Life

29 pages, 5833 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spacio-Linear Screening for Ligand-Docking Cavities in Protein Structures: SLAM Algorithm

by Julia Panov, Alexander Elbert, Dean S. Rosenthal, Moshe Levi, Konstantin Chumakov, Raul Andino, Leonid Brodsky and Hanoch Kaphzan

Life 2026, 16(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020285 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Identifying structurally similar ligand-binding sites in unrelated proteins can facilitate drug repurposing, reveal off-target effects, and deepen our understanding of protein function. A number of tools were developed for structural screening, but many of them suffer from limited sensitivity and scalability. Using a [...] Read more.

Identifying structurally similar ligand-binding sites in unrelated proteins can facilitate drug repurposing, reveal off-target effects, and deepen our understanding of protein function. A number of tools were developed for structural screening, but many of them suffer from limited sensitivity and scalability. Using a data bank of crystallized protein structures, we aimed to discover novel protein targets for a ligand by leveraging a known ligand-binding query protein with a resolved structure. Here, we present SLAM (Spacio-Linear Alignment of Macromolecules), a novel alignment-based algorithm that detects local 3D similarities between ligand-binding cavities or protein-exposed surfaces of query and target proteins. SLAM encodes spatial substructure neighborhoods into short linear sequences of physicochemically annotated atoms, then applies pairwise sequence alignment combined with distance-correlation scoring to identify high-fidelity structural matches. Benchmarking using the Kahraman-36 dataset demonstrated that SLAM outperforms the state-of-the-art ProBiS algorithm in true-positive rate for predicting ligand-docking compatibility. Furthermore, SLAM identifies candidate ligands that may inhibit functionally critical domains of CRISPR-Cas proteins and predicts novel binding partners of toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) compounds (PFOA, PFOS) with plausible mechanistic links to toxicity. In conclusion, SLAM is a robust computationally efficient and flexible structural screening tool capable of detecting subtle physicochemical compatibilities between protein surfaces, promising to accelerate target discovery in pharmacology and elucidate protein–ligand interactions in environmental toxicology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology)

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14 pages, 1238 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori Infection and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation Study

by Nien-Yu Yang, Te-Min Ke, Yicong Huang, Artitaya Lophatananon and Kenneth R. Muir

Life 2026, 16(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020284 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with poor survival and few established modifiable risk factors. While Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a known cause of gastric cancer, its role in pancreatic cancer remains unclear, with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies, with poor survival and few established modifiable risk factors. While Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a known cause of gastric cancer, its role in pancreatic cancer remains unclear, with inconsistent observational evidence. Methods: We applied two-sample Mendelian randomisation (2SMR) to assess the causal effect of H. pylori infection on pancreatic cancer risk. Genetic instruments were derived from GWAS data on anti-H. pylori IgG levels in the ALSPAC cohort (n = 4638). Outcomes were pancreatic cancer cases from UK Biobank (936 cases, 400,294 controls) and a combined dataset including UK Biobank, FinnGen, and MVP (5979 cases, 1,234,860 controls). Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) MR was the primary method, supported by MR-Egger, weighted median/mode and MR-PRESSO, with sensitivity analyses for pleiotropy. Results: Twelve and eleven independent SNPs explained 7.5% and 6.9% of H. pylori variance (mean F-statistics 22.37 and 22.42). No significant causal association was observed. IVW ORs were 1.039 (95% CI: 0.846–1.440, p = 0.466) for UK Biobank and 1.077 (95% CI: 0.962–1.206, p = 0.197) for the combined dataset. All complementary methods yielded null results, with no strong evidence of pleiotropy. Conclusions: This 2SMR study found no evidence that H. pylori infection causally increases pancreatic cancer risk. Larger studies with refined exposure measures are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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22 pages, 3169 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interactions Between the Gut Microbiome and Genetic and Clinical Risk Factors for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Different Geographical Regions of Argentina

by Bárbara Suarez, Adriana Mabel Álvarez, María Florencia Mascardi, Ana Laura Manzano Ramos, Dong Hoon Woo, María Mercedes Gutiérrez, Guillermo Alzueta, María del Carmen Basbus, Santiago Bruzone, Patricia Cuart, Guillermo Dieuzeide, Teresita García, Olga Escobar, Ramón Diego José Carulla, Cristina Oviedo, Natalia Segura, Olguita Del Valle Vera, Javier Nicolás Giunta, Adrián Gadano and Julieta Trinks

Life 2026, 16(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020283 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Local specific biomarkers for MASLD risk stratification are urgently needed in Argentina. Aim: The aim of the study was to characterize the interaction of gut microbiome signatures and genetic and clinical risk factors for MASLD in patients with diabetes from different regions [...] Read more.

