Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Free-Radical-Scavenging Activities of the Essential Oils from Euryops arabicus and Laggera decurrens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
Number | Compounds | RI | % A | % B | Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tricyclene | 923 | 0.2 | - | 1,2 |
2 | α-Pinene | 932 | 1.0 | - | 1,2,3 |
3 | β -Pinene | 975 | 0.4 | - | 1,2,3 |
4 | α-Terpinene | 1011 | 0.8 | - | 1,2 |
5 | Limonene | 1023 | 0.3 | - | 1,2,3 |
6 | γ-Terpinene | 1050 | 0.4 | - | 1,2,3 |
7 | Fenchone | 1070 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1,2,3 |
8 | Linalool | 1084 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 1,2,3 |
9 | α-Fenchol | 1101 | 2.9 | 0.7 | 1,2,3 |
10 | Exo-Fenchol | 1109 | 0.4 | - | 1,2 |
11 | Camphor | 1124 | 5.8 | 2.3 | 1,2,3 |
12 | Borneol | 1152 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1,2,3 |
13 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1164 | 1.0 | - | 1,2,3 |
14 | α-Terpineol | 1175 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1,2,3 |
15 | Myrtenal | 1181 | 0.8 | - | 1,2,3 |
16 | Thymoquinone | 1215 | - | 0.5 | 1,2 |
17 | Geraniol | 1235 | - | 0.6 | 1,2,3 |
18 | Thymol | 1272 | - | 5.7 | 1,2,3 |
19 | Carvacrol | 1282 | - | 2.7 | 1,2,3 |
20 | Dihydroedulan II | 1285 | 0.4 | - | 1,2 |
21 | Thymolacetate | 1329 | - | 3.9 | 1,2 |
22 | 3-Methoxy-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione | 1364 | - | 28.1 | 1,2 |
23 | α-Copaene | 1379 | 0.8 | - | 1,2 |
24 | African-2-ene | 1388 | 1.0 | - | 1,2 |
25 | Modheph-2-ene | 1392 | - | 2.0 | 1,2 |
26 | β–Isocomene | 1417 | - | 0.4 | 1,2 |
27 | (E)-β-Caryophyllene | 1425 | 6.0 | 0.7 | 1,2,3 |
28 | Massoia lactone | 1442 | - | 0.7 | 1,2 |
29 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 1445 | 1.5 | - | 1,2 |
30 | α-Humulene | 1457 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1,2 |
31 | β-Ionene | 1464 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1,2 |
32 | 2- epi-(E)-β-Caryophyllene | 1470 | 6.0 | - | 1,2 |
33 | γ-Muurolene | 1476 | - | 0.2 | 1,2 |
34 | Germacrene D | 1481 | 1.1 | - | 1,2 |
35 | Eremophilene | 1487 | 1.7 | - | 1,2 |
36 | β-Selenine | 1490 | - | 2.3 | 1,2 |
37 | γ-Patchoulene | 1497 | 1.0 | - | 1,2 |
38 | α-Selenine | 1499 | - | 0.8 | 1,2 |
39 | β-Curcumene | 1503 | - | 0.4 | 1,2 |
40 | γ-Cadinene | 1512 | - | 0.3 | 1,2 |
41 | δ-Cadinene | 1518 | 2.7 | - | 1,2 |
42 | 7- epi-α-Selinene | 1520 | - | 0.5 | 1,2 |
43 | α-Calacorene | 1534 | 1.2 | - | 1,2 |
44 | (E)-Nerolidol | 1549 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 1,2 |
45 | n-Dodecanoic acid | 1556 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1,2 |
46 | Spathulenol | 1574 | 5.2 | 1.3 | 1,2 |
47 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1581 | 8.6 | 3.4 | 1,2,3 |
48 | Humulene epoxide I | 1592 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1,2 |
49 | β-Oplopenone | 1598 | 3.9 | - | 1,2 |
50 | Humulene epoxide II | 1604 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1,2 |
51 | γ-Eudesmol | 1618 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1,2 |
52 | T-Cadinol | 1633 | 7.0 | 5.1 | 1,2 |
53 | α-Cadinol | 1647 | 4.1 | - | 1,2 |
54 | Eudesm-11-en-4a-ol | 1656 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 1,2 |
