytochemical Compounds in Treating Lung Cancer
5. The Potential Use of Phytochemical Compounds for Prevention and Targeting CSCs in Lung Cancer
5.1. Curcumin
5.2. Resveratrol
5.3. Quercetin
5.4. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate
5.5. Luteolin
5.6. Sulforaphane
5.7. Berberine
5.8. Genistein
5.9. Capsaicin
6. Discussion and Future Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phytochemical | Antioxidant | Anti-Inflammatory | Signaling Pathway Target | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wnt | Notch | Hh | JNK | JAK/STAT3 | PI3K/AKT | NF-κB | RTK | TGFβ/BMP | |||
Curcumin | Yes | Yes | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | - |
Resveratrol | Yes | Yes | - | - | - | - | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Quercetin | Yes | Yes | - | - | - | - | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | - |
EGCG | Yes | Yes | ↓ | - | ↓ | ↓ | - | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Luteolin | Yes | Yes | - | - | - | ↑ | ↓ | ↑↓ | ↓ | ↑↓ | ↓ |
Sulforaphane | Yes | Yes | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | - | - | ↓ | ↓ | ↑↓ | - |
Berberine | Yes | Yes | - | - | - | - | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑↓ | ↓ |
Genistein | Yes | Yes | - | - | - | - | - | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | - |
Capsaicin | Yes | Yes | - | - | - | - | - | ↓ | ↓ | - | - |
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Heng, W.S.; Kruyt, F.A.E.; Cheah, S.-C. Understanding Lung Carcinogenesis from a Morphostatic Perspective: Prevention and Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 5697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115697
Heng WS, Kruyt FAE, Cheah S-C. Understanding Lung Carcinogenesis from a Morphostatic Perspective: Prevention and Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(11):5697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115697
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeng, Win Sen, Frank A. E. Kruyt, and Shiau-Chuen Cheah. 2021. "Understanding Lung Carcinogenesis from a Morphostatic Perspective: Prevention and Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11: 5697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115697
APA StyleHeng, W. S., Kruyt, F. A. E., & Cheah, S. -C. (2021). Understanding Lung Carcinogenesis from a Morphostatic Perspective: Prevention and Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(11), 5697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115697