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Article

Synthesis and Spectrosopic Identification of Hybrid 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propylamine Phosphine Ruthenium(II) Complexes

by
Ismail Warad
1,*,
Saud Al-Resayes
1,
Zeid Al-Othman
1,
Salem S. Al-Deyab
2 and
El-Refaie Kenawy
2
1
Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
2
Petrochemical Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2010, 15(5), 3618-3633; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15053618
Submission received: 21 April 2010 / Revised: 8 May 2010 / Accepted: 12 May 2010 / Published: 17 May 2010
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
An investigation into the potential ruthenium(II) 1-3 complexes of type [RuCl2(P)2(N)2] using triphenylphosphine and 1,3-bis-diphenylphosphinepropane and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine has been carried out at room temperature in dichloromethane under an inert atmosphere. The structural behaviors of the phosphine ligands in the desired complexes during synthesis were monitored by 31P{1H}-NMR. The structure of complexes 1-3 described herein has been deduced from elemental analyses, infrared, FAB-MS and 1H‑, 13C- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Xerogels X1-X3 were synthesized by simple sol-gel process of complexes 1-3 using tetraethoxysilane as co-condensation agent in methanol/THF/water solution. Due to their lack of solubility, the structures of X1-X3 were determined by solid state 13C-, 29Si- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and EXAFS.

1. Introduction

Phosphines and diphosphines have been intensively used as monodentate and bidentate ligands in coordination chemistry because of their electron-donating power [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Metal complexes containing phosphorus ligands have always been important, due to their possible catalytic activity, and a variety of them have already been reported in literature [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. In general diphosphine forms more stable complexes than non-chelating phosphine analogues under the harsh reaction conditions required for catalysis [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30].
Ether-phosphine P~O ligands are designed to act as monodentate (P~O) as well as bidentate (P∩O) donor ligands. Due to the hemilabile character of the ether-phosphine ligand, the oxygen donor is regarded as an intramolecular solvent impeding decomposition of the complex by protection of vacant coordination sites [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. The weak ruthenium-oxygen bonds in bis(chelate)ruthenium(II) complexes of the type Cl2Ru(P∩O)2 are easily cleaved during the reaction with other incoming ligands such as amine or diamine [20,21,22,23,24]. By employing ether-phosphine ligands in the synthesis of ruthenium(II) complexes, the introduction of diamines is kinetically controlled and the formation of by-products can be avoided [17,18,19,20,21,22] Diaminediphosphineruthenium(II) complexes with ether-phosphine and classical phosphine ligands were already successfully employed in the catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated ketones with high diastereo- and enantioselectivity [14,15,21,25,26,27,28].
Exchange of triphenylphosphine (PPh3) or 1,3-bis-diphenylphosphinepropane (dppp) ligands on ruthenium(II) complexes by diamine or amine ligands to produce new families of ruthenium(II)/phosphine/amine complexes is currently one of our lines of investigation [1,3,10]. Due to the presence of phosphine atoms in the backbone of the coordinated ligands, the reaction or fluxional behavior of such complexes can be easy monitored by 31P{1H}-NMR. Due to the sensitivity of the phosphorus atom to the chemical environment considerable efforts have been expended to study the structural and ligand exchange behavior in ruthenium(II) complexes containing ether-phosphines or diphosphine ligands by following the 31P{1H}-NMR chemical shift changes [1,3,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24].
The immobilization of metal complexes enables the long-term use of expensive or toxic catalysts and provides a clean and straightforward separation of the product(s) [36]. Compared to organic polymers, inorganic material-immobilized catalysts possess some advantages [37]. For example, they prevent the intermolecular aggregation of the active species because of their rigid structures, they do not swell or dissolve in organic solvents, and often exhibit superior thermal and mechanical stability under the catalytic conditions.
A typical interphase is generated by simultaneous co-condensation of T-functionalized ligands with various alkoxysilanes [1]. By the introduction of triethoxysilyl function group into the amine ligands coordinate complexes, these complexes can be easily supported to a polysiloxane matrix by sol-gel process in order to immobilize catalysts [1,30,31,32,33,34].
In this work a set of complexes of general formula RuCl2(P)2(N)2 were prepared using monodentate phosphine and chelate diphosphine ligand in the presence of the monodentate 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propylamine co-ligand. The presence of Si(OEt)3 anchoring groups enabled the immobilization of the ruthenium(II) complexes through a simple sol-gel process using Si(OEt)4 as cross-linker.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis and 31P-NMR investigation of ruthenium(II) complexes 1-3 and xerogels X1-X3

