Traumatic Brain Injury: Novel Experimental Approaches and Treatment Possibilities
Long COVID Mechanisms, Microvascular Effects, and Evaluation Based on Incidence
Integrative Strategies for Preventing and Managing Metabolic Syndrome: The Impact of Exercise and Diet on Oxidative Stress Reduction—A Review
Comparative Effects of Red and Blue LED Light on Melatonin Levels During Three-Hour Exposure in Healthy Adults
An Advanced Pneumatic Compression Therapy System Improves Leg Volume and Fluid, Adipose Tissue Thickness, Symptoms, and Quality of Life and Reduces Risk of Lymphedema in Women with Lipedema

Journal Description

Life

Life is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of scientific studies related to fundamental themes in life sciences, from basic to applied research, published monthly online by MDPI. The Astrobiology Society of Britain (ASB) and Spanish Association for Cancer Research (ASEICA) are affiliated with Life and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Biology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Paleontology)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Life.
Companion journals for Life include: Physiologia and Hydrobiology.

Impact Factor: 3.4 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.4 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2075-1729

Latest Articles

15 pages, 1476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laboratory, Clinical, and Pathohistological Significance of the Outcomes of Patients with Membranous Nephropathy After 10 Year of Follow-Up

by Marko Baralić, Selena Gajić, Mihajlo Kostić, Milorad Stojadinović, Kristina Filić, Danka Bjelić, Vidna Karadžić-Ristanović, Ivana Mrđa, Jovana Gavrilović, Danica Ćujić, Aleksandar Sič, Stefan Janković, Ivan Putica, Sanja Stankovic, Dušan Vićentijević, Maja Životić, Sanja Radojević-Škodrić, Jelena Pavlović, Ana Bontić and Aleksandra Kezić

Life 2025, 15(8), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081221 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most prevalent cause of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in adults, and it can be primary (idiopathic) with an unknown cause or secondary due to a variety of conditions (lupus, infections, malignancies, medications, etc.). It progresses to chronic kidney disease (CKD) in up to 60% of patients, and 10 to 30% develop end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). This retrospective study examines the importance of specific factors, including baseline demographic and clinical data, kidney biopsy PH findings, and selected biochemical parameters, influencing MN outcomes after 10 years of follow-up. The cohort included 94 individuals in whom a diagnosis of MN was established by percutaneous biopsy of the left kidney’s lower pole at the University Clinical Center of Serbia (UCCS) between 2008 and 2013. According to the outcomes, patients were divided into three groups: the recovery (Rec) group, with complete remission, including normal serum creatinine (Scr) and proteinuria (Prt), the group with development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the group with development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Nephropathologists graded pathohistological (PH) results from I to III based on the observed PH findings. During the follow-up period, 33 patients were in the Rec group, CKD developed in 53 patients, and ESKD developed in 8 patients. Baseline creatinine clearance levels (Ccr), Scr, and uric acid (urate) were found to be significantly associated with the outcomes (p < 0.001). The lowest values of baseline Scr and urate were observed in the Rec group. The presence of acute kidney injury (AKI) or CKD at the time of kidney biopsy was associated with the more frequent development of ESKD (p = 0.02). Lower Ccr was associated with a higher likelihood of progressing to CKD (B = −0.021, p = 0.014), whereas older age independently predicted progression to ESKD (B = 0.02, p = 0.032). Based on this study, it was concluded that the most important biochemical and clinical factors that are associated with the outcomes of this disease are the values of Scr, Ccr, and urate and the existence of CKD at the time of kidney biopsy. Unlike most previous studies, the presence of HTN had no statistical significance in the outcome of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Insights in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Glomerular Disorders)

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16 pages, 3511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phlogacanthus pulcherrimus Leaf Extract as a Functional Feed Additive: Influences on Growth Indices, Bacterial Challenge Survival, and Expression of Immune-, Growth-, and Antioxidant-Related Genes in Labeo chrysophekadion (Bleeker, 1849)

by Sontaya Sookying, Panitnart Auputinan, Dutrudi Panprommin and Paiboon Panase

Life 2025, 15(8), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081220 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