Background: Local specific biomarkers for MASLD risk stratification are urgently needed in Argentina. Aim: The aim of the study was to characterize the interaction of gut microbiome signatures and genetic and clinical risk factors for MASLD in patients with diabetes from different regions of Argentina. Materials and Methods: We recruited 214 patients with diabetes from different regions of Argentina. Anthropometric, clinical, and lifestyle data were obtained from all participants, who also underwent abdominal ultrasound for MASLD diagnosis and oral swabbing. The PNPLA3 gene was amplified by PCR from the swabs, and the rs738409 genotype was determined via bidirectional sequencing. To profile the MASLD-associated microbiome, stool was collected from 170 participants. V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed, and reads were analyzed using QIIME2 2024.10.1. R Studio 2023.05.1 was used for statistical analyses. Results: MASLD prevalence was 77.9%, with similar rates of occurrence in all regions represented. FIB-4 scores < 1.3 and > 2.67 were detected in 55.3% and 7.4% of patients, respectively. Half of the diabetic patients had the PNPLA3 GG genotype, with the highest rates occurring in patients from Northwestern Argentina (64.9%; p = 0.02 vs. Buenos Aires). The PNPLA3 GG genotype was an independent risk factor for FIB-4 score (p = 0.0008) and a protective factor against glycated hemoglobin (p = 0.004), fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.008), and cholesterol levels (p = 0.02). Marked regional differences were observed in microbiota diversity and composition in Argentina. After adjusting for geographical region, Negativibacillus genus was exclusively detected in diabetic patients with MASLD and GG carriers. The Catenibacterium genus was related to FIB-4 > 2.67. Short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria were linked to the absence of MASLD. Conclusions: Although some geographical regions of Argentina were not represented in this study and these results therefore cannot be generalized to the country as a whole, these specific signatures could be useful as biomarkers for MASLD risk stratification in Argentines with diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapies)

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13 pages, 1348 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering the Genomic Landscape of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Distinct Mutation Patterns in Disease

by Beau Hsia, Gabriel Bitar, Pedro S. Bonilla, Vinay D. Veluvolu, Nathan Tran, Saif Alshaka, Eli Oved, Bhavish Aubeelauck, Hassan Nur, Abubakar Tauseef, Vijay A. Patel and Aliasgher Khaku

Life 2026, 16(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020282 - 6 Feb 2026

Abstract

Objective: We aimed to characterize the somatic mutational landscape of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and identify potential genomic drivers of tumor progression and therapeutic resistance using the AACR GENIE database. Study Design: Retrospective genomic analysis was employed. Setting: We used publicly available [...] Read more.

Objective: We aimed to characterize the somatic mutational landscape of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and identify potential genomic drivers of tumor progression and therapeutic resistance using the AACR GENIE database. Study Design: Retrospective genomic analysis was employed. Setting: We used publicly available data from the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Project GENIE database accessed via cBioPortal. Methods: We analyzed 412 tumor samples from 401 patients diagnosed with OPSCC. Somatic mutations, clinical variables and tumor characteristics were extracted and analyzed. Statistical comparisons of mutation frequencies across gender and tumor stage (primary vs. metastatic) were conducted. Co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity analyses were performed to identify significant genomic patterns. Results: The most frequently mutated genes included TP53 (30.1%), PIK3CA (26.0%), and KMT2D (21.6%). Gender-specific analyses suggested potential enrichment of TP53 and MET mutations in females and of ZNF750 in males. Distinct mutation patterns were observed between primary and metastatic tumors; primary tumors were enriched for mutations in TP53 and CDKN2A, while metastatic lesions harbored unique alterations in genes like CBLB and BUB1B, suggesting pathways involved in immune evasion and chromosomal instability may drive disease progression. Co-occurrence was noted between PIK3CA and FBXW7, and mutual exclusivity between TP53 and CYLD. Conclusions: This study identifies distinct genomic signatures in OPSCC subgroups, highlighting candidate biomarkers in pathways like PI3K/AKT signaling that warrant further investigation. Validating these markers in prospective trials is a critical next step to translate these findings into personalized therapeutic strategies for OPSCC patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Otorhinolaryngology)

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19 pages, 1351 KB

Open AccessHypothesis

Mars Potato Cultivation: Analysis, Challenges, Sustainable Scientific Conceptions

by Bohao Yang and Yunjiang Liang

Life 2026, 16(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020281 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

As human space exploration advances towards establishing sustainable Martian habitats, achieving autonomous food production is a critical requirement. The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), with its notable environmental resilience and nutritional efficiency, is a prime candidate crop. This study develops a conceptual framework [...] Read more.

