Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Essential Oil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Yields Rates of the Essential Oil
2.2. Linearity and Recovery of Standards
2.3. Sample Analysis
2.4. Antioxidant Activity
2.5. Antimicrobial Activity
3. Experimental
3.1. Materials and Chemicals
3.2. Extraction of Essential Oil
3.3. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrograph (GC/MS)
3.4. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
3.5. Scavenging of DPPH Radical
3.6. Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
3.7. ABTS·+ Assay
3.8. Microbial Strains
3.9. Disc Diffusion Assay
3.10. Determinations of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
3.11. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
No. | Compounds | KIɑ | Concentration (g/L) | ID | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DB-5MS | DB-WAX | Chachi 2008 | Chachi 2004 | Chachi 2001 | Chachi 1998 | Chachi 1994 | |||
Yields rates of the essential oil (%) | 0.96 ± 0.00 | 5.41 ± 0.09 | 4.29 ± 0.20 | 4.19 ± 0.05 | 2.13 ± 0.20 | ||||
1. | Acetone [23,24]c | – | 811 | 0.013 ± 0.021 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.012 ± 0.002 | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.008 ± 0.000 | d,e,f |
2. | 3-Buten-2-ol, 2-methyl- [24]c | 611 | 1039 | 0.281 ± 0.021 | 0.031 ± 0.005 | 0.350 ± 0.083 | 0.215 ± 0.004 | 0.195 ± 0.006 | d,e,f |
3. | Butanal, 3-methyl- [23,24,25]c | 652 | – | 0.032 ± 0.008 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.021 ± 0.022 | 0.007 ± 0.000 | 0.015 ± 0.002 | d,e,f |
4. | Butanal, 2-methyl- [24]c | 662 | – | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.042 ± 0.006 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.004 ± 0.000 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | d,e,f |
5. | 2-Buten-1-ol, 3-methyl- [24,26]c | 771 | – | 0.051 ± 0.014 | 0.084 ± 0.008 | 0.041 ± 0.009 | 0.018 ± 0.002 | 0.017 ± 0.001 | d,e,f |
6. | Furfural [24,25,26]b | 828 | – | 0.711 ± 0.138 | 0.184 ± 0.023 | 0.117 ± 0.012 | 0.093 ± 0.002 | 0.085 ± 0.008 | d,e,f |
7. | 2-Hexenal [25,27]c | 849 | – | 0.014 ± 0.001 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.010 ± 0.000 | 0.010± 0.001 | 0.012 ± 0.005 | d,e,f |
8. | Nonanec | 900 | – | 0.014 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | d,e |
9. | Thujene [28]c | 924 | 1023 | 1.669 ± 0.226 | 6.172 ± 0.828 | 6.310 ± 0.741 | 6.037 ± 0.590 | 5.870 ± 0.302 | d,e,f |
10. | α-Pinene [23,24,25]b | 932 | 1019 | 2.825 ± 0.706 | 13.132 ± 1.702 | 15.053 ± 0.041 | 16.413 ± 1.176 | 17.945 ± 0.977 | d,e,f |
11. | Camphene [28]c | 948 | – | 0.093 ± 0.011 | 0.188 ± 0.015 | 0.333 ± 0.009 | 0.338 ± 0.035 | 0.334 ± 0.055 | d,e,f |
12. | Furfural, 5-methyl- [29]c | 956 | – | 0.031 ± 0.006 | ND | 0.0129 ± 0.002 | 0.021 ± 0.001 | 0.016 ± 0.004 | d,e,f |
13. | β-Phellandrene [28]c | 971 | 1205 | 0.901 ± 0.138 | 1.322 ± 0.184 | 1.329 ± 0.232 | 0.678 ± 0.152 | 0.561 ± 0.033 | d,e,f |