Three neutral Ru(II) complexes with PPh3, 2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl methyl ether (ether-phosphine, P~O), dppp ligands were coordinated with monodentate amine ligand in order to produce complexes of the transCl2Ru(P)2(N)2 type. Treating each of Cl2Ru(P∩O)2, Cl2Ru(PPh3)3 and Cl2Ru(dppp)2 with two equivalent of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine in dichloromethane resulted in the formation of complexes 1-3, respectively, as shown in Scheme 1. Yellow powders with high melting points were obtained in very good yields. These complexes are soluble in chlorinated solvents such as chloroform, dichloromethane and insoluble in polar or non-polar solvents like water, methanol, diethyl ether and n-hexane.
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Scheme 1. The synthetic route to prepare 1-3 complexes and X1-X3 xerogels.
Scheme 1. The synthetic route to prepare 1-3 complexes and X1-X3 xerogels.
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Treating of Cl2Ru(P∩O)2 with a slight excess of two equivalents of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine in dichloromethane produced complex 1 as the trans-Cl2Ru(P~O)2(NH2R)2 isomer in very good yield. The stepwise formation was monitored by 31P{1H} spectroscopy, in the NMR tube experiment, addition of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine to CDCl3 solution containing Cl2Ru(P∩O)2 generated a high field shift from δp = 64.4 ppm to δp = 40.8 ppm.
The immediate disappearance of the complex Cl2Ru(P∩O)2 signal at δp = 64.4 ppm upon 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine addition in parallel to the appearance of another signal at δp = 40.8 ppm is related to formation of complex 1, which was completed in two minutes without side product formation as shown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1. Time-dependent 31P{1H}-NMR spectroscopic of Cl2Ru(P∩O)2 at δp = 64.4 ppm mixed with two equivalent of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine co-ligand in CDCl3 in the NMR tube to produce complex 1 at δp = 40.8 ppm a) before co-ligand addition, b) 1 min. and c) 2 min. after the co-ligand addition.
Figure 1. Time-dependent 31P{1H}-NMR spectroscopic of Cl2Ru(P∩O)2 at δp = 64.4 ppm mixed with two equivalent of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine co-ligand in CDCl3 in the NMR tube to produce complex 1 at δp = 40.8 ppm a) before co-ligand addition, b) 1 min. and c) 2 min. after the co-ligand addition.
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The two weak Ru-O bonds in Cl2Ru(P∩O)2 were cleaved by the two incoming molecules of the 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine co-ligand to form the two new Ru-N bonds of complex 1. The presence of the hemilabile ether-phosphine ligand accelerated and stabilized such synthesis without any side products.
In the preparation of complex 2, one molecule of PPh3 ligand in Cl2Ru(PPh3)3 was exchanged quantitatively by two equivalents of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine in dichloromethane to form the most stable 18 electron valance shell complex 2 at δp = 45.8 ppm as trans-Cl2Ru(dppp)(NH2R)2 in good yield.
Complex 3 was obtained by a substitution reaction starting from Cl2Ru(dppp)2 treated with 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine. Mixing of Cl2Ru(dppp)2 with a slightly excess of two equivalents of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine in dichloromethane enabled the preparation of complex 3 in a very good yield. The stepwise formation of complex 3 is easily monitored by 31P{1H} spectroscopy. Addition of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propylamine in dichloromethane solution containing Cl2Ru(dppp)2 generates a downfield shift of ~ 45 ppm. One molecule of dppp ligand is exchanged rapidly by two molecules of the 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine co-ligands within 20 min to produce a complex of the trans-Cl2Ru(dppp)(NH2R)2 type, traces of Cl2Ru(dppp)2 at δp = -3.8 ppm, in addition to the free dppp at δp = -16.6 ppm and the product complex 3 at δp = 41.2 ppm were recorded, as shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 2. Time-dependent 31P{1H}-NMR spectroscopic of Cl2Ru(dppp)2 at δp = -3.82 ppm mixed with two equivalent of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine co-ligand in dichloromethane to produce complex 3 at δp = 41.23 ppm a) before ligand addition, b) 20 min. after ligand addition.