As human space exploration advances towards establishing sustainable Martian habitats, achieving autonomous food production is a critical requirement. The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), with its notable environmental resilience and nutritional efficiency, is a prime candidate crop. This study develops a conceptual framework for Martian potato cultivation by systematically analyzing the profound disparities between Martian conditions and plant physiology. We identify and evaluate seven fundamental challenges: atmospheric composition, extreme temperatures, water scarcity, soil properties, nutrient deficiencies, absent microbiota, and radiation/gravity effects. To address these challenges, we propose a phased, testable roadmap comprising four stages: (I) screening and bio-engineering of multi-stress-tolerant potato genotypes; (II) phased domestication via Earth-based analog experiments to define adaptability thresholds; (III) deployment of a controlled cultivation module within a Martian habitat, integrating targeted technological interventions; and (IV) conceptual exploration of extra-habitat agricultural potential. The primary contribution of this work is a structured set of hypotheses and key performance indicators for each stage, translating visionary goals into a defined research agenda to guide future empirical work in extraterrestrial agronomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astrobiology)

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16 pages, 1400 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Comparison of Urinary Tract Infection Rates Associated with Different Catheterization Methods Following Major Pelvic or Abdominal Surgery: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Thanh-Nhan Doan, Thi-Hong-Phuc Le and Li-Wei Chou

Life 2026, 16(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020280 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Postoperative bladder drainage is commonly required following major pelvic or abdominal surgery. Existing evidence indicates substantial variation in urinary tract infection (UTI) risk across different catheterization methods. However, the comparative effectiveness of indwelling Foley catheterization (IFC), suprapubic catheterization (SPC), and intermittent catheterization [...] Read more.

Background: Postoperative bladder drainage is commonly required following major pelvic or abdominal surgery. Existing evidence indicates substantial variation in urinary tract infection (UTI) risk across different catheterization methods. However, the comparative effectiveness of indwelling Foley catheterization (IFC), suprapubic catheterization (SPC), and intermittent catheterization (IC) remains uncertain. Methods: We conducted a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare UTI incidence associated with different urinary drainage methods, including IFC, SPC, and IC. PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify eligible RCTs published from January 2010 to November 2025. Trials comparing at least two of the three catheterization routes following major pelvic or abdominal surgery were included. The primary outcome was the rate of UTI. A Bayesian network meta-analysis with a random-effects model was conducted using the gemtc package in R 4.5.1 and RStudio2026.01.0. The quality of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Results: Ten RCTs involving 1242 patients met the eligibility criteria. Both IC and SPC demonstrated a reduced risk of UTI compared with IFC. Based on indirect evidence, SPC was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in postoperative UTI compared with IC, with considerable uncertainty in the effect estimate (OR = 0.53, 95% CrI 0.09–2.69). Overall, IC and SPC showed favorable trends in reducing catheter-related complications compared with IFC. Conclusions: This network meta-analysis suggests that SPC and IC may be more effective than IFC in reducing the risk of postoperative UTI following major pelvic or abdominal surgery. However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials that integrate urinary drainage methods with bladder rehabilitation interventions are needed to identify the optimal management strategy for this patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Trends and Applications—4th Edition)

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15 pages, 5041 KB

Open AccessArticle

Downregulation of the Long Non-Coding RNA KLRK1-AS1 Disturbs Endothelial Barrier Integrity and Promotes Angiogenic Sprouting

by Elisa Weiss, Azra Kulovic-Sissawo, Anke S. van Bergen, Veerle Kremer, Mariana S. Diniz, Carolina Tocantins, Susana P. Pereira, Reinier A. Boon and Ursula Hiden

Life 2026, 16(2), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020279 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Endothelial integrity is essential for cardiovascular health, and circulating endothelial progenitor cells, particularly endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), are key contributors to vascular repair and maintenance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as novel epigenetic regulators of endothelial physiology and pathology. Building on our [...] Read more.