14. | β-Pinene [25,28,29]c | 977 | 1104 | 4.278 ± 0.367 | 11.317 ± 1.351 | 12.629 ± 0.078 | 12.953 ± 1.447 | 13.814 ± 0.902 | d,e,f |
15. | β-Myrcene [24,25,26,29]b | 989 | 1157 | 61.112 ± 21.892 | 41.534 ± 10.124 | 42.647 ± 6.934 | 32.631 ± 3.893 | 20.443 ± 4.400 | d,e,f |
16. | α-Phellandrene [25,29]c | 1007 | – | 1.066 ± 0.068 | 1.069 ± 0.148 | 1.118 ± 0.0625 | 1.061 ± 0.021 | 1.044 ± 0.040 | d,e,f |
17. | 2-Carene [29]c | 1017 | – | 0.938 ± 0.071 | 2.618 ± 0.289 | 1.983± 0.915 | 2.192 ± 0.123 | 2.013 ± 0.192 | d,e,f |
18. | Benzene, 1-methyl- 2-(1- methylethyl)- [28]c | 1024 | 1266 | 1.343 ± 0.125 | 4.430 ± 0.719 | 9.730 ± 6.350 | 8.606 ± 1.459 | 10.246 ± 1.640 | d,e,f |
19. | D-Limonene [30]b | 1033 | 1199 | 454.708 ± 32.664 | 393.136 ± 35.731 | 385.490 ± 63.149 | 386.604 ± 17.763 | 378.721 ± 44.626 | d,e,f |
20. | Ocimene [31]c | 1049 | 1248 | 1.753 ± 0.315 | 1.535 ± 0.146 | 1.247 ± 0.372 | 1.380 ± 0.094 | 0.908 ± 0.020 | d,e,f |
21. | γ-Terpinene [24,28,29]c | 1063 | 1242 | 35.164 ± 2.482 | 63.063 ± 5.316 | 64.038 ± 7.303 | 57.366 ± 6.664 | 50.083± 11.938 | d,e,f |
22. | Terpinolene [24,28]b | 1086 | 1281 | 1.687 ± 0.271 | 11.933 ± 1.580 | 9.325 ± 1.977 | 9.159 ± 0.308 | 8.397 ± 1.386 | d,e,f |
23. | Benzene, 1-methyl- 4-(1- methylethenyl)- | 1091 | – | 0.131 ± 0.026 | 0.606 ± 0.046 | 0.761 ± 0.210 | 0.672 ± 0.077 | 0.507 ± 0.107 | d,e,f |
[26,28,30]c | |||||||||
24. | Linalool [28,29]c | 1100 | 1546 | 0.751 ± 0.073 | 1.712 ± 0.168 | 1.435 ± 0.108 | 0.662 ± 0.071 | ND | d,e,f |
25. | Nonanal [23,26,29]c | 1105 | – | 0.103 ± 0.016 | 0.582 ± 0.029 | 0.532 ± 0.030 | 0.457 ± 0.006 | 0.447 ± 0.018 | d,e,f |
26. | β-Terpinol [32]c | 1148 | – | 0.192 ± 0.022 | 0.469 ± 0.035 | 0.541 ± 0.153 | 0.531 ± 0.052 | 0.531 ± 0.006 | d,e,f |
27. | Citronellal [32]c | 1151 | – | 0.116 ± 0.015 | 0.300 ± 0.043 | 0.288 ± 0.010 | 0.185 ± 0.032 | ND | d,e,f |
28. | L-4-Terpineol [33]c | 1180 | – | 1.200 ± 0.221 | 1.614 ± 0.092 | 1.741 ± 0.031 | 1.984 ± 0.397 | 2.135 ± 0.001 | d,e,f |
29. | p-Menth-1-en-8-ol [26,29,32]c | 1195 | – | 1.486 ± 0.078 | 1.982 ± 0.113 | 2.300 ± 0.078 | 2.698 ± 0.537 | 2.846 ± 0.079 | d,e,f |
30. | Decanal [27,29,32]b | 1206 | 1492 | 1.391 ± 0.205 | 1.324 ± 0.136 | 1.181 ± 0.141 | 0.670 ± 0.093 | 0.603 ± 0.187 | d,e,f |
31. | Acetic acid, octyl ester [29]c | 1210 | – | 0.125 ± 0.020 | 0.101 ± 0.010 | ND | ND | ND | d,e,f |
32. | cis-Carveol [29,32]c | 1218 | – | 0.628 ± 0.132 | 0.391 ± 0.048 | 0.235 ± 0.005 | 0.679 ± 0.019 | 0.698 ± 0.063 | d,e,f |
33. | trans-Carveol [29,32]c | 1232 | – | 0.065 ± 0.003 | 0.149 ± 0.006 | 0.259 ± 0072 | 0.318 ± 0.012 | 0.339 ± 0.044 | d,e,f |
34. | Carvone [32]c | 1244 | – | 0.101 ± 0.025 | 0.273 ± 0.009 | 0.214 ± 0.020 | 0.311 ± 0.006 | 0.337 ± 0.067 | d,e,f |
35. | Geraniol [26,29,32]c | 1250 | – | 0.131 ± 0.012 | ND | ND | ND | ND | d,e,f |
36. | Perillaldehyde [32]c | 1276 | 1766 | 0.071 ± 0.011 | 0.426 ± 0.020 | 0.374 ± 0.072 | 0.074 ± 0.014 | 0.097 ± 0.026 | d,e,f |
37. | Carvacrol [29]c | 1292 | – | 0.246 ± 0.034 | 0.677 ± 0.058 | ND | ND | ND | d,e,f |