This research examined the impact of dietary supplementation with Phlogacanthus pulcherrimus extract (PPE) on the growth, disease resistance, and expression of immune-, growth-, and antioxidant-related genes in Labeo chrysophekadion. Over 150 days, 90 fish from each group were fed diets with 0 (control), 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 g/kg of PPE. Phytochemical analysis revealed phenolics (96.00 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (17.55 mg QE/g), anthraquinones, and triterpenoids, along with moderate antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 1314.08 μg/mL). One-way ANOVA of growth indices, including weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate, revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05); however, PPE supplementation significantly enhanced immune and antioxidant gene expression. IL-1β was significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated at all doses, with the highest expression observed at 0.50 g/kg, showing a fivefold increase compared to the control. In addition, the highest relative expressions of IGF-1 and CAT were found at 0.75 g/kg, with 4.5-fold and 3.5-fold increases compared to the control, respectively. PPE at 0.75 g/kg decreased the cumulative mortality rate (CMR) by 20% compared to the control group, which had a CMR of 50% following exposure to Aeromonas hydrophila. PPE acted as an effective immunostimulant and antioxidant, supporting reduced antibiotic reliance in aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition–Physiology Interactions in Aquatic Species)

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19 pages, 1974 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on the Mechanism of Action of Food-Derived ACE-Inhibitory Peptides

by Ting Li, Wanjia Du, Huiyan Huang, Luzhang Wan, Chenglong Shang, Xue Mao and Xianghui Kong

Life 2025, 15(8), 1219; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081219 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Hypertension is a major pathogenic contributor to cardiovascular diseases, primarily mediated through activation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) system. Food-derived ACE-inhibitory peptides represent a promising alternative to synthetic drugs due to their favorable safety profile and minimal side effects. ACE-inhibitory peptides have been extensively identified from various foods, with their antihypertensive activity and molecular mechanisms comprehensively characterized through in vitro and in vivo studies. ACE-inhibitory peptides can be prepared by methods such as natural extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. The production process significantly modulates structural characteristics of the polypeptides including peptide chain length, amino acid composition, and sequence, consequently determining their functional activity. To comprehensively elucidate the gastrointestinal stability and mechanisms action of ACE-inhibitory peptides, integrated experimental approaches combining both in vitro and in vivo methodologies are essential. This review systematically examines current advances in food-derived ACE-inhibitory peptides in terms of sources, production, structure, in vivo and in vitro activities, and bioavailability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetics, Microbiota, and Food—Shaping Immune Health and Longevity)

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12 pages, 955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Center Preliminary Experience Treating Endometrial Cancer Patients with Fiducial Markers

by Francesca Titone, Eugenia Moretti, Alice Poli, Marika Guernieri, Sarah Bassi, Claudio Foti, Martina Arcieri, Gianluca Vullo, Giuseppe Facondo, Marco Trovò, Pantaleo Greco, Gabriella Macchia, Giuseppe Vizzielli and Stefano Restaino

Life 2025, 15(8), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081218 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Purpose: To present the findings of our preliminary experience using daily image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) supported by implanted fiducial markers (FMs) in the radiotherapy of the vaginal cuff, in a cohort of post-surgery endometrial cancer patients. Methods: Patients with vaginal cuff cancer requiring adjuvant radiation with external beams were enrolled. Five patients underwent radiation therapy targeting the pelvic disease and positive lymph nodes, with doses of 50.4 Gy in twenty-eight fractions and a subsequent stereotactic boost on the vaginal vault at a dose of 5 Gy in a single fraction. One patient was administered 30 Gy in five fractions to the vaginal vault. These patients underwent external beam RT following the implantation of three 0.40 × 10 mm gold fiducial markers (FMs). Our IGRT strategy involved real-time 2D kV image-based monitoring of the fiducial markers during the treatment delivery as a surrogate of the vaginal cuff. To explore the potential role of FMs throughout the treatment process, we analyzed cine movies of the 2D kV-triggered images during delivery, as well as the image registration between pre- and post-treatment CBCT scans and the planning CT (pCT). Each CBCT used to trigger fraction delivery was segmented to define the rectum, bladder, and vaginal cuff. We calculated a standard metric to assess the similarity among the images (Dice index). Results: All the patients completed radiotherapy and experienced good tolerance without any reported acute or long-term toxicity. We did not observe any loss of FMs during or before treatment. A total of twenty CBCTs were analyzed across ten fractions. The observed trend showed a relatively emptier bladder compared to the simulation phase, with the bladder filling during the delivery. This resulted in a final median Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.90, indicating strong performance. The rectum reproducibility revealed greater variability, negatively affecting the quality of the delivery. Only in two patients, FMs showed intrafractional shift > 5 mm, probably associated with considerable rectal volume changes. Target coverage was preserved due to a safe CTV-to-PTV margin (10 mm). Conclusions: In our preliminary study, CBCT in combination with the use of fiducial markers to guide the delivery proved to be a feasible method for IGRT both before and during the treatment of post-operative gynecological cancer. In particular, this approach seems to be promising in selected patients to facilitate the use of SBRT instead of BRT (brachytherapy), thanks to margin reduction and adaptive strategies to optimize dose delivery while minimizing toxicity. A larger sample of patients is needed to confirm our results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gynecology Update: Modern Diagnostic Approaches and Innovative Therapies)