Endothelial integrity is essential for cardiovascular health, and circulating endothelial progenitor cells, particularly endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), are key contributors to vascular repair and maintenance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as novel epigenetic regulators of endothelial physiology and pathology. Building on our previous work identifying the lncRNA KLRK1-AS1 as a positive modulator of ECFC wound healing, we aimed to elucidate its role in endothelial biology. Cord blood-derived ECFCs were subjected to siRNA-mediated silencing of KLRK1-AS1, followed by blinded evaluations of monolayer morphology, barrier stability using ECIS impedance measurements, assessments of proliferation, and spheroid-based angiogenic activity. SiRNA-mediated silencing of KLRK1-AS1 induced detectable alterations in ECFC monolayer morphology (p = 0.047), while proliferation remained unaffected. Notably, KLRK1-AS1 knockdown significantly compromised endothelial barrier integrity, resulting in a 44% reduction in impedance after 48 h (p < 0.001), suggesting weakened intercellular contacts. In contrast, loss of KLRK1-AS1 enhanced angiogenic behaviour, demonstrated by an increased number of sprouts (+62%, p = 0.031). Together, these findings indicate that KLRK1-AS1 supports a quiescent, stable endothelial phenotype, with intact barrier function, while its depletion shifts ECFCs toward a more angiogenic, activated state. Our results identify KLRK1-AS1 as a previously unrecognised regulator of endothelial function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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21 pages, 1374 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Impact of Cardiac Arrhythmias on Acute Maternal Cardiovascular Outcomes in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Antonios Siargkas, Alexandra Arvanitaki, Areti Faka, Efstratios Karagiannidis, Barbara Fyntanidou, Aikaterini Apostolopoulou, Themistoklis Dagklis, Apostolos Mamopoulos, Antonios P. Antoniadis, Nikolaos Fragakis and Ioannis Tsakiridis

Life 2026, 16(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020278 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Cardiac arrhythmias are prevalent complications in pregnancy, yet their precise association with acute maternal cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remains unclear due to heterogeneous evidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the impact of maternal arrhythmias on acute cardiovascular outcomes. We searched Medline, Scopus, [...] Read more.

Cardiac arrhythmias are prevalent complications in pregnancy, yet their precise association with acute maternal cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remains unclear due to heterogeneous evidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the impact of maternal arrhythmias on acute cardiovascular outcomes. We searched Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases for observational studies comparing pregnant women with arrhythmias to those without. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to calculate pooled risk ratios (RR) for maternal mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Eleven studies comprising 76,028 pregnancies with arrhythmias and over 82 million controls were included. Analysis of data, primarily derived from large administrative cohorts with low absolute event rates, indicated that arrhythmias were significantly associated with increased all-cause maternal mortality (0.78% vs. 0.01%; RR 31.94; adjusted RR 8.91) and a composite of MACE (2.90% vs. 0.03%; RR 6.48). Supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation were associated with an increased likelihood of adverse outcomes. Notably, the relative risk of mortality and heart failure in women with arrhythmias versus controls was significantly higher in the general obstetric population around delivery than in women with known structural heart disease, suggesting a “sentinel event” phenomenon. Thromboembolic events were also 15 times more likely in the arrhythmia group. Cardiac arrhythmias during pregnancy are associated with substantial maternal morbidity and mortality. New-onset arrhythmias may warrant comprehensive cardiac evaluation, as they may unmask underlying pathology and precipitate severe hemodynamic compromise, particularly in women without prior cardiac history. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Maternal Medical Diseases in Pregnancy: Current Practice and Future Perspectives)

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18 pages, 3354 KB

Open AccessArticle

Explaining Productivity Differences Among Tree Species via Biotic and Abiotic Factors

by Liyang Tong, Kai Chen, Xiahuan Zhan, Kai Wang, Huajing Song, Li Ma and Lijin Wang

Life 2026, 16(2), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020277 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Greenhouse gases emitted by humans have exacerbated global climate change. Forests can effectively sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, and afforestation has been widely adopted worldwide to mitigate climate change. Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana, as major afforestation tree species, are extensively [...] Read more.

Greenhouse gases emitted by humans have exacerbated global climate change. Forests can effectively sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, and afforestation has been widely adopted worldwide to mitigate climate change. Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana, as major afforestation tree species, are extensively cultivated in southern China. However, the mechanisms by which climate, topography, biodiversity, forest structure, and forest growth status affect the productivity of these two species remain unclear. This study used forest inventory data from Lishui City combining the Biomod2 model with a structural equation model (SEM) to investigate the differential effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the productivity of the two tree species. The results showed that at the same diameter at breast height (DBH), the biomass of P. massoniana reached 384.67 kg, accounting for 188.75% of that of C. lanceolata (211.07 kg). The dominant climatic factors affecting C. lanceolata and P. massoniana were different; the most important climatic factors affecting C. lanceolata were Bio 17, Bio 15, Bio 05, Bio 08, and Bio 02, while those affecting P. massoniana were Bio 18, Bio 04, and Bio 01. Furthermore, the explanatory power of the structural equation model (SEM) optimized by the Biomod2 model was effectively improved. Biodiversity and forest growth factors were the most important biotic factors affecting C. lanceolata (p < 0.01), while structural diversity and forest growth factors were the most important biotic factors affecting P. massoniana (p < 0.05). Biodiversity and structural diversity exerted divergent effects on C. lanceolata and P. massoniana in different growth stages, exerting negative effects in the early growth stage and positive effects in the late growth stage. These outcomes were jointly driven by the selection effect and niche complementarity. This study recommends the forest management practices should select tree species based on local conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Diversity and Ecology)

