Novel Synthesis and Antitumor Evaluation of Polyfunctionally Substituted Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from 2-Cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-acetamide

Abstract

The reaction of 2-amino-3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene with ethyl cyanoacetate gave 2-cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-acetamide. The latter was used to synthesize different heterocyclic derivatives comprising thiophene, thiazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, and coumarin rings. The mechanistic and synthetic pathways depended on regioselective attack and/or cyclization by the cyanoacetamido moiety in the key precursor on various chemical reagents. The competition of the reaction pathways including dipolar cyclization, dinucleophilic-bielectrophilic attack, β-attack, Gewald-type attack, and condensation reactions led to the diversity of the synthesized products. The antitumor activities of the synthesized products were studied and evaluated. Most of the compounds revealed high inhibitory effects when screened in vitro for their antiproliferative activity. Three human cancer cell lines, namely, breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H460) and CNS cancer (SF-268) were used in the screening tests. The simplicity of the synthetic procedures which mainly involved one-pot reactions under mild reaction conditions, the convenience of yield production and the diversity of the reactive sites in the produced systems play a valuable role for further heterocyclic transformations and further biological investigations.

1. Introduction

Benzothiophene systems and their substituted derivatives have attracted a great deal of interest over the years. Their aromatic character contributes to their reactivity, stability and chemical and electronic properties. A vast number of heterocyclic derivatives observed in natural products have beenreported [1,2]. On the other side, they find increasing application as superconductors [3,4], optoelectronics [5,6], light emission diodes LEDs, and non-linear optical (NLO) chromophores [7,8]. Besides, their pharmacological profiles as antimicrobial [9,10], antifungal [11], antiinflammatory [12], antiproliferative [13,14,15] and antioxidant [16] agents have led to an enduring interest in the development of various methods for their synthesis. The most efficient protocols for carrying out the synthesis of such thiophene derivatives are the Gewald method [17,18], intramolecular cyclization via both nucleophilic displacement [14,19] and thio-Claisen rearrangement [20], and dehydrophoto- cyclization [21,22]. Of particular interest are methods that utilize new classes of precursors. Among the many synthetic methods available are C-C bond formation using Montmorillonite K-10 as Friedel Crafts catalyst [23]. C-C and C-N bond formation via transition metal catalyzed processes involving palladium-mediated cross-coupling cyclizations (e.g., Suzuki, Sonogashira and Buchwald-Hartwig cross coupling), also feature heavily [24,25,26,27,28]. Within the scope of these diverse synthetic methods and the utility of thiophene-based systems and in continuation to our interest in the design of bioactive heterocycles [29,30,31], we focused our efforts to developing novel highly substituted and polyfunctional heterocyclic compounds based on the key precursor 2-cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]-thiophen-2-yl)-acetamide (2) and evaluating their antitumor activities.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The synthetic strategies adopted to obtain the newly synthesized compounds 3-17 depended on the regioselective attack on the cyanoacetamido moiety of the key precursor 2 by different reagents, which, in one or two steps added a highly functionalized substituent or heterocyclic ring to the molecule. The mechanistic pathways for our protocol are outlined in Scheme 1, Scheme 2, Scheme 3, Scheme 4, Scheme 5, Scheme 6, Scheme 7, Scheme 8 and Scheme 9. CHNS microanalytical data, IR, ¹H-NMR and MS spectral data are indicated in the Experimental section.

The reaction of 2-amino-3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene (1) [32] with ethyl cyano-acetate gave 2-cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-acetamide 2 ( Scheme 1). The IR spectrum of 2 revealed two CN stretching bands at 2,262 and 2,196 cm⁻¹, and a characteristic C=O stretching at 1,696 cm⁻¹. Moreover, the ¹H-NMR spectrum exhibited a multiplet due to four CH₂ groups at δ 1.70-2.60, a singlet at δ 4.11 for the acetamido CH₂ and a singlet at δ 6.94 ppm for the amidic NH. GC-MS analysis of compound 2 exhibited a [M⁺] ion (m/z 245), confirming the molecular weight of this compound. The peak at m/z 178 indicated the fragmentation of [COCH₂CN]⁺ (m/z 68) from [M⁺ + 1]. The base peak observed at m/z 150 represented the fragmentation of [CNHCOCH₂CN]⁺ (m/z 95) from the [M⁺] ion. Compound 2 underwent ready cyclization when heated in 1,4-dioxane containing triethylamine to give the tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivative 3 (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1. Synthesis of the precursor 2 and its cyclized product 3.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of the precursor 2 and its cyclized product 3.

The absence of one of the two CN functions (IR) and of δ singlet CH₂ (¹H NMR) observed in compound 2 as well as the appearance of a NH₂ singlet at δ 3.61 ppm (¹H-NMR) confirmed the fused structure 3. It is noteworthy that the IR spectrum of compound 3 showed a C=O stretching band at 1,621 cm⁻¹ and its ¹H-NMR showed a D₂O exchangeable singlet at δ 6.97 ppm corresponding to the NH group, confirming that 3 exists in both keto and enol forms. Compound 3 revealed a [M⁺] (m/z 245) which is also the base peak.

The reactivity of compound 2 towards various chemical reagents was investigated with the aim to producing thiophene systems with potential biological activities. Thus, the reaction of 2 with salicylaldehyde gave the coumarin derivative 4. On the other hand, the reaction of 2 with either benzaldehyde or acetophenone gave the benzylidene derivatives 5 and 6, respectively (Scheme 2).

Scheme 2. Synthesis of the coumarin derivative 4 and benzal derivatives 5 and 6.

Scheme 2. Synthesis of the coumarin derivative 4 and benzal derivatives 5 and 6.

All collected data for compounds 4-6 were consistent with the proposed structures. Thus, the observation of δ-¹H benzylidine C=CH at 8.56 ppm in the ¹H-NMR spectrum of 5 and a coumarin C4-H proton at δ 6.94 ppm in the ¹H-NMR spectrum of 4, as well as the appearance of a high frequency C=O stretching at 1,715 cm⁻¹ cited for the coumarin oxo function besides the absence of the cyanoacetamido CN observed in the starting material 2, in the IR spectrum of 4 proved the expected structures. Compounds 5 and 4 revealed molecular ion peaks [M⁺] at m/z 333 and [M⁺ − 1] (m/z 349), corresponding to the molecular formulae C₁₉H₁₅N₃OS and C₁₉H₁₄N₂O₃S, respectively. A base peak at m/z 266 due to splitting of the fragment ion [C(=O)-C-CN]⁺ (m/z 66) from the [M⁺ − 1] ion of 5, and a base peak at m/z 172 which resulted from the fragmentation of [3-CN-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-2-NH]⁺ (m/z 177) from the [M⁺ − 1] ion of 4 were observed in their respective mass spectra.

When compound 2 was reacted with acetophenone in the presence of ammonium acetate in an oil bath at 140 °C the Knoevenagel condensation product 6 was obtained (Scheme 2). The structure of compound 6 was based on analytical and spectral data (see Experimental section). Moreover, the GC-MS spectrum of compound 6 revealed a molecular ion peak [M⁺ − 1] at m/z 346, a base peak at m/z 150, resulting from the fragmentation of [CNHC(=O)C(CN)=C(CH₃Ph)]⁺ (m/z 197) from the [M⁺] ion, and a fragment ion peak at m/z 178 due to the fragmentation of [C(=O)C(CN)=C(CH₃Ph)]⁺ (m/z 170) from the [M⁺ + 1] ion peak.

When compound 4 reacted with either hydrazine hydrate or phenyl hydrazine, the respective pyrazole systems 7a,b were obtained as the major products (Scheme 3). The reaction involves β-attack on the C(=O)C=C moiety in 4 with subsequent 1,5-intramolecular dipolar cyclization and concomitant aromatization.

Scheme 3. Synthesis of pyrazole systems 7a,b.

Scheme 3. Synthesis of pyrazole systems 7a,b.