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12 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Postural Assessment, Therapeutic Exercise and Foot Orthoses in Haemophilic Arthropathy: A Pilot Study

by Dalila Scaturro, Sofia Tomasello, Vincenzo Caruso, Isabella Picone, Antonio Ammendolia, Alessandro de Sire and Giulia Letizia Mauro

Life 2025, 15(8), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081217 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Haemophilic arthropathy is caused by repeated joint bleeding episodes, primarily affecting knees, ankles and elbows. Conservative options should be considered prior to surgery, as well as postural evaluation, since any functional overload promotes the development of new bleeding. The aim of this study is to verify the use of foot orthoses in combination with postural rehabilitation, assessing the incidence of spontaneous haemarthroses and haematomas. In total, 15 patients were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups: 8 in group A, composed of patients who were prescribed foot orthoses and a 20-session rehabilitation program, and 7 in group B, composed of patients who were instructed to use foot orthoses only. All patients were evaluated at baseline (T0), at 3 months (T1—end of the rehabilitation program), and at 12 months (T2), using the following scales: Functional Independence Score in Haemophilia (FISH), Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). During the 12 months between the first and the last assessment, no patient in group A developed hemarthroses or hematomas, while one case of hemarthrosis was recorded in group B. The HJHS improved significantly (≤0.05) in group A at both T1 and T2, while in group B it improved significantly only in T2. As for FISH, it showed significant improvements in both groups at T1 and T2. NRS showed a significant reduction only at T2 in both groups (p-value T0–T1 0.3 in group A e 0.8 in group B). No patient reported any adverse effects from the use of orthotic insoles. The combination of postural rehabilitation, the use of foot orthoses and pharmacological prophylaxis could improve functioning and joint status in patients affected by haemophilic arthopathy, delaying or preventing new hemarthroses by improving the distribution of joint loads and the modification of musculoskeletal system’s characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Therapeutics for Musculoskeletal Disorders)

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20 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of a Post-Acute-Care Rehabilitation Program in Patients with Stroke: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Yi-Pang Lo, Mei-Chen Wang, Yao-Hsiang Chen, Shang-Lin Chiang and Chia-Huei Lin

Life 2025, 15(8), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081216 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Early rehabilitation is essential for restoring functional recovery in patients with stroke, particularly during the early phase of post-acute care (PAC), or the subacute stage. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 7-week PAC rehabilitation program in improving muscle strength, physical performance, and functional recovery. A total of 219 inpatients with stroke in the subacute stage were initially recruited from the PAC ward of a regional teaching hospital in Northern Taiwan, with 79 eligible patients—within 1 month of an acute stroke—included in the analysis. The program was delivered 5 days per week, with 3–4 sessions daily (20–30 min each, up to 120 min daily), comprising physical, occupational, and speech–language therapies. Sociodemographic data, muscle strength, physical performance (Berg Balance Scale [BBS], gait speed, and 6-minute walk test [6MWT]), and functional recovery (modified Rankin Scale [mRS], Barthel Index [BI], Instrumental Activities of Daily Living [IADL], and Fugl–Meyer assessment: sensory and upper extremity) were collected at baseline, 3 weeks, and 7 weeks. Generalized estimating equations analyzed program effectiveness. Among the 56 patients (70.9%) who completed the program, significant improvements were observed in the muscle strength of both the affected upper (B = 0.93, p < 0.001) and lower limbs (B = 0.88, p < 0.001), as well as in their corresponding unaffected limbs; in physical performance, including balance (BBS score: B = 9.70, p = 0.003) and gait speed (B = 0.23, p = 0.024); and in functional recovery, including BI (B = 19.5, p < 0.001), IADL (B = 1.48, p < 0.001), and mRS (B = −0.13, p = 0.028). These findings highlight the 7-week PAC rehabilitation program as an effective strategy during the critical recovery phase for patients with stroke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Rehabilitation of Stroke)