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24 pages, 1277 KB

Open AccessReview

Kidney–Lung Crosstalk in Acute Nephrologic Involvement: Mechanisms, Complement Activation, and Implications for Multiorgan Dysfunction

by Giuliana Martino, Francesca Tinti, Marco Alfonso Perrone, Stefano Condò, Veronica Castagnola, Simone Manca de Villahermosa, Paola Triggianese, Marzena Olesinska, Alessandra Valentini, Sergio Bernardini, David Della Morte, Ferdinando Iellamo, Luca Salomone, Silvia Lai and Anna Paola Mitterhofer

Life 2026, 16(2), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020276 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a systemic syndrome capable of inducing remote organ dysfunction. Kidney–lung crosstalk is a form of interorgan communication in acute nephrology, with the heart acting as a pivotal intermediary. Emerging evidence supports the involvement of a gut–lung–kidney axis. Complement [...] Read more.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a systemic syndrome capable of inducing remote organ dysfunction. Kidney–lung crosstalk is a form of interorgan communication in acute nephrology, with the heart acting as a pivotal intermediary. Emerging evidence supports the involvement of a gut–lung–kidney axis. Complement activation in these multiorgan crosstalk has emerged as a central amplifier of multiorgan damage. We reviewed the literature on kidney–lung interactions and complement activation in AKI through a bibliographic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Most available data derive from experimental studies or intensive care unit (ICU) populations, often reported in reviews. We further report our real-world experience in a non-ICU nephrology setting, including 186 consecutive patients with AKI. Pulmonary involvement was present at hospital admission in 118 patients (63%). AKI stage 1 was observed in 20/118 patients (17%) with pulmonary involvement compared with 18/68 patients (27%) without pulmonary involvement (p < 0.001). In conclusion, AKI should be regarded as a systemic disease from its earliest stages. Kidney–lung interactions are clinically relevant even in mild AKI and outside critical care settings, underscoring the need for integrated organ assessment in routine nephrology practice. This review integrates complement activation as a central amplifier of kidney–lung crosstalk and multiorgan dysfunction, bridging experimental evidence with real-world observations from a non-critical care AKI population. By focusing on early AKI stages and the timing of pulmonary involvement, we highlight AKI as an active driver of systemic organ interactions rather than a late consequence of critical illness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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14 pages, 340 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Nutritional and Physical Recovery Strategies on Exercise Performance, Muscle Damage, and Fatigue in Elite Basketball Players: A Pilot Randomized Crossover Trial

by Alberto Marín-Galindo, Alejandro Perez-Bey, Juan M. Escudier-Vázquez, Daniel Velázquez-Díaz, Julio Calleja-González, Carmen Vaz-Pardal, Juan Corral-Pérez and Jesus G. Ponce-Gonzalez

Life 2026, 16(2), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020275 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Due to the congested competition calendar and the high physical demands of elite basketball, the selection of effective recovery strategies is essential to optimize performance and reduce exercise-induced fatigue and muscle damage. This pilot study aimed to examine the acute effects of [...] Read more.

Background: Due to the congested competition calendar and the high physical demands of elite basketball, the selection of effective recovery strategies is essential to optimize performance and reduce exercise-induced fatigue and muscle damage. This pilot study aimed to examine the acute effects of different nutritional and physical recovery strategies on exercise performance, muscle damage, and perceived fatigue and exertion in elite basketball players. Methods: Fifteen elite male basketball players participated in this pilot randomized crossover trial and completed four recovery conditions: cold-water immersion (CWI), active recovery (ACT), protein–carbohydrate supplementation (SUP), and placebo (PLA). Following a basketball-specific fatigue protocol, creatine kinase, countermovement jump performance, isometric strength, 10 m sprint, and 4 × 10 m shuttle run tests were assessed at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and 24 h post-exercise. Perceived fatigue and rate of perceived exertion were measured at baseline, immediately post-exercise, immediately after the recovery intervention, and 24 h post-exercise. Results: The three recovery methods attenuated the 24 h exercise-induced increase in CK compared with the placebo condition (p > 0.05). CWI, SUP and ACT decreased fatigue and RPE immediately after their application (p < 0.05), while PLA kept them elevated. CWI was associated with a significant improvement in 4 × 10 m SRT performance (p = 0.027). Conclusions: Nutritional supplementation and physical recovery strategies effectively attenuated exercise-induced muscle damage and fatigue in elite basketball players. However, CWI demonstrated the most pronounced acute benefits for physical performance recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolism and Fitness: Exploring Dietary Effects on Exercise Physiology)