Minor products 8a,b were also obtained through the first condensation with the amide C=O followed by cyclization. Microanalysis and spectral data of 7a,b were fully consistent with the proposed structures. The mass spectrum of the pyrazole system 7b exhibited a molecular ion peak [M⁺] (m/z 439) corresponding to molecular formula C₂₅H₂₁N₅OS.

On the other hand, treatment of the benzylidene derivative 4 with methylene carbonitrile reagents (XCH₂CN; X = CN, X = CO₂Et) afforded the respective pyridone derivatives 9a,b (Scheme 4). The reaction took place via β-attack on the benzylidene moiety in 4 followed by 1,6-intramolecular dipolar cyclization with concomitant aromatization. The IR spectrum of 9a revealed the presence of three CN stretching bands at υ 2,253, 2,223 and 2,209 cm⁻¹. Moreover, the ¹H-NMR spectra of 9a and 9b showed the presence of one singlet for each at δ 3.61 and δ 3.41 ppm, respectively, due to the presence of the NH₂ group. Compound 9b showed a triplet at δ 1.21 for the ester CH₃ group and a quartet at δ 4.30 corresponding to the ester CH₂ group. Moreover, in the mass spectrum of 9a the existing [M⁺] ion (m/z 397) corresponding to the formula C₂₂H₁₅N₅OS and representing the base peak was observed, whereas the mass spectrum of 9b exhibited a molecular ion peak [M⁺] at m/z = 444 confirming its molecular formula C₂₄H₂₀N₄O₃S.

Further confirmation of the reaction products 9a,b was achieved through an alternative synthetic route involving treatment of the starting compound 2 with benzylidene carbonitrile reagents (PhCH=C(CN)X; X = CN; X = CO₂Et) to afford the same pyridone derivatives 9a,b (verified by IR fingerprint, m.p. and mixed m.p.) with better yields (80%, 86%) than in their formation by the reaction of compound 4 and either malononitrile (75% yield) or ethyl cyanoacetate (73% yield) (Scheme 4).

Scheme 4. Synthesis of pyridone derivatives 9a,b.

Scheme 4. Synthesis of pyridone derivatives 9a,b.

By subjecting the starting material 2 to reaction with active methylene reagents (X CH₂Y; X = Y = CN; X = CN, Y = CO₂Et; X = Y = COCH₃ or X = COCH₃, Y = CO₂Et) the respective 2-pyridone derivatives 10a-d were obtained (Scheme 5).

Scheme 5. Synthesis of 2-pyridone derivatives 10a-d.

Scheme 5. Synthesis of 2-pyridone derivatives 10a-d.

All data for compounds 10a-d were consistent with the proposed structures. Thus, the absence of the δ-¹H CH₂ cited for the acetamido methylene protons observed with 2 at δ 4.11 ppm and the appearance of the pyridine C5-H protons at δ 7.89, 6.92, 6.51 and 6.88 ppm in the respective ¹H-NMR spectra of 10a-d confirmed the proposed structures. Moreover, the CH₃ proton singlets were recorded at δ 2.11 and 2.36 ppm with compound 10c and at δ 2.55 ppm with 10d, whereas the δ-¹H signals for OH were integrated at 11.89 and 12.10 ppm in the respective ¹H-NMR spectra of compounds 10b,d. The mass spectra of 10a,b exhibited a common peak at m/z 311 which corresponded to their [M⁺] and [M⁺ − 1] ions, respectively. Another common peak was also observed at m/z 296 due to splitting of NH₂ from their respective [M⁺ + 1] and [M⁺] molecular ions. The peak observed for 10a at m/z 282 is due to the fragmentation of two NH₂ from [M⁺ + 3], while that observed for 10b at m/z 285 corresponded to the loss of CN group from its [M⁺ − 1]. The mass spectrum of 10b exhibited two fragment ion peaks at m/z 219 and 164 due to fragmentation of [C(=O)-C(CN)=C-(NH₂)]⁺ from [M⁺ + 1] and of functionalized pyridone (C₆H₅N₃O₂) from [M⁺ + 3]. The mass spectrum of 10c displayed a [M⁺] base peak at m/z 309 corresponding to the molecular formula C₁₇H₁₅N₃OS. Compound 10c revealed two main fragment ions at m/z 162 and m/z 147 due to splitting of 3-CN-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]-thiophene [C₉H₈NS]⁺ and the functionalized pyridone C₈H₇N₂O fragments, respectively.

The peak observed at m/z 131 is due to the fragmentation of 2-amino-3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophenyl cation [C₉H₁₀N₂S]⁺ from the molecular ion peak [M⁺] of 10c whereas that observed at m/z 281 resulted from fragmentation of CN from [M⁺ − 2]. On the other hand, compound 10d exhibited [M⁺ + 2] at m/z 313 indicating a molecular formula C₁₆H₁₃N₃O₂S, and a base peak m/z 219 due to fragmentation of [C(=O)-C(CN)=C(CH₃)]⁺ (m/z 93) from its [M⁺ + 1]. Two fragments observed at m/z 163 and m/z 150 resulted from splitting of 3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo-[b]thiophenyl cation [C₉H₉NS]⁺ and functionalized pyridone [C₇H₆N₂O₂]⁺, respectively.

At the other extreme, when compound 2 reacted with elemental sulfur and either of the methylene carbonitrile reagents (X-CH₂-CN or X = CN; X = CO₂Et) it gave the thiophene derivatives 11a,b, respectively. The reaction of compound 2 with phenyl isothiocyanate and elemental sulfur gave the thiazole-2-thione derivative 12. Formation of 11a,b took place through intermediate formation of A and B, while the formation of 12 occurred through intermediacy of A and C (Scheme 6).

Scheme 6. Synthesis of the highly functionalized thiophenes 11a,b and thiazole 12.

Scheme 6. Synthesis of the highly functionalized thiophenes 11a,b and thiazole 12.

The ¹H-NMR spectrum of compound 11a revealed the existence of two singlets at δ 3.34 and 3.38 ppm corresponding to two NH₂ groups, while compound 11b showed two singlets at δ 3.31 and 3.35 ppm corresponding to the two NH₂ groups, a triplet at δ 1.12 for the ester CH₃ group and a quartet at δ 3.49 for the ester CH₂ group. GC-MS analysis of 11a,b and 12 showed molecular ion peaks [M⁺ + 3] m/z 346, [M⁺ + 2] m/z 392 and [M⁺] m/z 412. The main fragmentation of 11a,b and 12 gave the most abundant peak recorded at m/z 150, which corresponded to the fragment ion [C₈H₈NS]⁺ resulting from the fragmentation of [3,5-di-NH₂-4-CN-thiophene-2-CONHC]⁺ (m/z 193), [3,5-di-NH₂-4-C(=O)OEt-thiophene-2-CONHC]⁺ (m/z 240) and [4-NH₂-3-Ph-2-thione-2,3- dihydrothiazole-5-CONHC]⁺ (m/z 262), respectively, from their corresponding molecular ions [M⁺]. The peak observed at m/z 150 represented the base peak for 11a. A base peak observed at m/z 362 in the mass spectrum of 11b indicated the fragmentation of [C-NH₂]⁺ (m/z 28) from the [M⁺] ion, whereas the base peak observed at m/z 93 in the mass spectrum of 12 corresponded to the cleavage of Ph-NH₂. A common peak observed at m/z 178 in the mass spectra of 11a,b and 12 indicated the loss of 2-NH₂-3-CN-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]-thiophene.

Next, we moved to the studying of the the reaction of compound 2 with phenyl isothiocyanate in 1,4-dioxane containing triethylamine. The reaction involved a nucleophilic attack by the amidic NH function in 2 on the C=S terminal of the isocyanate reagent to produce the acyclic intermediate A. The latter then underwent 1,6-dipolar cyclization to afford the 6-thioxo-2-pyrimidone derivative 13 as the major product (Scheme 7).

Scheme 7. Synthesis of 2-pyrimidone-6-thione 13.

Scheme 7. Synthesis of 2-pyrimidone-6-thione 13.