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12 pages, 498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outcomes of Pregnancies with Absent or Hypoplastic Fetal Nasal Bone: A Retrospective Analysis of Prenatal Findings and Perinatal Outcomes

by Eva Karner, Lara Krepler, Petra Pateisky, Agnes Grill, Paul Dremsek, Guelen Yerlikaya-Schatten and Stephanie Springer

Life 2025, 15(8), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081215 - 1 Aug 2025

Abstract

Hypoplastic or absent fetal nasal bone (NB) is a significant soft marker in the risk assessment for aneuploidies. This study aimed to evaluate prenatal findings and perinatal outcomes in fetuses with absent or hypoplastic NB managed at our center. This retrospective analysis was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics at the Medical University of Vienna and including all cases with an absent or hypoplastic fetal NB between 2004 and 2022. Clinical data were extracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 149 cases were included. Of these, 51% had chromosomal abnormalities, with trisomy 21 present in 30.9%. Malformations were identified in 55% of cases, most commonly congenital heart defects (34.9%) and facial dysmorphism (28.9%). Eighteen fetuses (12.1%) had structural anomalies without genetic disorders. In 32.9% (n = 49), the NB anomaly was isolated. Our findings show that only half of the cases had chromosomal abnormalities, and over half of the pregnancies resulted in live births with generally favorable perinatal outcomes. However, the presence of additional ultrasound abnormalities significantly increased the risk of adverse outcomes. Therefore, detection of a fetal NB anomaly should prompt comprehensive ultrasound evaluation and genetic testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Obstetrics and Gynecology)

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19 pages, 9816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developmental Parallels Between the Human Organs of Zuckerkandl and Adrenal Medulla

by Ekaterina Otlyga, Dmitry Otlyga, Olga Junemann, Yuliya Krivova, Alexandra Proshchina, Anastasia Kharlamova, Victoria I. Gulimova, Gleb Sonin and Sergey Saveliev

Life 2025, 15(8), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081214 - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

The adrenal medulla and organs of Zuckerkandl consist of chromaffin cells that produce, store, and secrete catecholamines. In humans, the adrenal medulla is known to function throughout postnatal life, while the organs of Zuckerkandl degenerate by 2–3 years of postnatal life. Although the history of investigation of chromaffin cells goes back more than a century, little is known about the reciprocal organogenesis of the adrenal glands and organs of Zuckerkandl during human fetal development. In the current study, we compared these two organs using serial sectioning, routine histological staining, and immunohistochemical reactions in human embryos, prefetuses, and fetuses from 8 to 26 gestational weeks. In our study, we used antibodies for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, which are enzymes of catecholamine synthesis, β-III tubulin, and S100. We found two morphological cell types (large and small) in the developing ganglia, organs of Zuckerkandl, and adrenal medulla, and two migration patterns of large cells and small cells. The immunohistochemical characteristics of these cells were determined. We revealed that the number of small cells increased significantly at the ages from 16 to 21–22 gestational weeks, followed by a decrease at 22.5–26 gestational weeks. The presence of two large cell subpopulations was suggested—those that migrate primarily from organs of the Zuckerkandl region and those that differentiate later from the small cells. We also determined that 12 gestational weeks was the age of the first appearance of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase reactivity in developing chromaffin cells, temporally correlating with synaptogenesis events. This is important data in the light of the controversial glucocorticoid theory of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase induction in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Biology)

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28 pages, 2517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extraction, Characterization, Biological Properties, and X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Functional Polysaccharides Derived from Limnospira platensis

by Wanida Pan-utai, Naraporn Phomkaivon, Sarn Settachaimongkon, Preeyanut Pongponpai and Chomphunuch Songsiriritthigul

Life 2025, 15(8), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081213 - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study explored the extraction, characterization, and biological properties of polysaccharides derived from Spirulina (Limnospira platensis), a microalga known for its rich nutritional benefits. Polysaccharides were successfully isolated and characterized using optimized biorefinery water extraction techniques to detail their structural and functional characteristics. Results revealed notable antioxidant activity and effective α-glucosidase inhibition, indicating potential health benefits. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was conducted to assess the elemental composition, offering insights into the mineral contents of the polysaccharides. Our findings underscore the promising applications of polysaccharides from Limnospira platensis as functional ingredients in health-related fields, advocating the need for further research into their mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Microalgae Metabolites)