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6 pages, 581 KB

Open AccessCase Report

New Technique of Single-Point Scleral Fixation of the Smaller-Incision New-Generation Implantable Miniature Telescope with an 18-Month Follow-Up Period

by Agnieszka Nowosielska and Grzegorz Rotuski

Life 2026, 16(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020274 - 5 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: The implantable miniature telescope is used to provide functional vision for patients with advanced AMD. However, despite the considerable cost of the device, there are strict criteria to be met for this procedure, since the patients require challenging neuroadaptation afterward, which sometimes [...] Read more.

Background: The implantable miniature telescope is used to provide functional vision for patients with advanced AMD. However, despite the considerable cost of the device, there are strict criteria to be met for this procedure, since the patients require challenging neuroadaptation afterward, which sometimes fails and leads to the necessity of device explantation. Visual outcomes also depend on the stability of the microtelescope; tilts cause unwanted optical aberrations and can lead to device luxation, with sight-threatening complications. Case report: This case presents a novel technique for fixing the ophthalmic telescope device SING-IMT™. A 76-year-old female with pre-operative visual acuity of 15 letters on the ETDRS scale underwent surgery on her left eye. The superior haptic was fixed at the 12 o’clock position with a Prolene 5-0 suture, achieving good postoperative stability. The implant was stable throughout the entire observation period. Conclusions: Implant stability is crucial for maximizing visual potential in patients with advanced AMD selected for the procedure, since visual acuity in the peripheral retina, where the perceived image eventually lands, is much lower than the macula. Therefore, there is a need to standardize surgical approaches and use objective follow-up measures to assess long-term patient satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Ophthalmic Diseases)

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20 pages, 7959 KB

Open AccessArticle

Primary Metabolites in Three Ocimum Species: Compositional Diversity, Network Pharmacology, and Integrin-Targeted Therapeutic Implications

by Jingtian Yang, Jialin Li, Mei Liu, Yanping Mao, Ruijun Su, Cong Zhao, Jian Yang, Qinggui Wu and Yi Huang

Life 2026, 16(2), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020273 - 4 Feb 2026

Abstract

Ocimum (basil) is a globally significant medicinal and culinary herb. While its bioactive secondary metabolites are well-studied, the medicinal potential of its abundant primary metabolites (amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, steroids) remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we employed an integrated multi-omics strategy. [...] Read more.

Ocimum (basil) is a globally significant medicinal and culinary herb. While its bioactive secondary metabolites are well-studied, the medicinal potential of its abundant primary metabolites (amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, steroids) remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we employed an integrated multi-omics strategy. First, UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics quantified primary metabolites across six distinct Ocimum accessions (Ocimum × africanum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Ocimum gratissimum). Profiling identified 291 primary metabolites, revealing significant interspecific variation, with 273 differential accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Subsequent network pharmacology analysis of 61 high-impact DAMs predicted 516 potential targets. Protein–protein interaction refinement yielded 28 core targets, predominantly integrins (ITGB1, ITGB3, ITGA4, ITGA2B, ITGAV) and kinases (IGF1R, PIK3CA, SRC). Enrichment analysis implicated these targets in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Molecular docking confirmed strong potential binding (binding energy < −7 kcal/mol) between key tripeptides (e.g., Met-Ser-Tyr, Phe-Cys-Gln) and integrin subunits. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) further showed significant genotypic variation. This study systematically deciphers the primary metabolome of Ocimum and, through a multi-omics approach, reveals novel integrin-mediated mechanisms underpinning its potential therapeutic value, providing a foundation for developing basil-based nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Science)

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28 pages, 1218 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Adaptations to Exercise-Induced Fatigue During Running: A Systematic Review of Injury-Relevant Mechanical Changes

by Prashant Kumar Choudhary, Suchishrava Choudhary, Sohom Saha, Yajuvendra Singh Rajpoot, Vasile-Cătălin Ciocan, Voinea Nicolae-Lucian, Silviu-Ioan Pavel and Constantin Șufaru