The data obtained from the IR, ¹H-NMR and MS spectra are in agreement with the proposed structure. Thus, the ¹H-NMR of compound 13 exhibited singlets at δ 6.92 and 3.83 ppm due to pyrimidine C3-H and NH₂, respectively. The mass spectrum of 13 revealed a [M⁺ + 2] ion peak at m/z 382, a base peak at m/z 313 due to fragmentation of [C(=O)-CH=C-NH₂] ⁺ (m/z 69) from the [M⁺ + 2] as well as a fragment ion at m/z 255 due to fragmentation of [C(=S)=N-C(=O)-C=C-NH₂]⁺ (m/z 126) from [M⁺ + 1].

On the other hand, we are involved in a comprehensive programme studying the reactivity of active methylene reagents towards phenyl isothiocyanate in basic dimethylformamide followed by heterocyclization with α-halocarbonyl compounds. These reactions lead to the formation of either thiophene or thiazole systems or both, depending on reaction conditions and the nature of the α-halo-carbonyl reagent [33]. Thus, subjecting the active methylene key precursor 2 to the aforementioned reaction using α-halocarbonyl reagents XCH₂C(=O)R (X = Cl, R = OEt; X = Br, R = Ph; X = Cl, R = CH₃) afforded the functionalized thiophene and thiazole derivatives 14a,b and 15, respectively (Scheme 8). The reaction took place through the intermediacy of the potassium sulphide salt A. The disappearance of δ-¹H CH₂ singlet observed in the precursor 2, and the appearance of D₂O exchangeable NH₂ singlets at δ 4.37 and δ 4.80 ppm for compounds 14a and 14b, respectively, as well as the appearance of a δ-¹H singlet at 6.67 ppm assigned to a thiazole C₅-H proton in compound 15 are considered sufficient proof for the structures of 14a,b and 15. Moreover, The mass spectra of 14a,b and 15 displayed [M⁺] ion peaks at m/z 466, 498 and 418, respectively, corresponding to their respective molecular formulae C₂₃H₂₂N₄O₃S₂, C₂₇H₂₂N₄O₂S₂ and C₂₂H₁₈N₄OS₂. The main fragmentation of the title compounds revealed three important common peaks: m/z 77 due to [phenyl]⁺, m/z 178 due to 2-NH₂-3-CN-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene, and m/z 150 to [C₈H₈NS]⁺. Such m/z peaks resulted from the fragmentation of [3-NH₂-2-COOEt-5-NHPh-thiophene-4-CONH-C]⁺ (m/z 316), [3-NH₂-2-COPh-5-NHPh-thiophene-4-CONH-C]⁺ (m/z 348) and [4-CH₃-3-Ph-3H-thiazol-2-ylidine-C-(CN)-CONH-C]⁺ (m/z 268) from their corresponding [M⁺] ions. The peak observed at m/z 77 due to [phenyl]⁺ represented the base peak for both compounds 14a,b.

Scheme 8. Synthesis of thiophene derivatives 14a,b and the thiazole 15.

Scheme 8. Synthesis of thiophene derivatives 14a,b and the thiazole 15.

Compound 15 displayed a base peak at m/z 241 due to the loss of a 2-amino-3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetra-0hydrobenzo[b]thiophenyl cation (m/z 178) from its [M⁺ + 1] molecular ion. Other fragment ions were observed in the mass spectra of 14a,b and 15 at their expected m/z values.

On the other hand, compound 2 reacted with benzenediazonium chloride to give the phenylhydrazo derivative 16. The latter compound reacted with either malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate to give the 3-phenylazo-pyridone derivatives 17a and 17b, respectively (Scheme 9). The structural assignments of 16, 17a,b were based on analytical and spectral data. Thus, the ¹H-NMR spectrum of compound 16 revealed two singlets at δ 9.14 and 10.88 ppm (D₂O exchangeable) due to the two NH groups. Moreover, the mass spectrum of 16 showed a molecular ion peak at m/z 349 [M⁺], and a base peak at m/z 178 which corresponded to the loss of [C(=O)-C(CN)=N-NHPh]⁺ (m/z 172) from [M⁺ + 1]. Fragment ions at m/z 149 due to fragmentation of [C-(NH)-C(=O)-C(CN)=N-NHPh]⁺ (m/z 197) from [M⁺ − 1], and the peak at m/z 167 resulting from fragment ion [NH-C(=O)-C(CN)=N-NHPh]⁺ (m/z 187) from [M⁺ + 5].

Scheme 9. Synthesis of 2-pyridone-3-phenylazo derivatives 17a,b.

Scheme 9. Synthesis of 2-pyridone-3-phenylazo derivatives 17a,b.

Common features of compounds 17a,b are their strong carbonyl absorptions around 1,680 cm⁻¹ in their IR spectra, in addition to the ester C=O peak at 1,739 cm⁻¹. Moreover, the ¹H-NMR spectra of 17a and 17b showed a singlet a δ ~ 3.10 (D₂O exchangeable) corresponding for the NH₂ protons. Compound 17b showed a triplet at δ 1.20 for the ester CH₃ group and a quartet at δ 4.13 ppm for the ester CH₂ group. The mass spectra of 17a,b displayed molecular ion peaks at m/z 415 and m/z 462 corresponding to their respective [M⁺]. A base peak at m/z 178 due to fragmentation of [C(=O)-C(N=NPh)=C(NH₂)-C(CN)=C(NH₂)]⁺ (m/z 239) from [M⁺ + 2] was detected in the mass spectrum of 17a, while compound 17b displayed a base peak at m/z 133 which corresponds to [CN-C=C-NH-C(=O)-C=C-NH₂]⁺. A common fragment ion m/z 349 was observed in both mass spectra of 17a and 17b due to fragmentation of [CN-C=C-NH₂]⁺ (m/z 66) and of [CO₂Et-C=C-NH₂]⁺ (m/z 113) from their respective [M⁺]. The peak observed with 17a at m/z 106 is attributed to splitting of the phenylhydrazono moiety [N-NHPh]⁺.

2.2. Biology

2.2.1. In vitro evaluation of antiproliferative activity of the synthesized compounds

The tumor cell growth inhibition activities of the newly synthesized thiophene systems (22 compounds in total) were assessed in vitro [34] on three human tumor cell lines, namely, MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung cancer), and SF-268 (CNS cancer) after a continuous exposure of 48 h. The results were compared to the antiproliferative effects of the reference control doxorubicin [35]. All the compounds were dissolved in DMSO at 1 mg/mL immediately before use and diluted just before addition to the cell culture.

The data (Table 1) represents means ± SEM of three independent experiments performed in duplicate. The results indicated that most compounds demonstrated substantial growth inhibitory effects against the human tumor cells at the concentrations tested. The antiproliferative activity of the test compounds against each of the title tumor cell lines may be arranged in a descending order due to measured concentration required to inhibit tumor cell proliferation by 50% (GI₅₀ µ/M).

Table 1. Antiproliferative activity GI₅₀ (µM) of the synthesized compounds.