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30 pages, 4119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ubiquitination Regulates Reorganization of the Membrane System During Cytomegalovirus Infection

by Barbara Radić, Igor Štimac, Alen Omerović, Ivona Viduka, Marina Marcelić, Gordana Blagojević Zagorac, Pero Lučin and Hana Mahmutefendić Lučin

Life 2025, 15(8), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081212 - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: During infection with the cytomegalovirus (CMV), the membrane system of the infected cell is remodelled into a megastructure called the assembly compartment (AC). These extensive changes may involve the manipulation of the host cell proteome by targeting a pleiotropic function of the cell such as ubiquitination (Ub). In this study, we investigate whether the Ub system is required for the establishment and maintenance of the AC in murine CMV (MCMV)-infected cells Methods: NIH3T3 cells were infected with wild-type and recombinant MCMVs and the Ub system was inhibited with PYR-41. The expression of viral and host cell proteins was analyzed by Western blot. AC formation was monitored by immunofluorescence with confocal imaging and long-term live imaging as the dislocation of the Golgi and expansion of Rab10-positive tubular membranes (Rab10 TMs). A cell line with inducible expression of hemagglutinin (HA)-Ub was constructed to monitor ubiquitination. siRNA was used to deplete host cell factors. Infectious virion production was monitored using the plaque assay. Results: The Ub system is required for the establishment of the infection, progression of the replication cycle, viral gene expression and production of infectious virions. The Ub system also regulates the establishment and maintenance of the AC, including the expansion of Rab10 TMs. Increased ubiquitination of WASHC1, which is recruited to the machinery that drives the growth of Rab10 TMs, is consistent with Ub-dependent rheostatic control of membrane tubulation and the continued expansion of Rab10 TMs. Conclusions: The Ub system is intensively utilized at all stages of the MCMV replication cycle, including the reorganization of the membrane system into the AC. Disruption of rheostatic control of the membrane tubulation by ubiquitination and expansion of Rab10 TREs within the AC may contribute to the development of a sufficient amount of tubular membranes for virion envelopment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering)

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3 pages, 153 KiB

Open AccessReply

Reply to Scarlata, G.G.M.; Abenavoli, L. Comment on “Rotaru et al. Lean MASLD and IBD: Exploring the Intersection of Metabolic Dysfunction and the Gut–Liver Axis. Life 2025, 15, 288”

by Adrian Rotaru, Remus Stafie, Ermina Stratina, Sebastian Zenovia, Robert Nastasa, Horia Minea, Laura Huiban, Tudor Cuciureanu, Cristina Muzica, Stefan Chiriac, Irina Girleanu, Ana-Maria Singeap, Catalin Sfarti, Carol Stanciu and Anca Trifan

Life 2025, 15(8), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081211 - 30 Jul 2025

Abstract

We are grateful to Dr [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

2 pages, 144 KiB

Open AccessComment

Comment on Rotaru et al. Lean MASLD and IBD: Exploring the Intersection of Metabolic Dysfunction and the Gut–Liver Axis. Life 2025, 15, 288

by Giuseppe Guido Maria Scarlata and Ludovico Abenavoli

Life 2025, 15(8), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081210 - 30 Jul 2025

Abstract

We read with great interest the recent article by Rotaru et al [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapies)

23 pages, 2164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenolic Profiling and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Anti-Alzheimer, and Antiglaucoma Activities of Allium kharputense and Anchusa azurea var. azurea

by Veysel Tahiroglu, Hasan Karagecili, Kubra Aslan and İlhami Gulcin

Life 2025, 15(8), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081209 - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