Life 2026, 16(2), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020272 - 4 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Exercise-induced fatigue is a fundamental component of running performance and training, yet it is also implicated in altered movement mechanics and increased injury risk. While numerous studies have examined fatigue-related biomechanical changes during running, findings remain fragmented across biomechanical domains and fatigue [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Exercise-induced fatigue is a fundamental component of running performance and training, yet it is also implicated in altered movement mechanics and increased injury risk. While numerous studies have examined fatigue-related biomechanical changes during running, findings remain fragmented across biomechanical domains and fatigue modalities. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize contemporary evidence on the effects of fatigue on lower-limb biomechanics during running and to interpret the potential injury relevance of these adaptations. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for original empirical studies published between January 2010 and December 2025. Eligible studies involved human participants performing running or running-related tasks, applied an explicit fatigue protocol, and reported quantitative lower-limb biomechanical outcomes. Study selection followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Data extraction included participant characteristics, fatigue protocols, biomechanical measures, instrumentation, and key findings. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB-2) tool. Due to substantial methodological heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively. Results: Twenty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Across studies, fatigue consistently altered spatiotemporal parameters, joint kinematic and kinetic variables, spring-mass behavior, impact loading, coordination variability, neuromuscular output, and inter-limb symmetry. Common adaptations included increased ground contact time, reduced ankle joint power and stiffness, increased joint range of motion, elevated impact loading, and greater movement variability. These changes reflected reduced mechanical efficiency and a redistribution of mechanical load from distal to proximal joints, particularly toward the knee and hip. Similar fatigue-related biomechanical patterns were observed in both laboratory-based and real-world endurance running conditions. Conclusions: Exercise-induced fatigue produces systematic and injury-relevant alterations in lower-limb biomechanics during running. These adaptations may preserve short-term performance but create mechanical conditions associated with increased susceptibility to overuse and non-contact injuries. Integrating fatigue-aware biomechanical assessment, neuromuscular conditioning, and individualized load management strategies may help mitigate adverse fatigue-related adaptations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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19 pages, 1294 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Air Pollution, Pollen, and Indoor Exposures in Allergic Conjunctivitis: A Systematic Review

by Clara Martinez-Perez and Ana Paula Oliveira

Life 2026, 16(2), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020271 - 4 Feb 2026

Abstract

Environmental exposures are increasingly recognized as important drivers of ocular surface inflammation, yet their combined contribution to the onset, exacerbation, and clinical burden of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) has not been comprehensively synthesized. This systematic review evaluated the evidence linking air pollutants, aeroallergens, and [...] Read more.

Environmental exposures are increasingly recognized as important drivers of ocular surface inflammation, yet their combined contribution to the onset, exacerbation, and clinical burden of allergic conjunctivitis (AC) has not been comprehensively synthesized. This systematic review evaluated the evidence linking air pollutants, aeroallergens, and indoor or occupational exposures with allergic conjunctivitis. The review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 and AMSTAR-2 guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251162399). PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception to 18 September 2025. Two independent reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the MINORS tool. Owing to substantial heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively. Twenty-nine studies were included, encompassing more than three million outpatient visits. Consistent associations were observed between particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone with increased AC incidence and symptom severity, with variations by age, sex, and season. Pollen and air pollutants frequently acted synergistically. Indoor exposures were associated with increased risk in children, while occupational settings demonstrated exposure–response relationships. Experimental studies identified mechanisms involving epithelial barrier disruption, NF-κB activation, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin signaling. Overall, environmental exposures substantially contribute to allergic conjunctivitis and may inform improved prevention and personalized clinical management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Allergic Eye Diseases)

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42 pages, 4110 KB

Open AccessReview

Idiopathic Scoliosis as a Conversion Reaction to Stress with the Neural Effect of a “Distorting Mirror”

by Vladimir Rodkin, Mitkhat Gasanov, Inna Vasilieva, Yuliya Goncharuk, Natalia Skarzhinskaia, Nwosu Chizaram and Stanislav Rodkin

Life 2026, 16(2), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020270 - 4 Feb 2026

Abstract

Objective: To synthesize current evidence on the relationships between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), stress-related mechanisms, neuroanatomical asymmetry, and mental disorders, and to propose an integrative conceptual framework describing their interaction. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed, Web [...] Read more.