Figure 2. Time-dependent 31P{1H}-NMR spectroscopic of Cl2Ru(dppp)2 at δp = -3.82 ppm mixed with two equivalent of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine co-ligand in dichloromethane to produce complex 3 at δp = 41.23 ppm a) before ligand addition, b) 20 min. after ligand addition.
Molecules 15 03618 g002
In these reactions, the combination of the change in the color from brown to light yellow and the 31P{1H}-NMR data confirmed the [1:2] diphosphine:amine fast-exchange reaction without any unexpected side reactions.
Compounds 1-3 were subjected to a sol-gel process with 10 equivalents of Si(OEt)4 using methanol/THF/water sol-gel conditions which allowed the preparation of non-soluble polysiloxane xerogels X1-X3, respectively. A typical sol-gel polymerization process at room temperature was carried out due to the presence of triethoxysilyl in the backbone of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine ligand and Si(OEt)4. THF served as solvent for complexes 1-3, while alcohol is necessary to homogenize the product and reactant mixture during the sol-gel process and water acts as initiator for the sol-gel process. Due to poor solubility of the X1-X3 xerogels they were subjected to available solid state measurements like NMR, IR and EXAF.
Comparison of the solid state 31P-MAS-NMR spectrum of the xerogel X2 with the solution phase 31P-NMR spectrum of complex 2 corroborated that no significant change of geometry in the coordination sphere of the phosphorus atoms had taken place before or after the sol-gel process, as shown in Figure 3.
Molecules 15 03618 g003 550
Figure 3. a) 31P{1H} of complex 2 in CD2Cl2 before sol-gel b) 31P-CP/MAS-NMR spectrum of X2 xerogel after sol-gel.
Figure 3. a) 31P{1H} of complex 2 in CD2Cl2 before sol-gel b) 31P-CP/MAS-NMR spectrum of X2 xerogel after sol-gel.
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In the spectrum of the solid state material, side bands were observed due to the rotational frequency of the sample during measurements, and the peak was broader in comparison with the solution 31P{1H}-NMR result for complex 2. Together the signals and the 31P-NMR chemical shifts confirmed that the expected 2 and X2 complexes were established with identical structure around the ruthenium(II) center atom.
Of interest is the use of 31P{1H}-NMR as a power tool to gain structural conformation about phosphorous-containing molecules and reaction processes. 31P{1H}-NMR chemical shifts, integrations, broadness and splitting can provide informative data about the favored isomers in the formation of RuCl2(P)2(N)2 complexes.
In case where dppp was used to prepare complex 3, the spectroscopic data are consistent with the coordination of these ligands in a static bidentate fashion which reduced the isomer number to three as in Scheme 2a, while the use of monodetate phosphine (PPh3 or P~O) and amine ligands increased the isomer number to six, as in Scheme 2b.
Molecules 15 03618 g009 550
Scheme 2. The possible geometries of: (a) three expected isomers of RuCl2(PP)(N)2 formula N-donor is monodentate amine ligands and PP-donor is bidentate phosphine ligand (dppp), (b) six expected isomers of RuCl2(P)2(N)2 formula, where P-donor is monodentate phosphine ligands (PPh3 or P~O).
Scheme 2. The possible geometries of: (a) three expected isomers of RuCl2(PP)(N)2 formula N-donor is monodentate amine ligands and PP-donor is bidentate phosphine ligand (dppp), (b) six expected isomers of RuCl2(P)2(N)2 formula, where P-donor is monodentate phosphine ligands (PPh3 or P~O).
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Due to the expected C2v symmetry in such complexes, it is easily observed that all the above expected isomers A-K should show only sharp signals by P-NMR, except the thermodynamic isomers A and D which usually reveal an AB pattern P-NMR due to the unequivalent P split atoms in the backbone of the complexes (one P trans to N and the other trans Cl). Based on the 31P{1H}-NMR chemical shifts and our previous study on such complexes [1,2,10,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24], it was anticipated that the kinetic favored isomers using both diphosphine and phosphine ligands of type B and H isomers (trans-RuCl2 with nitrogen atoms are trans to phosphorus atoms) would be structurally favored over any other expected isomers [2,10,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. The kinetically favored products trans-[RuCl2P2N2] isomer B and H were seen at δp ~ 40, 45, 41 ppm for complexes 1-3 as well as X1-X2 xerogels, respectively. No traces of the other non-favored isomers were detected by 31P{1H}-NMR at room temperature using dichloromethane or CDCl3 as solvents.