The genera Allium (Liliaceae) and Anchusa (Boraginaceae) are flowering plant genera with a rich diversity, also including the Allium kharputense Freyn & Sint. and Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea species. The antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer’s disease (AD), antidiabetic, and antiglaucoma effects of the Allium kharputense Freyn & Sint. and Anchusa azurea Mill. var. azurea species, which are commonly eaten foods in the Southeast of Türkiye in the treatment of several diseases, were studied. To interpret the antioxidant capacities of ethanol extract of two plant species, aerial parts were analyzed by ABTS and DPPH assays. The IC₅₀ values of A. kharputense and A. azurea ethanol and water extracts for ABTS^•+ activities were recorded in the range of 30.93 to 33.94 µg/mL and 33.45 to 33.78 µg/mL, respectively. Also, DPPH^• activities were measured at 30.78 to 36.87 µg/mL and 31.67 to 32.45 µg/mL, respectively. The best of the IC₅₀ values was measured in the ethanol extract of A. kharputense as 30.78 µg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid quantities in A. kharputense and A. azurea plants were measured. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents of A. kharputense and A. azurea species were recorded in amounts of 445.52 and 327.35 mg GAE/g in ethanol extracts, respectively, and 332.88 and 234.03 mg QE/g in ethanol extracts, respectively. The effects of A. kharputense and A. azurea on diabetes, AD, and glaucoma were studied on the target enzymes of diseases. The most efficient IC₅₀ values were recorded at 10.72 μg/mL against α-glycosidase, 35.01 μg/mL against AChE, 38.05 μg/mL against BChE, 9.21 μg/mL towards hCA I, and 81.02 μg/mL towards hCA II isoenzymes. The kinds and amounts of phenolic compounds in A. kharputense and A. azurea were determined using LC-MS/MS against 53 standards. A. kharputense and A. azurea plants have prospective use in enhancing glaucoma, diabetes, AD, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and cancerous disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology)

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13 pages, 3274 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Transarterial Embolization for Chronic Postsurgical or Posttraumatic Pain of Musculoskeletal Origin: Clinical Outcomes and Imaging Correlates

by Zi-Rui Huang, Pei-Yi Chen, Neng-Yu Chiu, Sheng-Chieh Lin, Bow Wang, Jui-An Lin and Keng-Wei Liang

Life 2025, 15(8), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081208 - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

Chronic postsurgical or posttraumatic pain (CPSP) is a persistent pain condition lasting beyond three months after tissue injury, often associated with neuropathic features and pathological angiogenesis. This study investigated the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic potential of transarterial embolization (TAE) in patients with CPSP arising from prior musculoskeletal surgeries or interventions. Six patients with refractory pain and imaging evidence of abnormal neovascularization were retrospectively reviewed. TAE was performed using imipenem/cilastatin particles to selectively target pathological vasculature. Eleven procedures were conducted, achieving 100% technical and clinical success. Mean Numeric Rating Scale scores improved significantly from 7.8 at baseline to 1.3 at final follow-up (p < 0.001). No major adverse events occurred, and follow-up imaging demonstrated resolution of inflammation in selected cases. These results support the role of TAE as a minimally invasive treatment option for intervention-related CPSP involving the musculoskeletal system, and further prospective studies are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift in Airway and Pain Management—2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 5292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Drought–Heat Dual Stress Tolerance in Woody Plants and Selection of Stress-Tolerant Species

by Dong-Jin Park, Seong-Hyeon Yong, Do-Hyun Kim, Kwan-Been Park, Seung-A Cha, Ji-Hyeon Lee, Seon-A Kim and Myung-Suk Choi

Life 2025, 15(8), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081207 - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

Sequential drought and heat stress pose a growing threat to forest ecosystems in the context of climate change, yet systematic evaluation methods for woody plants remain limited. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive screening platform for identifying woody plant species tolerant to sequential drought and heat stress among 27 native species growing in Korea. A sequential stress protocol was applied: drought stress for 2 weeks, followed by high-temperature exposure at 45 °C. Physiological indicators, including relative water content (RWC) and electrolyte leakage index (ELI), were used for preliminary screening, supported by phenotypic observations, Evans blue staining for cell death, and DAB staining to assess oxidative stress and recovery ability. The results revealed clear differences among species. Chamaecyparis obtusa, Quercus glauca, and Q. myrsinaefolia exhibited strong tolerance, maintaining high RWC and low ELI values, while Albizia julibrissin was highly susceptible, showing severe membrane damage and low survival. DAB staining successfully distinguished tolerance levels based on oxidative recovery. Additional species such as Camellia sinensis, Q. acuta, Q. phillyraeoides, Q. salicina, and Ternstroemia japonica showed varied responses: Q. phillyraeoides demonstrated high tolerance, T. japonica showed moderate tolerance, and Q. salicina was relatively sensitive. The integrated screening system effectively differentiated tolerant species through multiscale analysis—physiological, cellular, and morphological—demonstrating its robustness and applicability. This study provides a practical and reproducible framework for evaluating sequential drought and heat stress in trees and offers valuable resources for urban forestry, reforestation, and climate-resilient species selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 2024)