Compound	GI50 (µM) a
	MCF-7	NCI-H460	SF-268
2	30.0 ± 0.6	19.3 ± 1.4	26.3 ± 1.5
3	44.6 ± 12.6	32.6 ± 8.6	60.4 ± 14.8
4	10.8 ± 0.6	16.5 ± 0.8	16.7 ± 1.6
5	75.7 ± 17.5	40.2 ± 12.8	52.0 ± 9.0
6	37.4 ± 10.2	22.1 ± 0.8	14.9 ± 6.8
7a	2.5 ± 0.5	10.4 ± 0.6	8.0 ± 0.4
7b	74.9 ± 0.9	40.6 ± 1.8	58.8 ± 0.8
9a	38.0 ± 1.8	40.0 ± 0.8	22.5 ± 1.1
9b	20.0 ± 0.2	30.6 ± 1.4	38.4 ± 0.6
10a	16.7 ± 1.6	10.8 ± 0.6	16.5 ± 0.8
10b	50.1 ± 0.7	23.2 ± 4.8	18.4 ± 1.8
10c	39.0 ± 1.8	46.0 ± 0.8	22.5 ± 1.1
10d	22.0 ± 0.2	30.6 ± 1.4	38.4 ± 0.6
11a	66.6 ± 12.2	12.0 ± 6.2	24.8 ± 3.2
11b	22.0 ± 0.4	26.3 ± 0.8	39.0 ± 0.8
12	10.9 ± 0.2	146.1 ± 0.6	22.3 ± 0.5
13	42.6 ± 12.2	32.6 ± 8.6	64.4 ± 14.8
14a	20.0 ± 0.2	32.6 ± 1.4	36.4 ± 0.6
14b	11.8 ± 0.6	14.5 ± 0.8	16.7 ± 1.6
15	36.4 ± 10.2	20.1 ± 0.8	18.9 ± 6.8
17a	2.0 ± 0.4	8.3 ± 0.8	4.0 ± 0.8
17b	68.6 ± 12.2	12.0 ± 6.2	24.8 ± 3.2
*Doxorubicin	0.0428 ± 0.0082	0.0940 ± 0.0087	0.0940 ± 0.0070

^a Drug concentration required to inhibit tumor cell proliferation by 50% after continuous exposure of 48 h; data are expressed as means ±SEM of three independent experiments performed in duplicates; ^*Doxorubicin was used as positive control.

Table 1. Antiproliferative activity GI₅₀ (µM) of the synthesized compounds.

Compound	GI50 (µM) a
	MCF-7	NCI-H460	SF-268
2	30.0 ± 0.6	19.3 ± 1.4	26.3 ± 1.5
3	44.6 ± 12.6	32.6 ± 8.6	60.4 ± 14.8
4	10.8 ± 0.6	16.5 ± 0.8	16.7 ± 1.6
5	75.7 ± 17.5	40.2 ± 12.8	52.0 ± 9.0
6	37.4 ± 10.2	22.1 ± 0.8	14.9 ± 6.8
7a	2.5 ± 0.5	10.4 ± 0.6	8.0 ± 0.4
7b	74.9 ± 0.9	40.6 ± 1.8	58.8 ± 0.8
9a	38.0 ± 1.8	40.0 ± 0.8	22.5 ± 1.1
9b	20.0 ± 0.2	30.6 ± 1.4	38.4 ± 0.6
10a	16.7 ± 1.6	10.8 ± 0.6	16.5 ± 0.8
10b	50.1 ± 0.7	23.2 ± 4.8	18.4 ± 1.8
10c	39.0 ± 1.8	46.0 ± 0.8	22.5 ± 1.1
10d	22.0 ± 0.2	30.6 ± 1.4	38.4 ± 0.6
11a	66.6 ± 12.2	12.0 ± 6.2	24.8 ± 3.2
11b	22.0 ± 0.4	26.3 ± 0.8	39.0 ± 0.8
12	10.9 ± 0.2	146.1 ± 0.6	22.3 ± 0.5
13	42.6 ± 12.2	32.6 ± 8.6	64.4 ± 14.8
14a	20.0 ± 0.2	32.6 ± 1.4	36.4 ± 0.6
14b	11.8 ± 0.6	14.5 ± 0.8	16.7 ± 1.6
15	36.4 ± 10.2	20.1 ± 0.8	18.9 ± 6.8
17a	2.0 ± 0.4	8.3 ± 0.8	4.0 ± 0.8
17b	68.6 ± 12.2	12.0 ± 6.2	24.8 ± 3.2
*Doxorubicin	0.0428 ± 0.0082	0.0940 ± 0.0087	0.0940 ± 0.0070

^a Drug concentration required to inhibit tumor cell proliferation by 50% after continuous exposure of 48 h; data are expressed as means ±SEM of three independent experiments performed in duplicates; ^*Doxorubicin was used as positive control.

The sequence "tumor cell ", [test compound number] and (GI₅₀ µ/M) followed the sequence:

"MCF-7" [Doxorubicin] (0.0428 ± 0.0082), [17a] (2.0 ± 0.4), [7a] (2.5 ± 0.5), [4] (10.8 ± 0.6), [12] (10.9 ± 0.2), [14b] (11.8 ± 0.6), [10a] (16.7 ± 1.6), [9b, 14a] (20.0 ± 0.2), [10d] (22.0 ± 0.2), [11b] (22.0 ± 0.4), [2] (30.0 ± 0.6), [15] (36.4 ± 10.2), [6] (37.4 ± 10.2), [9a] (38.0 ± 1.8), [10c] (39.0 ± 1.8), [13] (42.6 ± 12.2), [3] (44.6 ± 12.6), [10b] (50.1 ± 0.7), [11a] (66.6 ± 12.2), [17b] (68.6 ± 12.2), [7b] (74.9 ± 0.9), [5] (75.7 ± 17.5).

"NCI-H460" [Doxorubicin] (0.0940 ± 0.0087), [17a] (8.3 ± 0.8), [7a] (10.4 ± 0.6), [10a] (10.8 ± 0.6), [11a, 17b] (12.0 ± 6.2), [14b] (14.5 ± 0.8), [4] (16.5 ± 0.8), [2] (19.3 ± 1.4), [15] (20.1 ± 0.8), [6] (22.1 ± 0.8), [10b] (23.2 ± 4.8), [11b] (26.3 ± 0.8), [10d, 9b] (30.6 ± 1.4), [14a] (32.6 ± 1.4), [13, 3] (32.6 ± 8.6), [9a] (40.0 ± 0.8), [5] (40.2 ± 12.8), [7b] (40.6 ± 1.8), [10c] (46.0 ± 0.8).

"SF–268" [Doxorubicin] (0.0940 ± 0.0070), [17a] (4.0 ± 0.8), [7a] (8.0 ± 0.4), [6] (14.9 ± 6.8), [10a] (16.5 ± 0.8), [4, 14b] (16.7 ± 1.6), [10b] (18.4 ± 1.8), [15] (18.9 ± 6.8), [12] (22.3 ± 0.5), [9a, 10c] (22.5 ± 1.1), [11a, 17b] (24.8 ± 3.2), [2] (26.3 ± 1.5), [14a] (36.4 ± 0.6), [9b, 10d] (38.4 ± 0.6), [11b] (39.0 ± 0.8), [5] (52.0 ± 9.0), [7b] (58.8 ± 0.8), [3] (60.4 ± 14.8), [13] (64.4 ± 14.8).

In general, compounds 17a, 7a, 14b, 4, and 10a showed significant activity on the three tumor cell lines tested. The inhibitory effect of the other systems on tumor cell growth varied, according to the tested tumor cell, from high to medium or marginal effects. Some compounds had no impact on a specific tumor cell proliferation, while exhibited some specificity to the other. Thus compound 11a revealed GI₅₀ ~ 66.6 µ/M towards MCF-7 tumor cell versus GI₅₀ ~ 12.0 µ/M for NCI-H460. Similarly, compound 12 had no effect on NCI-H460 tumor cell proliferation (GI₅₀ ~ 146 µ/M) while it showed high selectivity towards breast derived cells MCF-7 (GI₅₀ ~ 10.9 µ/M).

It is of interest that the pyrazole derivative 7a, comprising one phenyl substituent, showed significant growth inhibition activity on the three tumor cell lines, compared to its counterpart 7b with two phenyl functions. Also, comparing the 5-cyano pyridone derivative 17a and its 5-ethoxy-carbonyl counterpart 17b, it is obvious that the former has the highest inhibitory activity towards adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), while 17b showed the lowest effect on the same tumor cell line.

3. Experimental

3.1. General

All melting points were determined on an Electrothermal digital melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. IR spectra (KBr discs) were recorded on a FTIR plus 460 or Pye Unicam SP-1000 spectrophotometer. ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded with Varian Gemini -200 (200 MHz) and Jeol AS 500 MHz instruments in DMSO-d6 as solvent using TMS as internal standard and chemical shifts are expressed as δ ppm. The mass spectra were recorded with Hewlett Packard 5988 A GC/MS system and GCMS-QP 1000 Ex Shimadzu instruments. Analytical data were obtained from the Micro-analytical Data Unit at Cairo University and were performed on Vario EL III Elemental CHNS analyzer.