55 | 8α-Hydroxyeudesma-3,11-diene | 1665 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1,2 |
56 | Amorpha-4,9-diene-2-ol | 1676 | 1.5 | - | 1,2 |
57 | n-Heptadecane | 1697 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1,2 |
58 | n-Tetradecanoic acid | 1744 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1,2 |
59 | 6,10,14-Trimethy-lpentadecan-2-one | 1827 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 1,2 |
60 | Neophytadiene | 1834 | 0.8 | - | 1,2 |
61 | 3,6,9-Nonadecatriene | 1868 | 0.8 | - | 1,2 |
62 | Hexadecanoic acid | 1947 | 2.7 | 5.5 | 1,2 |
63 | Cemberene A | 1968 | - | 0.4 | 1,2 |
64 | Manool | 2060 | - | 0.9 | 1,2 |
65 | Phytol | 2100 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 1,2 |
66 | Linoleic acid | 2118 | - | 0.8 | 1,2 |
67 | n-Pentacosane | 2496 | - | 0.6 | 1,2 |
68 | Heptacosane | 2696 | - | 0.8 | 1.2 |
Monoterpene hydrocarbons | 2.9 | 0.0 | |||
Oxygenated monoterpenes | 16.9 | 46.3 | |||
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons | 24.1 | 8.2 | |||
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes | 39.9 | 22.7 | |||
Diterpene hydrocarbons | 0.8 | 0.4 | |||
Oxygenated diterpenes | 0.8 | 1.0 | |||
Aliphatic acids | 5.2 | 8.9 | |||
Other compounds | 2.9 | 4.4 | |||
Total | 93.5 | 91.9 |
Plant species | Radical scavenging activity in % | MIC a | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 (µg/mL) | 50 (µg/mL) | 100 (µg/mL) | 500 (µg/mL) | 1000 (µg/mL) | S. aureus | B. subtilis | E. coli | P. aeuginosa | C. albicans | |
E. arabicus | 8.4 | 10.5 | 11.2 | 24.7 | 34.0 | 0.65 | 0.32 | 5.25 | 5.25 | - |
L. decurens | 12.8 | 29.1 | 65.6 | 91.4 | 93.1 | 0.135 | 0.27 | 4.37 | 4.37 | - |
Amoxicillin | 3.5 | 3.5 | nt | nt | nt | |||||
Gentamicin | nt | nt | 3.5 | 7.0 | nt | |||||
Nystatin | nt | nt | nt | nt | 3.5 | |||||
Ascorbic acid | 48.2 | 89.5 | 95.8 | 96.1 | 96.0 |
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant Material
3.2. Extraction of the Essential Oil
3.3. Gas Chromatography Analysis
3.4. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
3.5. Identification of Components
3.6. Determination of Antimicrobial Activity
3.6.1. Test organisms
3.6.2. Broth micro-dilution assay for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)
3.7. Determination of Antioxidant Activity (Scavenging Activity of DPPH Radical)
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
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Mothana, R.A.; Alsaid, M.S.; Al-Musayeib, N.M. Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Free-Radical-Scavenging Activities of the Essential Oils from Euryops arabicus and Laggera decurrens. Molecules 2011, 16, 5149-5158. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16065149
Mothana RA, Alsaid MS, Al-Musayeib NM. Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Free-Radical-Scavenging Activities of the Essential Oils from Euryops arabicus and Laggera decurrens. Molecules. 2011; 16(6):5149-5158. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16065149
Chicago/Turabian StyleMothana, Ramzi A., Mansour S. Alsaid, and Nawal M. Al-Musayeib. 2011. "Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Free-Radical-Scavenging Activities of the Essential Oils from Euryops arabicus and Laggera decurrens" Molecules 16, no. 6: 5149-5158. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16065149