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9 pages, 464 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photobiomodulation as a Hypothetical Strategy to Reverse Botulinum Toxin Effects: Exploring the Neuroregenerative Mechanisms and Translational Potential

by Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão Lopes-Martins, Francisco Gonzalez-Lima, Sérgio Gomes da Silva, Patrícia Sardinha Leonardo, Cristiane Soncino, Roberto Fernandes Pacheco, Carolina Lúcia de Oliveira e Oliveira and Fabrizio dos Santos Cardoso

Life 2025, 15(8), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081206 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is widely used in both clinical and aesthetic settings to induce temporary neuromuscular paralysis by inhibiting acetylcholine release. Although generally regarded as safe and effective, complications such as iatrogenic ptosis or facial asymmetry may occur and persist for several weeks or even months, with no standardized method currently available to accelerate recovery. Objective: This article explores the hypothesis that photobiomodulation (PBM)—a non-invasive modality recognized for its neuroregenerative potential—may facilitate the reversal of BoNT/A-induced neuromuscular blockade. Discussion: PBM enhances mitochondrial activity by stimulating cytochrome c oxidase in nerve and muscle tissues, thereby increasing ATP production and modulating intracellular signaling pathways associated with neuroplasticity, cell survival, and synaptogenesis. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that PBM can upregulate neurotrophic factors (e.g., BDNF, NGF), enhance SNAP-25 expression, and promote structural remodeling of neurons in both young and aged brains. These mechanisms are biologically consistent with the regenerative processes required for recovery from BoNT/A-induced effects. While controlled clinical trials for this specific application are currently lacking, anecdotal clinical reports suggest that PBM may accelerate functional recovery in cases of BoNT/A-related complications. Conclusions: Although this approach has not yet been tested in clinical trials, we propose that photobiomodulation may hypothetically serve as a supportive strategy to promote neuromuscular recovery in patients experiencing adverse effects from BoNT/A. This hypothesis is grounded in robust preclinical evidence but requires validation through translational and clinical research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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20 pages, 1386 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Comparison of the Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Applied Alone and Combined Therapy on the Recovery of Muscle Fatigue After Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Junjie Ma, Changfei Guo, Long Luo, Xiaoke Chen, Keying Zhang, Dongxue Liang and Dong Zhang

Life 2025, 15(8), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081205 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Cold-water immersion (CWI), as a common recovery method, has been widely used in the field of post-exercise fatigue recovery. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic scientific evaluation of the combined effects of cold-water immersion combined with other therapies (CWI + Other). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of CWI and CWI + Other in post-exercise fatigue recovery and to explore the potential benefits of CWI + Other. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EBSCO databases to include 24 studies (475 subjects in total) and performed a meta-analysis using standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The results showed that both CWI + Other (SMD = −0.68, 95% CI: −1.03 to −0.33) and CWI (SMD = −0.37, 95% CI: −0.65 to −0.10) were effective in reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). In subgroup analyses of athletes, both CWI + Other (SMD = −1.13, 95% CI: −1.76 to −0.49) and CWI (SMD = −0.47, 95% CI: −0.87 to −0.08) also demonstrated significant effects. In addition, CWI + Other significantly reduced post-exercise C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (SMD = −0.62, 95% CI: −1.12 to −0.13), and CWI with water temperatures higher than 10 °C also showed a CRP-lowering effect (MD = −0.18, 95% CI: −0.30 to −0.07), suggesting a potential benefit in anti-inflammation. There were no significant differences between the two interventions in the metrics of creatine kinase (CK; CWI: SMD = −0.01, 95% CI: −0.27 to 0.24; CWI + Other: SMD = 0.26, 95% CI: −0.51 to 1.03) or countermovement jump (CMJ; CWI: SMD = 0.22, 95% CI: −0.13 to 0.57; CWI + Other: SMD = 0.07, 95% CI: −0.70 to 0.85). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Line Monitoring of Milk Lactose for Evaluating Metabolic and Physiological Status in Early-Lactation Dairy Cows

by Akvilė Girdauskaitė, Samanta Arlauskaitė, Arūnas Rutkauskas, Karina Džermeikaitė, Justina Krištolaitytė, Mindaugas Televičius, Dovilė Malašauskienė, Lina Anskienė, Sigitas Japertas and Ramūnas Antanaitis