2.2. H and C NMR investigations

In the 1H-NMR spectra of the amine(phosphine)ruthenium(II) complexes 1-3 characteristic sets of signals were observed, which are attributed to the phosphine as well as 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine co-ligands. Their assignment was supported by the free ligand 1H-NMR study. The integration of the 1H resonances confirmed that the phosphines to amine ratios are in an agreement with the compositions of the desired complexes. As a typical example the 1H-NMR of complex 3 was compared by the free 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine in Figure 4.
All the signals of 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine co-ligand in complex 3 are shifted to slightly higher field compared to the free ligands, except the H2N protons which were moved to lower field from ~1 ppm to 2.6 ppm due to the direct coordination of the nitrogen atom to the ruthenium center. All other protons are in their expected regions, as shown in Figure 4.
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Figure 4. 1H-NMR of complex 3: a) and free ligand 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine; b) in CDCl3 at room temperature.
Figure 4. 1H-NMR of complex 3: a) and free ligand 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine; b) in CDCl3 at room temperature.
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Characteristic sets of resonances phosphine as well as 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine are found in the 13C{1H}-NMR spectra of the desired complexes, which are attributed to the aliphatic part of the phosphine and diamine ligands, respectively. AXX´ splitting patterns were observed for the aliphatic and aromatic carbon atoms directly attached to phosphorus. They are caused by the interaction of the magnetically inequivalent phosphorus atoms with the 13C nuclei. This pattern is also consistent with isomers B and H (Scheme 2). Examination of the 13C-CP-MAS-NMR spectrum of the modified solids along with the solution phase spectrum of the corresponding molecular precursor led to the conclusion that the organic fragments in 1 andX1 remained intact during the grafting and subsequent workup without measurable decomposition (Figure 5).
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Figure 5. 1 Dept 135 13C-NMR of complex 1 in CDCl3 a) compared by solid state 13C-CP-MAS-NMR X1 xerogels b).
Figure 5. 1 Dept 135 13C-NMR of complex 1 in CDCl3 a) compared by solid state 13C-CP-MAS-NMR X1 xerogels b).
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The absence of CH2O at δC = 50.8 and CH3 at δC = 18.2 ppm belong to (CH3CH2O)3Si of the 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine ligand after the sol-gel process of complex 1 to establish xerogel X1, were the major differences noted between spectra, which supported the immobilization of the desired hybrid Ru(II) complexes. The total disappearance of groups in X1 (Figure 5b), compared by 1 (Figure 5a), provides good confirmation of a sol-gel process gone to full completion.
Solid-state 29Si-NMR provided further information about the silicon environment and the degree of functionalization [1,30]. In all cases, the organometallic/organic fragment of the precursor molecule was covalently grafted onto the solid, and the precursors were, in general, attached to the surface of the polysiloxane by multiple siloxane bridges. The presence of Tm sites in case of xerogel 1-3 (with m = 2 and 3) in the spectral region of T2 at δSi = -57.8 ppm and T3 at δSi = -67.1 ppm as expected, Q silicon sites due to Si(EtO)4 condensation agent were also recorded to Q4 at δSi = -109.5 ppm silicon sites of the silica framework.

2.3. IR investigations

In order to study the binding mode of the 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine and phosphine ligands to the ruthenium complexes and IR study was undertaken. The IR spectra of the desired complexes in particular show several peaks which are attributed to stretching vibrations of the main functional groups in the 3,490–3,300 cm-1 (vNH), 3,280–3,010 cm-1 (vPhH) and 3,090–2,740 cm-1 (vCH) ranges. All other characteristic bands due to the other function groups are also present in the expected regions. To compare the structural vibration behaviors of these compounds against the infrared spectra of 3 and X3 before and after the sol-gel processes are illustrated as typical examples in Figure 6.
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Figure 6. Infra-red spectra (a and b) of 3 and X3, before and after sol-gel, respectively.
Figure 6. Infra-red spectra (a and b) of 3 and X3, before and after sol-gel, respectively.
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The broad intensive stretching vibrations at 2980–2840 cm-1 and bending vibration at 1000–950 cm‑1 belonging to (vCH) of the SiOCH2CH3 function groups of complex 3 as in Figure 6a totally disappeared after the sol-gel process to prepare complex X3 as seen in Figure 6b, which strongly confirms the completion of the sol-gel process formation.