3.2. Chemistry

3.2.1. 2-Cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-acetamide (2)

To a solution of 2-amino-3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene (1) (1.78 g, 0.01 mol) in dimethylformamide (30 mL), ethyl cyanoacetate (1.13 g, 0.01 mol) was added. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 5 h. The solid product formed upon pouring onto ice/water mixture was collected by filtration and crystallized from 1,4-dioxane. Pale yellow crystals, m.p. 129-130 °C, yield: 1.79 g (73%); Anal. For C₁₂H₁₁N₃OS (245.30), (% Calcd./Found): 58.76/59.01 (C), 4.52/4.90 (H), 17.13/16.89 (N), 13.07/13.45 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,431-3,217 (NH), 3,090–3,010 (CH aromatic); 2,938–2,837 (CH₂), 2,262, 2,196 (2CN), 1,696 (C=O), 1,581, 1,434 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.70–2.60 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 4.11 (s, 2H, CH₂), 6.94 (s, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 245 [M⁺] (38.70), 178{[M⁺ + 1] − [C₃H₂NO]⁺}(75.80), 150 {[M⁺] − [C₄H₃N₂O]⁺} (100.00), 116 (11.80), 68 [C₃H₂NO]⁺ (13.60).

3.2.2. 4-Amino-2-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-b] pyridine-3-carbonitrile (3)

A solution of 2 (2.45 g, 0.01 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) containing triethylamine (2 mL) was heated under reflux for 5 h. The solid product formed upon pouring onto ice/water was collected by filtration, and crystallized from 1,4-dioxane. Brown crystals, m.p. 90–94 °C, yield: 1.52 g (65%); Anal. For C₁₂H₁₁N₃OS (245.30), (% Calcd./Found): 58.76/58.77 (C), 4.52/4.85 (H), 17.13/17.00 (N), 13.07/13.30 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,432 (OH, enol form); 3,333–3,218 (NH, NH₂), 3,100 (CH aromatic), 2,934-2,839 (CH₂), 2,197 (CN), 1,621 (C=O, keto form), 1,574, 1,438 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm):1.75–2.55 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 3.61 (s, 2H, NH₂), 6.97 (s, 1H, ring NH) ); MS m/z (%): 245 [M⁺] (100.00), 192 (90.35), 164 (35.09), 136 (93.72), 68 [C₃H₂NO]⁺ (63.27).

3.2.3. Synthesis of the amide derivatives 4 and 5.

To a solution of 2 (2.45 g, 0.01 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) containing piperidine (1.00 mL) either salicylaldehyde (1.22 g, 0.01 mol) or benzaldehyde (1.06 g, 0.01 mol) was added. The reaction mixture, in each case, was heated under reflux for 5 h. The solid products formed upon pouring onto ice-water mixture containing few drops of hydrochloric acid was collected by filtration and crystallized from 1,4-dioxane.

N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-il-carboxamide (4). Orange crystals, m.p. 271-273 C, yield: 2.63 g (75%); Anal. For C₁₉H₁₄N₂O₃S (350.39), (% Calcd./Found): 65.13/64.76 (C), 4.03/4.32 (H), 7.99/8.25 (N), 9.15/9.27 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,324 (NH), 3,105–3,027 (CH aromatic), 2,928–2,857 (CH₂), 2,210 (CN), 1,715, 1,678 (2C=O), 1,569, 1,448 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.84–2.72 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 6.94 (s, 1H, coumarin C4-H), 7.03–7.53 (m, 4H, C₆H₄), 8.50 (s, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 351 [M⁺ + 1] (1.50), 350 [M⁺] (8.40), 349 [M⁺ − 1] (18.00), 316 (34.90) , 172 {[M⁺ − 1] − [C₉H₉N₂S]⁺} (100.00), 89 (67.80).

2-Cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-3-phenylacrylamide (5). Pale yellow crystals, m.p. 88-92 °C, yield: 2.50 g (75%); Anal. for C₁₉H₁₅N₃OS (333.41), (% Calcd./Found): 68.45/ 68.11 (C), 4.53/4.80 (H), 12.60/12.46 (N), 9.62/9.98 (S); IR (υ, cm^–1): 3,348–3,210 (NH), 3,059 (CH aromatic), 2,933–,2855 (CH aliphatic, CH₂), 2,244, 2,214 (2CN), 1,620 (C=O), 1,571, 1,447 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.77–2.66 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 6.87 (s, 1H, NH), 7.00–7.97 (m, 5H, C₆H₅), 8.56 (s, 1H, benzylidene CH); MS m/z (%): 333 [M⁺] (12.50), 266 {[M⁺ − 1] − [C₃NO]⁺} (100.00), 238 (77.40), 66 [C₃NO]⁺ (1.90), 77 [C₆H₅]⁺ (33.40).

3.2.4. 2-Cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-3-phenylbut-2E-enamide (6).

To a mixture of equimolar amounts of 2 (2.45 g, 0.01 mol) and acetophenone (1.20 g, 0.01 mol), ammonium acetate (0.50 g) was added and the reaction mixture was heated in an oil bath 140 ^oC for 45 min. The reaction mixture was then boiled in ethanol (60 mL) for few minutes, poured onto ice/water mixture and the formed product was crystallized from ethanol. Pale brown crystals, m.p. 118–120 °C, yield: 2.08 g (60%); Anal. For C₂₀H₁₇N₃OS (347.44), (% Calcd./Found): 69.14/69.40 (C), 4.93/5.12 (H), 12.09/12.07 (N), 9.23/9.51 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,428–3,220 (NH), 3,082-3,000 (CH aromatic), 2,935–2,840 (CH aliphatic), 2,216, 2,198 (2CN), 1,692 (C=O), 1,576, 1,438 (C=C); ¹H- NMR (δ, ppm): 1.66-2.35 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 1.87 (s, 3H, CH₃), 6.90 (s, 5H, C₆H₅), 11.50 (s, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 346 [M⁺ − 1] (1.92), 178 {[M⁺ + 1] − [C₁₁H₈NO]⁺} (55.94), 150 {[M⁺] − [C₁₂H₉N₂O]⁺} (100.00), 116 (8.76), 77 [C₆H₅]⁺ (14.92).

3.2.5. Synthesis of pyrazole carboxamide derivatives 7a,b

To a solution of compound 4 (3.33 g, 0.01 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) and dimethylformamide (10 mL), either hydrazine hydrate (0.50 g, 0.01 mol), or phenyl hydrazine (1.08 g, 0.01 mol) was added. The reaction mixture, in each case, was heated under reflux for 5 h. The solid products formed, in each case, upon pouring onto ice/water mixture containing few drops of hydrochloric acid were collected by filtration, and crystallized from 1,4-dioxane/dimethylformamide mixture.

3-Amino-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl-carbox-amide (7a). Pale brown crystals, m.p. 231-235 °C, yield: 2.54 g (70%); Anal. For C₁₉H₁₇N₅OS (363.44), (% Calcd./Found): 62.79/63.18 (C), 4.71/5.05 (H), 19.27/19.33 (N), 8.82/9.20 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,445–3,220 (2NH, NH₂), 3,050 (CH aromatic), 2,929–2,848 (CH aliphatic, CH₂), 2,209 (CN), 1,622 (C=O), 1,550, 1,439 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.71–2.70 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 3.90 (s, 2H, NH₂), 6.81 (s, 1H, NH), 7.17–7.86 (m, 5H, C₆H₅), 8.68 (s, 1H, NH).

3-Amino-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-1,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl-carboxamide (7b). Pale orange crystals, m.p. 128-130 °C, yield: 3.34 g (76%); Anal. For C₂₅H₂₁N₅OS (439.53), (% Calcd./Found): 68.32/68.00 (C), 4.82/4.53 (H), 15.93/15.63 (N), 7.30/7.62 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,452–3,225 (NH, NH₂), 3,056–3,028 (CH aromatic), 2,930-2,851 CH₂), 2,209 (CN), 1,621 (C=O), 1,597, 1,441 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.71–2.69 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 3.90 (s, 2H, NH₂), 7.02-7.88 (m, 10H, 2C₆H₅), 10.29 (s, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 440 [M⁺ + 1] (9.35), 439 [M⁺] (12.03), 423 (83.97), 219 (100.00), 150 (42.43).