Life 2025, 15(8), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081204 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Milk lactose concentration has been proposed as a noninvasive indicator of metabolic health in dairy cows, particularly during early lactation when metabolic demands are elevated. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between milk lactose levels and physiological, biochemical, and behavioral parameters in early-lactation Holstein cows. Twenty-eight clinically healthy cows were divided into two groups: Group 1 (milk lactose < 4.70%, n = 14) and Group 2 (milk lactose ≥ 4.70%, n = 14). Both groups were monitored over a 21-day period using the Brolis HerdLine in-line milk analyzer (Brolis Sensor Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania) and SmaXtec intraruminal boluses (SmaXtec Animal Care Technology^®, Graz, Austria). Parameters including milk yield, milk composition (lactose, fat, protein, and fat-to-protein ratio), blood biomarkers, and behavior were recorded. Cows with higher milk lactose concentrations (≥4.70%) produced significantly more milk (+12.76%) and showed increased water intake (+15.44%), as well as elevated levels of urea (+21.63%), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (+22.96%), glucose (+4.75%), magnesium (+8.25%), and iron (+13.41%) compared to cows with lower lactose concentrations (<4.70%). A moderate positive correlation was found between milk lactose and urea levels (r = 0.429, p < 0.01), and low but significant correlations were observed with other indicators. These findings support the use of milk lactose concentration as a practical biomarker for assessing metabolic and physiological status in dairy cows, and highlight the value of integrating real-time monitoring technologies in precision livestock management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Dairy Cattle Health and Nutrition Management)

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21 pages, 1625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disrupting Defenses: Effects of Bisphenol A and Its Analogs on Human Antibody Production In Vitro

by Francesca Carlotta Passoni, Martina Iulini, Valentina Galbiati, Marina Marinovich and Emanuela Corsini

Life 2025, 15(8), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081203 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogen-like activity, known to impair immune function. BPA may act as a pro-inflammatory agent, reducing immune response efficacy, increasing bacterial load in E. coli infections, and altering immune responses in parasitic infections (Leishmania major, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Toxocara canis) through cytokine and regulatory T-cell modulation. Following its ban in food contact materials in Europe, several analogs have been introduced. This study assessed the immunotoxicity of BPA and six analogs, namely BPAP, BPE, BPP, BPS-MAE, BPZ, and TCBPA, by evaluating in vitro the antibody production. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy male and female donors were exposed to increasing concentrations of each compound for 24 h. After stimulation with rhIL-2 and ODN2006, IgM and IgG secretion were measured on day six. All compounds suppressed antibody production in a concentration-dependent manner, with some sex-related differences. IC₅₀ values showed BPP as the most potent suppressor, and BPE as the weakest. Similarly, IC₂₀ values confirmed these differences in potency, except for BPA being the weakest for IgM in males. Overall, te results do not support the idea that BPA analogs are safer than BPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Life Sciences)

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23 pages, 1700 KiB

Open AccessReview

Epigenetic Modifications in Osteosarcoma: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

by Maria A. Katsianou, Dimitrios Andreou, Penelope Korkolopoulou, Eleni-Kyriaki Vetsika and Christina Piperi

Life 2025, 15(8), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081202 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone cancer of mesenchymal origin in children and young adolescents, remains a challenge due to metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. It displays severe aneuploidy and a high mutation frequency which drive tumor initiation and progression; however, recent studies have highlighted the role of epigenetic modifications as a key driver of OS pathogenesis, independent of genetic mutations. DNA and RNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs are among the major epigenetic modifications which can modulate the expression of oncogenes. Abnormal activity of these mechanisms contributes to gene dysregulation, metastasis and immune evasion. Therapeutic targeting against these epigenetic mechanisms, including inhibitors of DNA and RNA methylation as well as regulators of RNA modifications, can enhance tumor suppressor gene activity. In this review, we examine recent studies elucidating the role of epigenetic regulation in OS pathogenesis and discuss emerging drugs or interventions with potential clinical utility. Understanding of tumor- specific epigenetic alterations, coupled with innovative therapeutic strategies and AI-driven biomarker discovery, could pave the way for personalized therapies based on the molecular profile of each tumor and improve the management of patients with OS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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