2.4. EXAFS measurement of Cl2Ru(dppp)2 complex and xerogel X3

EXAFS of starting material Cl2Ru(dppp)2 complexes was measured before 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propylamine addition then compared by EXAF of X3 after sol-gel process of complex 3 to support the ligand exchange method of synthesis as well as to determine the bond lengths between the metal center and the coordinating atoms of the ligands.
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Figure 7. Experimental (solid line) and theoretical (dotted line) Fourier Transform plot of Cl2Ru(dppp)2 (a) and xerogel X3 (b) measured at Ru K-edge.
Figure 7. Experimental (solid line) and theoretical (dotted line) Fourier Transform plot of Cl2Ru(dppp)2 (a) and xerogel X3 (b) measured at Ru K-edge.
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The k3 weighted EXAFS function of Cl2Ru(dppp)2 can be best described by six different atom shells, four equivalent phosphorus and two chlorine atoms with Ru-P and Ru-Cl bond distances of 2.26 and 2.41 Å, are masked (due to the close in the bond lengths) in one relatively broad peak as in Figure 7a. The k3 weighted EXAFS function of X3 can also be described by six different atom shells. For the most intense peak of the Fourier Transform, two equivalent phosphorus, two nitrogen atoms and two chlorine atoms with Ru-P, Ru-N and Ru-Cl bond distances of 2.26, 2.19 and 2.41 Å, respectively, Ru-P and Ru-Cl bonds also masked in one peak but Ru-N bonds was appeared as an addition single peak compared with EXAF of Cl2Ru(dppp)2 starting material as in Figure 7b, which strongly support the notion that one dppp ligand was exchanged by two 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine as well as no change around the ruthenium(II) between 3 and X3 was detected due to the sol-gel immobilization.

3. Experimental

3.1. General remarks, materials, and instrumentation

All reactions were carried out in an inert atmosphere (argon) by using standard high vacuum and Schlenk-line techniques, unless otherwise noted. Prior to use CH2Cl2, n-hexane, and Et2O were distilled from CaH2, LiAlH4, and from sodium/benzophenone, respectively. 1,3–Bis(diphenyl-phosphino)propane (dppp), Cl2Ru(P∩O)2, Cl2Ru(PPh3)3 and Cl2Ru(dppp)2 were prepared according to literature methods [10,17]. 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propylamine was purchased from Acros. Elemental analyses were carried out on an Elementar Vario EL analyzer. High-resolution liquid 1H-, 13C{1H}-, DEPT 135, and 31P{1H}-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DRX 250 spectrometer at 298 K. Frequencies are as follows: 1H-NMR: 250.12 MHz, 13C{1H}-NMR: 62.9 MHz, and 31P{1H}-NMR 101.25 MHz. Chemical shifts in the 1H- and 13C{1H}- NMR spectra were measured relative to partially deuterated solvent peaks which are reported relative to TMS. 31P chemical shifts were measured relative to 85% H3PO4. CP/MAS solid-state NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker DSX 200 (4.7 T) and Bruker ASX 300 (7.05 T) multinuclear spectrometers equipped with wide-bore magnets. Magic angel spinning was applied at 4 kHz (29Si) and 10 kHz (13C, 31P) using (4 mm ZrO2 rotors). Frequencies and standards: 31P, 81.961 MHz (4.7 T), 121.442 MHz (7.05 T) [85% H3PO4, NH4H2PO4 (δ = 0.8) as second standard]; 13C, 50.228 MHz (4.7 T), 75.432 MHz (7.05 T) [TMS, carbonyl resonance of glycine (δ = 176.05) as second standard]; 29Si, 39.73 MHz (4.7 T), 59.595 MHz (7.05 T, (Q8M8 as second standard). All samples were prepared with exclusion of molecular oxygen. IR data were obtained on a Bruker IFS 48 FT-IR spectrometer. Mass spectra: EI-MS, Finnigan TSQ70 (200 °C) and FAB-MS, Finnigan 711A (8 kV), modified by AMD and reported as mass/charge (m/z). The EXAFS measurements were performed at the ruthenium K–edge (22118 eV) at the beam line X1.1 of the Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor (HASYLAB) at DESY Hamburg, under ambient conditions, energy 4.5 GeV, and initial beam current 120 mA. For harmonic rejection, the second crystal of the Si(311) double crystal monochromator was tilted to 30 %. Data were collected in transmission mode with the ion chambers flushed with argon. The energy was calibrated with a ruthenium metal foil of 20 μm thickness. The samples were prepared of a mixture of the samples and polyethylene.