38. | Vinylguaiacol [34]c | 1310 | – | 0.951 ± 0.069 | 0.254 ± 0.025 | 0.330 ± 0.073 | 0.308 ± 0.042 | 0.306 ± 0.018 | d,e,f |
39. | δ-Elemene [35]c | 1336 | – | 1.424 ± 0.135 | ND | ND | ND | ND | d,e,f |
40. | α-Cubebene [36]c | 1347 | – | 0.115 ± 0.020 | 0.196 ± 0.014 | 0.030 ± 0.001 | 0.030 ± 0.005 | 0.035 ± 0.004 | d,e,f |
41. | Nerol acetate [29,32]c | 1359 | – | 1.307 ± 0.177 | 0.050 ± 0.006 | 0.0630 ± 0.011 | 0.098 ± 0.016 | 0.110 ± 0.009 | d,e,f |
42. | β-Elemene [29,35]c | 1388 | – | 2.880 ± 0.172 | 0.044 ± 0.002 | ND | 0. 087 ± 0.018 | 0.109 ± 0.020 | d,e,f |
43. | β-Caryophyllene [28,29,32]b | 1416 | – | 0.725 ± 0.071 | 0.710 ± 0.094 | 0.672 ± 0.207 | 0.933 ± 0.190 | 1.092 ± 0.036 | d,e,f |
44. | α-Caryophyllene [28,29]c | 1452 | – | 0.981 ± 0.089 | 0.087 ± 0.008 | 0.091 ± 0.007 | 0.112 ± 0.026 | 0.136 ± 0.018 | d,e,f |
45. | Germacrene-D [28,29,36]c | 1478 | – | 3.265 ± 0.203 | 0.096 ± 0.000 | 0.085 ± 0.015 | 0.062 ± 0.025 | 0.055 ± 0.015 | d,e,f |
46. | Valencene [28,29,32]c | 1489 | – | 0.735 ± 0.049 | 0.031 ± 0.005 | 0.032 ± 0.003 | 0.040 ± 0.003 | 0.039 ± 0.001 | d,e,f |
47. | Bicyclogermacrene [28]c | 1492 | – | 0.798 ± 0.063 | 0.281 ± 0.037 | 0.270 ± 0.067 | 0.269 ± 0.046 | 0.310 ± 0.035 | d,e,f |
48. | α-Muurolene [24]c | 1495 | – | 0.258 ± 0.032 | 0.023 ± 0.002 | 0.032 ± 0.008 | 0.033 ± 0.003 | 0.048 ± 0.020 | d,e,f |
49. | α-Bulnesene [29]c | 1498 | – | 0.334 ± 0.035 | ND | ND | ND | ND | d,e,f |
50. | α-Farnesene [37]c | 1503 | 1741 | 6.116 ± 0.381 | 2.021 ± 0.199 | 2.013 ± 0.317 | 1.439 ± 0.167 | 1.287 ± 0.256 | d,e,f |
51. | δ-Cadinene [29,36,37]c | 1515 | – | 1.841 ± 0.241 | 0.227 ± 0.008 | 0.246 ± 0.023 | 0.322 ± 0.057 | 0.422 ± 0.114 | d,e,f |
52. | Cadinadiene-1,4 [38]c | 1529 | – | 0.038 ± 0.003 | ND | ND | ND | ND | d,e,f |
53. | Elemol [37]c | 1545 | – | 0.139 ± 0.017 | 0.020 ± 0.001 | 0.019 ± 0.001 | 0.053 ± 0.012 | 0.066 ± 0.011 | d,e,f |
Compounds | Retention time | Concentration range (g/L) | Regression equation | R2 | Recovery range (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Furfural | 5.409 | 0.023-2.320 | Y = 1E + 07X + 672948 | 0.9983 | 89.3 |
α-Pinene | 7.827 | 1.718-17.182 | Y = 2E + 07X + 2E + 08 | 0.9588 | 104.2 |
β-Myrcene | 9.443 | 15.820-791.000 | Y = 3E + 06X + 4E + 08 | 0.9947 | 88.5 |
D-Limonene | 11.050 | 84.020-840.200 | Y = 9E + 06X + 2E + 09 | 0.9975 | 90.3 |
Terpinolene | 12.775 | 0.861-86.100 | Y = 1E + 07X + 8E + 07 | 0.9769 | 84.9 |
Decanal | 17.640 | 0.415-8.300 | Y = 2E + 07X − 701044 | 0.9976 | 113.7 |
β-Caryophyllene | 26.557 | 0.450-8.995 | Y = 2E + 07X + 7E + 06 | 0.9977 | 106.4 |
Antioxidant activities | Chachi 2008 | Chachi 2004 | Chachi 2001 | Chachi 1998 | Chachi 1994 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH IC50 (mg/mL) | 6.30 ± 0.50a | 13.33 ± 0.56c | 8.45 ± 0.51b | 9.24 ± 0.59b | 13.40 ± 0.46c |
FRAP (μmol TE/g PCR) | 11.36 ± 1.50a | 15.79 ± 1.62b | 17.50 ± 1.48b | 21.61 ± 3.80c | 26.89 ± 1.11d |
ABTS (μmol TE/g PCR) | 21.23 ± 1.09b | 21.59 ± 1.08b | 26.48 ± 1.36d | 24.22 ± 0.74c | 16.71 ± 1.40a |