3.2.6. Synthesis of 3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-functionalized pyridone derivatives 9a,b.

Method (A): To a solution of 4 (3.33 g, 0.01 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) and dimethylformamide (5 mL) containing triethylamine (1.00 mL), either malononitrile (0.66 g, 0.01 mol) or ethyl cyanoacetate (1.13 g, 0.01 mol) was added. The reaction mixture, in each case, was heated under reflux for 5 h, then cooled and neutralized by pouring onto ice/water mixture containing few drops of hydrochloric acid. The solid products formed, in each case, was filtered off and crystallized from 1,4-dioxane/dimethylformamide mixture.

Method (B): Equimolar amounts of 2 (2.45 g, 0.01 mol) and either benzylidene malononitrile (1.54 g, 0.01 mol) or benzylidene ethyl cyanoacetate (2.01g, 0.01 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) and dimethylformamide (5 mL) containing triethylamine (1.00 mL) were heated under reflux for 5 h. The reaction mixture in each case was treated in a similar manner as in method A.

6-Amino-1-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2-oxo-4-phenylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (9a). Pale yellow crystals, m.p. > 300 °C, yield: (2.98 g 75%, method A; 3.18 g 80% method B); Anal. For C₂₂H₁₅N₅OS (397.45), (% Calcd./Found): 66.48/66.88 (C), 3.80/3.90 (H), 17.62/17.38 (N) , 8.07/8.30 (S); IR (ν, cm⁻¹): 3,307, 3,218 (NH₂), 3,061 (CH aromatic); 2,938-2,862 (CH₂), 2,253, 2,223, 2,209 (3CN), 1,632 (C=O), 1,572, 1,484 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.88-2.55 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 3.61 (s, 2H, NH₂), 7.54–7.63 (m, 5H, C₆H₅); MS m/z (%): 399 [M⁺ + 2] (13.30), 398 [M⁺ + 1) (21.30), 397 [M⁺] (100.00), 199 (14.90), 150 (12.80), 119 (11.70).

Ethyl 2-amino-5-cyano-1-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-4-phenylpyridine-3-carboxylate (9b). Pale yellow crystals, m.p. > 300 °C, yield: (3.24 g 73%, method A; 3.82 g 86 %, method B); Anal. For C₂₄H₂₀N₄O₃S (444.51), (% Calcd./Found): 64.85/65.00 (C), 4.54/4.92(H), 12.60/12.21 (N), 7.21/7.43 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,326-3,214 (NH₂), 3,060 (CH aromatic), 2,933-2,855 (CH₂, CH₃), 2,218, 2,204 (CN), 1,695, 1,634 (2C=O), 1,573, 1,446 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.21(t, J = 8.00 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.82-2.73 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 3.41 (s, 2H, NH₂), 4.30 (q, J = 8.00 Hz, 2H, CH₂), 6.98–8.02 (m, 5H, C₆H₅); MS m/z (%): 444 [M⁺] (43.15), 407 (66.02), 242 (80.91), 198 (79.73), 73 (72.50), 61 (100.00).

3.2.7. Synthesis of 3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]-thiophen-2-yl-functionalized 2-pyridone derivatives 10a-d.

The procedure adopted for the synthesis of 9a,b (Method A) was followed using 2 (2.45 g, 0.01 mol) and either malononitrile (0.66 g, 0.01 mol), ethyl cyanoacetate (1.13 g, 0.01 mol), acetyl acetone (1.00 g, 0.01 mol) or ethyl acetoacetate (1.33 g, 0.01 mol). The solid products formed, in each case, upon treating of the reaction mixtures was crystallized from ethanol/dimethylformamide mixture.

4,6-Diamino-1-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-1,2-dihydro-2-pyridone-3-carbonitrile (10a). Brown crystals, m.p. 215-218 °C, yield: 2.33 g (75%); Anal. For C₁₅H₁₃N₅OS (311.36), (% Calcd./Found): 57.86/58.04 (C), 4.21/4.50 (H), 22.49/ 22.10 (N), 10.30/10.62 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,430–3,217 (2NH₂), 3,010 (CH aromatic), 2,936–2,836 (CH₂), 2,250, 2,195 (2CN), 1,620 (C=O), 1,574, 1,433 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.70–2.69 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 2.91, 2.98 (2s, 4H, 2NH₂), 7.89 (s, 1H, pyridine C5-H); MS m/z (%): 311 [M⁺] (49.14), 296 {[M⁺ + 1] − (NH₂)} (55.49), 282 {[M⁺ + 3] − (2NH₂)} (46.55), 136 (77.59), 60 (100.00).

4-Amino-1-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-6-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-2-pyridone-3-carbonitrile (10b). Pale yellow crystals, m.p. 277–280 °C, yield: 2.00 g (64%); Anal. For C₁₅H₁₂N₄O₂S (312.34), (% Calcd./Found): 57.68/57.83 (C), 3.87/4.22 (H), 17.94/17.54 (N), 10.27/10.50 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,431 (OH), 3,334–3,224 (NH₂), 3,093 (CH aromatic), 2,935–2,840, (CH₂), 2,219, 2,199 (2CN), 1,694 (C=O), 1,581, 1,438 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.79-2.64 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 4.11 (s, 2H, NH₂), 6.92 (s, 1H, pyridine C5-H), 11.89 (s, 1H, OH); MS m/z (%): 312 [M⁺] (19.44), 311 [M⁺ − 1] (100.00), 296 {[M⁺] − (NH₂)} (49.67), 285 {[M⁺ − 1] − [CN]⁺} (30.17), 219 {[M⁺ + 1] − [C₄H₂N₂O]⁺} (73.86), 164 {[M⁺ + 3] − [C₆H₅N₃O₂]⁺} (66.06).

1-(3-Cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-4,6-dimethyl-1,2-dihydro-2-pyridone-3-carbonitrile (10c). Brown crystals, m.p. 130–135 °C, yield: 2.25 g (73%); Anal. For C₁₇H₁₅N₃OS (309.39), (% Calcd./Found): 66.00/66.20 (C), 4.89/5.19 (H), 13.58/13.48 (N), 10.36/ 10.51 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,074 (CH aromatic), 2,933, 2,851 (CH₂, CH₃), 2,215, 2,230 (2CN), 1,667 (C=O), 1,572, 1,439 (C=C); ¹H- NMR (δ, ppm): 1.77-2.60 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 2.11, 2.36 (2s, 6H, 2CH₃), 6.51 (s, 1H, pyridine C5-H); MS m/z (%): 311 [M⁺ + 2] (7.58), 310 [M⁺ + 1] (20.59), 309 [M⁺] (100.00), 281 {[M⁺ − 2] − [CN]⁺} (74.34), 162 [C₉H₈NS]⁺ (28.01), 147 [C₈H₇N₂O]⁺ (5.08), 131 {[M⁺] − [C₉H₁₀N₂S]} (38.92).

1-(3-Cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-1,2-dihydro-2-pyridone-3-carbonitrile (10d). Pale brown crystals, m.p. 251–255 °C, yield: 2.02 g (65%); Anal. For C₁₆H₁₃N₃O₂S (311.35), (% Calcd./Found): 61.72/61.52 (C), 4.21/4.30 (H), 13.50/13.87 (N), 10.30/10.64 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,445-3,225 (OH), 2,931-2,850 (CH₂, CH₃), 2,220, 2,209 (CN), 1,668 (C=O), 1,574, 1,440 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.82-2.94 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 2.55 (s, 3H, CH₃), 6.88 (s, 1H, pyridine C5-H), 12.10 (s, 1H, OH); MS m/z (%): 313 [M⁺ + 2] (1.08), 312 [M⁺ + 1] (0.75), 311 [M⁺] (0.80), 219 {[M⁺ + 1] − [C₅H₃NO]⁺} (100.00), 163 [C₉H₉NS]⁺ (13.47), 150 [C₇H₆N₂O₂]⁺ (48.18).