Objective: To synthesize current evidence on the relationships between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), stress-related mechanisms, neuroanatomical asymmetry, and mental disorders, and to propose an integrative conceptual framework describing their interaction. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. Search terms targeted the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, hemispheric lateralization, stress responses, body schema disturbances, and associated mental disorders. The review was reported in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) recommendations. A structured qualitative synthesis of 225 relevant publications was performed. Results: The analyzed studies revealed several complementary conceptual approaches to AIS pathogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that atypical hemispheric lateralization, potentially associated with right-hemisphere (RH) dysfunction, may contribute to susceptibility to AIS. Such patterns of lateralization have been linked to specific stress-related coping strategies, including harm avoidance, as well as to disturbances of body schema and an increased prevalence of certain mental disorders. Gender-related differences in stress responses and in the development and progression of AIS were consistently reported across studies. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that neuropsychological and stress-related mechanisms, including phenomena described as the “distorting mirror effect”, may contribute to the persistence and progression of spinal deformity in vulnerable individuals. Conclusions: AIS appears to be a multifactorial condition in which atypical neuroanatomical asymmetry, stress-related processes, and altered body representation interact. This integrative perspective generates hypotheses suggesting that prevention and treatment strategies for AIS could benefit from incorporating approaches aimed at modulating stress responses and enhancing brain neuroplasticity. Further interdisciplinary studies integrating clinical, neuroimaging, and neurobiological methods are warranted to clarify underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

31 pages, 791 KB

Open AccessReview

Isolation and Purification of Bacterially Produced Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Mechanisms, Limitations, and Current Advances

by Ľubomíra Jurečková, Daniela Chmelová, Miroslav Ondrejovič and Stanislav Miertuš

Life 2026, 16(2), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020269 - 4 Feb 2026

Abstract

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are microbial polyesters that belong to a group of bioplastics with the potential to replace petroleum-derived plastics. Their main drawback is the high production cost, which puts them at a disadvantage compared to conventional plastics. A significant part of these costs [...] Read more.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are microbial polyesters that belong to a group of bioplastics with the potential to replace petroleum-derived plastics. Their main drawback is the high production cost, which puts them at a disadvantage compared to conventional plastics. A significant part of these costs arises from the isolation of PHAs from the cellular biomass of producing microorganisms. This review summarizes the main approaches used to recover both scl- and mcl-PHAs from native or dried (lyophilized) biomass, with attention to physical, chemical, and biological methods. Key parameters influencing extraction efficiency, polymer purity, and the final material properties are discussed, including pretreatment steps that often determine the overall outcome. The review also compares traditional halogenated solvent extraction with more environmentally acceptable alternatives and considers how different strategies can be combined to improve recovery. The current literature highlights the need for sustainable and economically acceptable processes that would make large-scale PHA production more feasible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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25 pages, 1388 KB

Open AccessReview

Myocardial and Vascular Involvement in COVID-19 and Post-Vaccination States: Understanding Injury Pathways and Clinical Implications

by Roxana-Nicoleta Siliste, Serban Benea, Corina Homentcovschi, Teodora Deaconu, Constantin Caruntu and Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler

Life 2026, 16(2), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020268 - 4 Feb 2026

Abstract

Myocardial and vascular injury secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination has emerged as a clinically relevant phenomenon, with distinct but overlapping mechanisms. Myocardial injury in COVID-19 results from a complex interplay between direct viral effects and immune-mediated inflammation, supported by histopathological studies revealing [...] Read more.

Myocardial and vascular injury secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination has emerged as a clinically relevant phenomenon, with distinct but overlapping mechanisms. Myocardial injury in COVID-19 results from a complex interplay between direct viral effects and immune-mediated inflammation, supported by histopathological studies revealing macrophage-rich infiltrates, microthrombosis, and supporting fibrosis in isolated areas. In contrast, vaccine-associated myocarditis—reported predominantly following mRNA vaccines—has a self-limiting clinical course, with mechanisms likely involving molecular mimicry, aberrant immune activation, or hypersensitivity reactions, although these pathways require further validation. Although mRNA vaccines have been associated with a small increase in myocarditis, particularly in young men, the risk is significantly lower than that associated with COVID-19 infection, and the cardiovascular benefits of vaccination far outweigh these rare adverse events in most populations. After the end of the pandemic, the number of patients with severe forms of COVID-19 has decreased significantly, but we consider that cardiac involvement remains an important issue for the acute and long-term prognosis of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our paper synthesizes the latest epidemiological and mechanistic evidence on the link between COVID-19, vaccination, and myocardial and/or vascular injuries, highlighting the clinical implications and providing practical recommendations for management, as well as future perspectives on risk assessment, targeted immunotherapy, advanced diagnostic tools, and long-term monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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2 pages, 156 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Ullah et al. Using Halothermal Time Model to Describe Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Seed Germination Response to Water Potential and Temperature. Life 2022, 12, 209

by Abd Ullah, Sadaf Sadaf, Sami Ullah, Huda Alshaya, Mohammad K. Okla, Yasmeen A. Alwasel and Akash Tariq

Life 2026, 16(2), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020267 - 4 Feb 2026

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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