3.2. General procedure for the preparation of the complex 1-3

3-(Triethoxysilyl)propylamine (0.10 g, 0.455 mmol, 5% excess) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and the solution was added dropwise to a stirred solution of Cl2Ru(P∩O)2, Cl2Ru(PPh3)3 or Cl2Ru(dppp)2 (0.22 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) within 2 min. The mixture was stirred for ca. 2 h at room temperature while the color changed from brown to yellow. Then the solution was concentrated to about 2 mL volume under reduced pressure. Addition of n-hexane (40 mL) caused precipitation of a yellow solid powder, which was filtered (P4). After recrystallization from dichloromethane/ diethyl ether, complexes 1-3 were obtained in analytically pure form in very good yields; m.p. > 340 °C (dec.).
Complex 1: 1H-NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 0.03 (m, 2H, CH2Si), 1.08 (t, 18H, CH3), 1.10 (m, 4H, SiCH2CH2),1.48 (br, 4H, PCH2), 2.06 (br, 4H, CH2O), 2.31 (br, 4H, CH2N), 2.55 (br, 4H, NH2), 2.79 (s, 6H, OCH3), 3.66 (m, 12H, OCH2), 7.00–7.70 (m, 20H, C6H5); 31P{1H}-NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 40.82, s, 13C{1H}-NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 7.75 (s, 2C, CH2Si), 17.91 (s, 6C, CH3), 26.02 (m, 2C, PCH2), 26.82 (s, 2C, CH2CH2Si), 45.42 (s, 2C, NCH2), 57.93 (s, 2C, OCH3), 58.71 (s, 6C, SiOCH2), 69.39 (s, 2C, OCH2) 127.20–134.0 (m,24C, C6H5); FAB – MS; (m/z): 1102.3 (M+); Anal. Calc. C, 52.26; H, 7.31; Cl, 6.43; N, 2.54 for C48H80Cl2N2O8P2RuSi2: Found C, 52.44; H, 7.02; Cl, 6.43; N, 2.44%.
Complex 2: 1H-NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 0.05 (m, 2H, CH2Si), 1.06 (t, 18H, CH3), 1.11 (m, 4H, SiCH2CH2), 2.32 (br, 4H, CH2N), 2.71 (br, 4H, NH2), 3.61 (q, 12H, OCH2), 7.10–7.80 (m, 30H, C6H5); 31P{1H} NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 45.7. s, 13C{1H}-NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 7.82 (s, 2C, CH2Si), 17.21 (s, 6C, CH3), 24.82 (s, 2C, CH2CH2Si), 43.21 (s, 2C, NCH2), 56.61 (s, 6C, OCH2), 130.12–135.22 (m,36C, C6H5); FAB–MS; (m/z): 1138.3 (M+); Anal. Calc. C, 56.93; H, 6.72; Cl, 6.22; N, 2.46 for C54H76Cl2N2O6P2RuSi2: Found C, 56.54; H, 6.42; Cl, 6.60; N, 2.35%.
Complex 3: 1H-NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 0.04 (m, 2H, CH2Si), 0.88 (br, 2H, PCH2CH2), 1.01 (t, 18H, CH3), 1.04 (m, 4H, SiCH2CH2),1.82 (br, 4H, PCH2CH2), 2.26 (br, 4H, CH2N), 2.65 (br, 4H, NH2), 3.57 (q, 12H, OCH2) 6.90–7.50 (m, 20H, C6H5); 31P{1H}-NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 41.73, s, 13C{1H}-NMR (CDCl3): δ (ppm) 5.52 (s, 2C, CH2Si), 16.61 (s, 6C, CH3),17.31 (s, 1C, PCH2CH2), 24.22 (s, 2C, CH2CH2Si), 24.82 (m, 2C, PCH2), 43.21 (s, 2C, NCH2), 56.61 (s, 6C, OCH2), 126.09–132.82 (m, 24C, C6H5); FAB – MS; (m/z): 1026.2 (M+); Anal. Calc. C, 52.62; H, 7.07; Cl, 6.90; N, 2.73 for C45H72Cl2N2O6P2RuSi2: Found C, 52.34; H, 7.22; Cl, 6.70; N, 2.65%.