3.2.8. Synthesis of (3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)- functionalized thiophene- derivatives 11a,b and the thiazole derivative 12.

To a solution of compound 2 (2.45 g, 0.01 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) containing triethylamine (1.00 mL), either malononitrile (0.66 g, 0.01 mol), ethyl cyanoacetate (1.13 g, 0.01 mol) or phenyl isothiocyanate (1.35 g, 0.01 mol) was added followed by the addition of an equimolar amount of elemental sulfur (0.32 g, 0.01 mol). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 5 h, then cooled and neutralized by pouring onto ice/water mixture containing few drops of hydrochloric acid. The solid product formed in each case was collected by filtration and crystallized from dimethylformamide.

3,5-Diamino-4-cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (11a). Brown crystals, m.p. > 300 °C, yield: 2.06 g (60%); Anal. For C₁₅H₁₃N₅OS₂ (343.43), (% Calcd./Found): 52.46/52.80 (C), 3.82/3.73 (H), 20.39/20.16 (N), 18.67/18.41 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3431–3216 (NH, 2NH₂), 2,933-2,841 (CH₂), 2,202, 2,195 (2CN), 1,632 (C=O), 1,572, 1,407 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.67–2.49 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 3.34, 3.38 (2s, 4H, 2NH₂), 6.90 (s, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 346 [M⁺ + 3] (0.88), 178 [C₉H₁₀N₂S] (39.83), 163 (1.58), 150 [C₈H₈NS]⁺ (100.00), 60 (10.38).

Ethyl 5-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-carbamoyl)-2,4-diaminothiophene-3-carboxylate (11b). Brown crystals, m.p. 163-166 °C, yield: 2.54 g (65%); Anal. For C₁₇H₁₈N₄O₃S₂ (390.47), (% Calcd./Found): 52.29/52.00 (C), 4.65/4.46 (H), 14.35 / 14.00 (N), 16.42/16.81 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,324–3,221 (NH, 2NH₂), 2,929, 2,848 (CH₂, CH₃), 2,205 (CN), 1,696, 1,625 (2C=O), 1,571, 1,438 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.12 (t, J = 7.00 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.72-2.50 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 3.31, 3.35 (2s, 2H each, 2NH₂), 3,49 (q, J = 7.00 Hz, 2H, CH₂), 6.90 (s, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 392 [M⁺ + 2] (36.61), 391 [M⁺ + 1] (8.09), 362 {[M⁺] − [CH₂N]⁺} (100.00), 178 [C₉H₁₀N₂S] (14.57), 150 [C₈H₈NS]⁺ (28.83), 127 (77.20).

4-Amino-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-phenyl-2-thioxothiazol-5-yl-carboxamide (12). Dark brown crystals, m.p. 103-105 °C, yield: 3.01 g (73%); Anal. For C₁₉H₁₆N₄OS₃ (412.55), (% Calcd./Found): 55.32/55.51 (C), 3.91/3.85 (H), 13.58/13.34 (N), 23.32/23.15 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,319 (NH, NH₂), 2,927–2,847 (CH₂), 2,201 (CN), 1,632 (C=O), 1,539, 1,437 (C=C), 1,327, 1,282 (C=S); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.72-2.85 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 3.41 (s, 2H, NH₂), 7.10–7.59 (m, 5H, C₆H₅), 7.92 (s, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 412 [M⁺] (0.23), 178 [C₉H₁₀N₂S] (62.74), 150 [C₈H₈NS]⁺ (74.81), 126 (84.47), 93 [Ph-NH₂] (100.00), 77 [C₆H₅]⁺ (29.64).

3.2.9. 2-(4-Amino-2,3-dihydro-6-oxo-3-phenyl-2-thioxopyrimidin-1(6H)-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile (13).

Equimolar amounts of 2 (2.45 g, 0.01 mol) and phenyl isothiocyanate (1.35 g, 0.01 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) containing triethylamine (1.0 mL) were heated under reflux for 5h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was acidified by hydrochloric acid and the crude product was precipitated, collected by filtration and crystallized from dimethylformamide. Pale yellow crystals, m.p. > 300 °C, yield: 3.04 g (80%); Anal. For C₁₉H₁₆N₄OS₂ (380.49), (% Calcd./Found): 59.98/59.60 (C), 4.24/4.27 (H), 14.73/ 14.33 (N), 16.85/17.20 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,442–3,242 (NH₂), 3,056 (CH aromatic), 2,931, 2,837 (CH₂), 2,206 (CN), 1,607 (C=O), 1,561, 1,498 (C=C); 1,373, 1,280 (C=S); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.88–2.70 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 3.83 (s, 2H, NH₂), 6.92 (s, 1H, pyrimidine C3-H), 7.12-7.62 (m, 5H, C₆H₅); MS m/z (%): 382 [M⁺ + 2] (8.20), 313 {[M⁺ + 2] − [C₃H₃NO]⁺} (100.00), 255 {[M⁺ + 1] − [C₄H₂N₂OS]⁺} (37.00), 226 (11.00), 147 (11.60), 126 (19.20).

3.2.10. Synthesis of the 3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-functionalized thiophene derivatives 14a,b and the thiazole 15 derivative.

Equimolar amounts of 2 (2.45 g, 0.01 mol) and phenyl isothiocyanate (1.35 g, 0.01 mol) in dimethylformamide (20 mL) and potassium hydroxide were stirred overnight, then added ethyl chloroacetate (1.22 g, 0.01 mol), phenacyl bromide (1.99 g, 0.01 mol), or chloroacetone (0.92 g, 0.01 mol) while stirring overnight. The solid products formed upon pouring onto ice/water mixture containing few drops of hydrochloric acid were collected by filtration and crystallized from 1,4-dioxane.

Ethyl 3-amino-4-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl-carbamoyl)-5-(phenylamino)-thio-phene-2-carboxylate (14a). Dark green crystals, m.p. 102–105 °C, yield: 4.57 g (98%); Anal. For C₂₃H₂₂N₄O₃S₂ (466.57), (% Calcd./Found): 59.21/58.90 (C), 4.75/4.68 (H), 12.01/11.97 (N), 13.74/ 14.00 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,368–3,186 (2NH, NH₂), 3,061 (CH aromatic), 2,931–2,857 (CH₂, CH₃), 2,208 (CN), 1,735, 1,655 (2C=O), 1,570, 1,497 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.21 (t, J = 8.00 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.76–2.91 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 4.07 (q, J = 8.00 Hz, 2H, CH₂), 4.37 (s, 2H, NH₂), 6.94 (s, 1H, NH), 7.14-7.96 (m, 5H, C₆H₅), 9.99 (s, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 466 [M⁺] (0.51), 353 (72.06), 243 (70.07), 215 (82.33), 178 [C₉H₁₀N₂S] (31.66), 150 [M⁺] − [C₁₅H₁₄N₃O₃S]⁺ (40.22), 77 [C₆H₅]⁺ (100.00).

3-Amino-2-benzoyl-4-[(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo-[b]thiophene-2-carbonyl)-amino]-5-phenyl-aminothiophene (14b). Dark orange crystals, m.p. 94–96 °C, yield: 4.89 g (98%); Anal. For C₂₇H₂₂N₄O₂S₂ (498.62), (% Calcd./Found): 65.04/64.92 (C), 4.45/4.17 (H), 11.24/10.95 (N),12.86/ 12.97 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,318 (2NH, NH₂); 3,058(CH aromatic); 2,927-2,847 (CH₂); 2,203 (CN); 1,720, 1,636 (2C=O); 1,549, 1,485 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.81–2.55 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 4.80 (s, 2H, NH₂), 7.38-8.03 (m, 10H, 2C₆H₅), 8.91, 9.83 (2s, 2H, 2NH); MS m/z (%): 498 [M⁺] (3.9), 255 (13.20), 178 [C₉H₁₀N₂S] (8.70), 150 [M⁺] − [C₁₉H₁₄N₃O₂S]⁺ (5.80), 134 (13.50), 77 [C₆H₅]⁺ (100.00).

