The Basolateral Amygdala Mediates the Role of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Integrating Fear Memory Responses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Virus Vector Construct
2.3. Surgical Procedures
2.4. Experimental Procedures
2.5. Optogenetic Stimulation
2.6. Sleep Scoring
2.7. Electroencephalograph (EEG) Analysis
2.8. Scoring of Freezing
2.9. Evaluation of Body Temperature
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Histological Verification of Stimulation Sites
3.2. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM) + L, but Not Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM) + L, Attenuated Freezing Tested at 24 h and 48 h after Fear Conditioning
3.3. Fear Conditioning and Stress-Induced Hyperthermia
3.4. Stress and Fear-Conditioned Alterations in Sleep
3.5. REM + L Attenuated Post-Re-Exposure REM-θ Reduction
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Day | Hour | Control | NREM + L | REM + L |
---|---|---|---|---|
ST | H1 | 1.83 ± 0.11 * | 1.57 ± 0.21 * | 1.89 ± 0.17 * |
H2 | 0.64 ± 0.10 | 1.66 ± 0.19 * | 1.54 ± 0.14 * | |
H3 | 0.26 ± 0.12 | 1.27 ± 0.15 * | 1.35 ± 0.26 * | |
H4 | 0.24 ± 0.20 | 1.04 ± 0.28 | 0.82 ± 0.24 * | |
24 H | H1 | 1.54 ± 0.16 * | 1.26 ± 0.19 * | 1.51 ± 0.13 * |
H2 | 0.54 ± 0.09 | 0.74 ± 0.12 | 0.69 ± 0.17 | |
H3 | 0.35 ± 0.09 | 0.40 ± 0.17 | 0.30 ± 0.21 | |
H4 | 0.24 ± 0.11 | 0.06 ± 0.24 | 0.17 ± 0.10 | |
48 H | H1 | 1.39 ± 0.16 * | 1.11 ± 0.21 * | 1.27 ± 0.16 * |
H2 | 0.35 ± 0.14 | 0.66 ± 0.10 | 0.71 ± 0.18 | |
H3 | 0.00 ± 0.08 | 0.26 ± 0.09 | 0.41 ± 0.22 | |
H4 | 0.06 ± 0.09 | 0.22 ± 0.16 | 0.28 ± 0.22 | |
1 WK | H1 | 1.28 ± 0.19 * | 0.86 ± 0.30 * | 1.17 ± 0.14 * |
H2 | 0.29 ± 0.13 | 0.38 ± 0.11 | 0.45 ± 0.19 | |
H3 | −0.01 ± 0.12 | 0.17 ± 0.17 | 0.00 ± 0.19 | |
H4 | 0.05 ± 0.09 | 0.01 ± 0.20 | 0.02 ± 0.25 |
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Machida, M.; Sweeten, B.L.W.; Adkins, A.M.; Wellman, L.L.; Sanford, L.D. The Basolateral Amygdala Mediates the Role of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Integrating Fear Memory Responses. Life 2022, 12, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12010017
Machida M, Sweeten BLW, Adkins AM, Wellman LL, Sanford LD. The Basolateral Amygdala Mediates the Role of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Integrating Fear Memory Responses. Life. 2022; 12(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12010017
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachida, Mayumi, Brook L. W. Sweeten, Austin M. Adkins, Laurie L. Wellman, and Larry D. Sanford. 2022. "The Basolateral Amygdala Mediates the Role of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Integrating Fear Memory Responses" Life 12, no. 1: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12010017