3.3. General procedure for sol–gel processing of xerogel X1-X3

Complexes 1-3 (0.100 mmol) and Si(OEt)4 (1 mmol,10 equivalents) were mixed together in THF (5 mL). The sol–gel took place when a methanol/water mixture (2 mL, 1:1 v/v) was added to the solution. After 24 h stirring at room temperature, the precipitated gel was washed with toluene and diethyl ether (30 mL of each), and petroleum ether (20 mL). Finally the xerogel was ground and dried under vacuum for 24 h to afford after workup ~ 300 mg of a pale yellow powder were collected.
Xerogel X1: 31P-CP/MAS-NMR: δ = 40.9 ppm; 13C-CP/MAS NMR: δ (ppm) 6.71 (m, 2C, CH2Si), 27.22 (m, 4C, PCH2, CH2CH2Si), 45.85 (br, 2C, NCH2), 57.93 (m, 2C, OCH3), 70.02 (br, 2C, OCH2), 125.00–140.00 (m, 24C, C6H5); 29Si CP/MAS NMR: δ = –67.1 ppm (T3), –57.8 ppm (T2), -109.5 ppm (Q4).
Xerogel X2: 31P-CP/MAS-NMR: δ = 45.7 ppm; 13C-CP/MAS NMR: δ (ppm): δ (ppm) 7.82 (m, 2C, CH2Si), 24.82 (br, 2C, CH2CH2Si), 45.21 (br, 2C, NCH2), 130.12–140.22 (m, 36C, C6H5); CP/MAS NMR: δ = –67.1 ppm (T3), –57.8 ppm (T2), -109.5 ppm (Q4).
Xerogel X3: 31P-CP/MAS-NMR: δ = 41.7 ppm; 13C-CP/MAS NMR: δ (ppm) 6.62 (m, 2C, CH2Si), 17.31 (s, 1C, PCH2CH2), 24.22 (s, 4C, CH2CH2Si, PCH2), 43.21 (s, 2C, NCH2, 120.09–140.82 (m, 24C, C6H5); CP/MAS NMR: δ = –67.1 ppm (T3), –57.8 ppm (T2), -109.5 ppm (Q4).

4. Conclusions

Six ruthenium(II) complexes of the trans-[RuCl2(P)2(N)2] type were prepared using three types of phosphine ligands as well as 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamine co-ligand. 31P{1H}-NMR was used to study the structural behavior of these complexes during the synthesis. The formation of the kinetically favored isomers of the desired complexes was confirmed by 31P-NMR. The presence of T-silyl functions on the amine co-ligand backbone in complexes 1-3 enables the hybridization of these complexes in order to support them on a polysiloxane matrix through sol-gel processes using tetraethoxysilane as co-condensation agent in methanol/THF/water solution. The structure of complexes 1-3 described herein has been deduced from elemental analyses, infrared, FAB-MS and 1H-, 13C-, H, and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Due to their lack of solubility, the structures of xerogels X1-X3 were determined by solid state 13C-, 29Si- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and EXAFS.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Sabic Company for the financial support through project no. SCI-30-14, 2010.

References and Notes

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Warad, I.; Al-Resayes, S.; Al-Othman, Z.; Al-Deyab, S.S.; Kenawy, E.-R. Synthesis and Spectrosopic Identification of Hybrid 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propylamine Phosphine Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Molecules 2010, 15, 3618-3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15053618

AMA Style

Warad I, Al-Resayes S, Al-Othman Z, Al-Deyab SS, Kenawy E-R. Synthesis and Spectrosopic Identification of Hybrid 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propylamine Phosphine Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Molecules. 2010; 15(5):3618-3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15053618

Chicago/Turabian Style

Warad, Ismail, Saud Al-Resayes, Zeid Al-Othman, Salem S. Al-Deyab, and El-Refaie Kenawy. 2010. "Synthesis and Spectrosopic Identification of Hybrid 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propylamine Phosphine Ruthenium(II) Complexes" Molecules 15, no. 5: 3618-3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15053618

APA Style

Warad, I., Al-Resayes, S., Al-Othman, Z., Al-Deyab, S. S., & Kenawy, E.-R. (2010). Synthesis and Spectrosopic Identification of Hybrid 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propylamine Phosphine Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Molecules, 15(5), 3618-3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15053618

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