2-Cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-2-(4-methyl-3-phenyl-3H-thiazol-2-yl-idene)-acetamide (15). Dark reddish brown crystals, m.p. 222–226 °C, yield: 4.14 g (99%); Anal. For C₂₂H₁₈N₄OS₂ (418.54), (% Calcd./Found): 63.13/62.81 (C), 4.33/4.36 (H), 13.39/13.54 (N), 15.32/ 15.13 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,370 (NH), 3,058 (CH aromatic), 2,926-2,845 (CH₃), 2,203, 2,173 (CN), 1,640 (C=O), 1,542, 1,467 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.38 (s, 3H, CH₃); 1.79-2.50 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 6.67 (s, 1H, thiazole C5-H), 7.09-8.00 (m, 5H, C₆H₅), 9.82 (s, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 419 [M⁺ + 1] (2.90), 418 [M⁺] (4.90), 417 [M⁺ − 1] (4.40), 323 (35.40), 241 [M⁺ + 1] − [C₉H₁₀N₂S] (100.00),178 [C₉H₁₀N₂S] (22.80), 150 [M⁺] − [C₁₄H₁₀N₃OS]⁺ (21.40), 77 [C₆H₅]⁺ (93.70).

3.2.11. 2-Cyano-2-(2-phenylhydrazono)-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-acetamide (16)

To a cold solution (0–5 °C) of 2 (2.45 g, 0.01 mol), in ethanol (20 mL) containing sodium hydroxide (1.00 g) an equimolar amount of diazotized aniline was gradually added while stirring. The solid product formed upon cooling in an ice-bath was collected by filtration, washed with water and crystallized from 1,4-dioxane. Reddish brown crystals, m.p. 128–132 °C, yield: 2.27 g (65%); Anal. For C₁₈H₁₅N₅OS (349.41), (% Calcd./Found): 61.87/62.20 (C), 4.33/4.44 (H), 20.04/19.70 (N), 9.18/ 9.39 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,364–3,228 (2NH), 3,135–3,066 (CH aromatic), 2,929, 2,850 (CH₂), 2,258, 2,209 (2CN), 1,682 (C=O), 1,601, 1,493 (C=C), 1,545 (=N-NH); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.75-2.50 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 6.95-7.86 (m, 5H, C₆H₅), 9.14, 10.88 (2s, 1H each, 2NH); MS m/z (%): 350 [M⁺ + 1] (4.83), 349 [M⁺] (17.97), 178 {[M⁺ + 1] − [C₉H₆N₃O]⁺} (100.00), 167 {[M⁺ + 5] − [C₉H₇N₄O]⁺} (34.12), 149 {[M⁺ − 1] − [C₁₀H₇N₄O]⁺} (80.25), 105 (23.09), 77 [C₆H₅]⁺ (60.98).

3.2.12. Synthesis of 3-phenylazo-2-pyridone derivatives 17a,b

To a solution of 16 (3.49 g, 0.01 mol) in ethanol (25 mL) and dimethylformamide (5 mL) containing triethylamine (1.00 mL), either of malononitrile (0.66 g, 0.01 mol) or ethyl cyanoacetate (1.13 g, 0.01 mol) was added. The reaction mixture, in each case, was heated under reflux for 5 h, then cooled and neutralized by pouring onto ice/water mixture containing few drops of hydrochloric acid. The solid products formed, in each case, was filtered off and crystallized from ethanol/ dimethylformamide mixture.

5-(2-phenyldiazenyl)-2,4-diamino-1-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-1,6-dihydro-6-oxopyridine-3-carbonitrile (17a). Dark orange crystals, m.p. 200–205 °C, yield: 3.49 g (84%); Anal. For C₂₁H₁₇N₇OS (415.47), (% Calcd./Found): 60.71/61.10 (C), 4.12/4.50 (H), 23.60/23.30 (N), 7.72/ 7.92 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,356-3,223 (2NH₂), 3,135–3,063 (CH aromatic), 2,931-2,853 (CH₂), 2,253, 2,208 (2CN), 1,681 (C=O), 1,600, 1,490 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.66–2.60 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4CH₂), 3.13, 3.39 (2s, 4H, 2NH₂), 7.13-7.64 (m, 5H, C₆H₅); MS m/z (%): 415 [M⁺] (20.58), 349 {[M⁺] − [C₃H₂N₂]⁺} (63.71), 178 {[M⁺ + 2] − [C₁₂H₉N₅O]⁺} (100.00), 148 [C₆H₄N₄O]⁺ (40.10), 106 [C₆H₆N₂]⁺ (37.06), 66 [C₃H₂N₂]⁺ (6.08).

2-(4,6-Ethyl 5-(2-phenyldiazenyl)-2,4-diamino-1-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)-1,6-dihydro-6-oxopyridine-3-carboxylate (17b). Dark orange crystals, m.p. 166–170 °C, yield: 2.77 g (60%); Anal. For C₂₃H₂₂N₆O₃S (462.52), (% Calcd./Found): 59.73/60.00 (C), 4.79/5.03 (H),18.17/ 17.95 (N), 6.93/7.30 (S); IR (υ, cm⁻¹): 3,355–3,222 (2NH₂), 3,060 (CH aromatic), 2,931–2,850 (CH₂, CH₃), 2,206 (CN), 1,739, 1,677 (2C=O), 1,598, 1,455 (C=C); ¹H-NMR (δ, ppm): 1.20 (t, J = 7.65 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 1.72-2.54 (m, 8H, cyclohexene 4 CH₂), 3.07, 3.08 (2s, 2H each, 2NH₂), 4.13 (q, J = 7.65 Hz, 2H, CH₂), 7.14-7.81 (m, 5H, C₆H₅); MS m/z (%): 462 [M⁺] (38.76), 349 {[M⁺] − [C₅H₇NO₂]⁺} (44.53), 181 (51.72), 167 (66.72), 133 [C₆H₃N₃O]⁺ (100.00), 113 (35.91).

3.3. Biology

Materials and methods: Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and L-glutamine, were obtained from Gibco Invitrogen Company (Scotland, UK). RPMI-1640 medium was provided from Cambrex (New Jersey, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), doxorubicin, penicillin, streptomycin and sulforhodamine B (SRB) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company. (Saint Louis, MO, USA).

Samples: Stock solutions of compounds 2-17b were prepared in DMSO and kept at −20 ^oC. Appropriate dilutions of the compounds were freshly prepared just prior the assays. Final concentrations of DMSO did not interfere with the cell growth.

Cell cultures: Three human tumor cell lines, MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), NCI-H460 (non-small cell lung cancer), and SF-268 (CNS cancer) were used. MCF-7 was obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC, Salisbury, UK) and NCI-H460 and SF-268 were kindly provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Cairo, Egypt). They grow as monolayer and routinely maintained in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 5% heat inactivated FBS, 2 mM glutamine and antibiotics (penicillin 100 U/mL, streptomycin 100 µg/mL), at 37 ^oC in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. Exponentially growing cells were obtained by plating 1.5 × 10⁵ cells/mL for MCF-7 and SF-268 and 0.75 × 10⁴ cells/mL for NCI-H460, followed by 24 h of incubation. The effect of the vehicle solvent (DMSO) on the growth of these cell lines was evaluated in all the experiments by exposing untreated control cells to the maximum concentration (0.5%) of DMSO used in each assay.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have developed a convenient synthetic approach to 22 novel highly substituted and polyfunctionalized heterocyclic systems based on 2-cyano-N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]-thiophen-2-yl)-acetamide. The regioselective attack by different reagents on the cyanoacetamido moiety in the key precursor 2 led to the diversity of the produced systems. All compounds were assessed for their antiproliferative activities on three human cancer cell lines. Most of the systems were found to be promising antiproliferative agents. As a continuation of this work which provides guidance for the development of other new systems based on functionalized 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]-thiophene core, we intended to study other related systems and the results of further pharmacological investigations will be reported in due course.