Tested organism | Essential oils | Amoxicillin | Flumequine | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chachi 2008 | Chachi 2004 | Chachi 2001 | Chachi 1998 | Chachi 1994 | |||
Diameter of inhibition zone (mm)A | |||||||
S. lignieres | 7.8 ± 0.4a | 8.4 ± 0.8a | 9.3 ± 0.8a | 8.7 ± 0.7a | 8.2 ± 0.8a | 18.0 ± 1.5b | |
E. coli | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 11.4 ± 0.3b | |
S. aureus | 8.9 ± 1.3a | 11.3 ± 1.4a | 16.9 ± 2.7b | 9.4 ± 1.0a | 10.4 ± 0.7a | 44.8 ± 3.0c | |
B. subtilis | 9.8 ± 1.6a | 13.7 ± 2.8ab | 22.7 ± 2.4c | 12.2 ± 1.8a | 17.1 ± 3.9b | 56.2 ± 1.9d | |
P. aeruginosa | 7.8 ± 0.4a | 7.4 ± 0.2a | 7.7 ± 0.3a | 8.6 ± 1.0ab | 7.4 ± 0.2a | 9.3 ± 0.6b | |
B. cereus | 9.3 ± 1.2a | 8.4 ± 0.5a | 8.7 ± 1.2a | 8.1 ± 0.6a | 9.0 ± 0.9a | 15.3 ± 1.2b | |
E. cloacae | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | |
S. faecalis | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 33.1 ± 1.7b | |
A. flavus | 13.6 ± 0.8a | 13.9 ± 1.3a | 14.1 ± 0.9a | 14.6 ± 1.2a | 11.4 ± 2.6a | 18.1 ± 2.9b | |
A. niger | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | 6.0 ± 0.0a | |
D. hansenii | 10.5 ± 0.5a | 10.8 ± 0.9a | 10.9 ± 1.2a | 10.7 ± 0.8a | 10.4 ± 0.6a | 10.6 ± 0.4a | |
Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/mL) | |||||||
S. lignieres | 0.12 ± 0.02b | 0.12 ±0.02b | 0.12 ± 0.02b | 0.12 ± 0.02b | 0.1 ± 0.01b | 0.03 ± 0.0a | |
E. coli | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | |
S. aureus | 0.12 ± 0.02b | 0.12 ± 0.02b | 0.12 ± 0.02b | 0.12 ± 0.02b | 0.12 ± 0.02b | 0.0±0.0a | |
B. subtilis | 0.03 ± 0.00b | 0.03 ± 0.0b | 0.03 ± 0.0b | 0.03 ± 0.0b | 0.03 ± 0.0b | 0.0 ± 0.0a | |
P. aeruginosa | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | |
B. cereus | 0.06 ± 0.00a | 0.06 ± 0.00a | 0.06 ± 0.0a | 0.06 ±0.0a | 0.06 ± 0.0a | 0.05 ± 0.0a | |
E. cloacae | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | |
S. faecalis | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | 0.02 ±0.0 | |
A. flavus | 0.06 ± 0.00b | 0.06 ±0.0b | 0.06 ± 0.0b | 0.06 ± 0.0b | 0.06 ± 0.0b | 0.0 ± 0.0a | |
A. niger | NT | NT | NT | NT | NT | 0.02 ± 0.0 | |
D. hansenii | 0.03 ± 0.00a | 0.03 ± 0.0a | 0.03 ± 0.0a | 0.03 ± 0.0a | 0.03 ± 0.0a | 0.02 ± 0.0a |
© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Gao, B.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, M.; Xu, Y.; Pan, S. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Essential Oil. Molecules 2011, 16, 4082-4096. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16054082
Gao B, Chen Y, Zhang M, Xu Y, Pan S. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Essential Oil. Molecules. 2011; 16(5):4082-4096. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16054082
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Bei, Yulong Chen, Mingwei Zhang, Yujuan Xu, and Siyi Pan. 2011. "Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Essential Oil" Molecules 16, no. 5: 4082-4096. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16054082