Protective Effect of Total Flavonoids of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) in Simulated High-Altitude Polycythemia in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Total Flavonoids on Routine Blood Parameters
Groups | RBC (×1012/L) | Hemoglobin (g/L) | Hematocrit (L/L) | MCH (pg) | Erythropoietin (mIU) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normoxic control | 7.14 ± 0.62 | 134.49 ± 13.33 | 0.392 ± 0.010 | 18.83 ± 0.94 | 7.05 ± 0.43 |
Hypoxic control | 9.86 ± 0.54 * | 236.70 ± 13.09 * | 0.665 ± 0.013 * | 24.06 ± 1.50 * | 8.54 ± 0.25 * |
Hypoxic + 35 mg/kg TF | 9.68 ± 0.83 | 231.49 ± 10.25 | 0.657 ± 0.014 | 24.02 ± 1.53 | 8.45 ± 0.31 |
Hypoxic + 70 mg/kg TF | 8.28 ± 0.58 †† | 184.52 ± 8.48 †† | 0.518 ± 0.010 †† | 22.36 ± 1.35 †† | 7.51 ± 0.27 †† |
Hypoxic + 140 mg/kg TF | 8.13 ± 0.46 †† | 174.45 ± 9.50 †† | 0.479 ± 0.018 †† | 21.50 ± 1.32 †† | 7.42 ± 0.39 †† |
Hypoxic + Tianji capsule | 8.43 ± 0.55 †† | 191.83 ± 10.49 †† | 0.538 ± 0.010 †† | 22.55 ± 1.59 † | 7.70 ± 0.15 †† |
2.2. Effect of Total Flavonoids on Serum Erythropoietin Content
2.3. Effect of Total Flavonoids on Hematologic Rheology Parameters
Groups | Whole blood viscosity at | Plasma viscosity | RBC aggre-gation index | RBC deforma-tion index | RBC electro-phoretic time | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High shear rate (200/s) | Med. shear rate (30/s) | Low shear rate (3/s) | |||||
Normoxic control | 4.87 ± 0.90 | 6.09 ± 0.60 | 12.38 ± 1.20 | 1.44 ± 0.15 | 8.39 ± 0.85 | 0.70 ± 0.08 | 16.74 ± 0.95 |
Hypoxic control | 15.80 ± 1.03 * | 16.27 ± 1.45 * | 29.06 ± 2.61 * | 2.23 ± 0.30 * | 16.17 ± 1.97 * | 0.48 ± 0.06 * | 28.28 ± 1.98 * |
Hypoxic + 35 mg/kg TF | 15.66 ± 1.26 | 15.59 ± 1.14 | 28.79 ± 1.83 | 2.12 ± 0.31 | 16.09 ± 1.70 | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 28.16 ± 1.84 |
Hypoxic + 70 mg/kg TF | 11.65 ± 0.91 † | 11.92 ± 1.82 † | 19.69 ± 2.17 † | 1.75 ± 0.14 † | 9.82 ± 0.74 † | 0.63 ± 0.09 † | 21.14 ± 1.41 † |
Hypoxic + 140 mg/kg TF | 11.02 ± 1.17 † | 10.77 ± 1.43 † | 18.77 ± 2.50 † | 1.65 ± 0.14 † | 9.70 ± 1.17 † | 0.64 ± 0.09 † | 20.95 ± 1.24 † |
Hypoxic + Tianji capsule | 11.83 ± 1.43 † | 11.07 ± 1.14 † | 20.94 ± 2.13 † | 1.72 ± 0.14 † | 10.35 ± 1.60 † | 0.62 ± 0.06 † | 21.21 ± 1.96 † |
2.4. Effect of Total Flavonoids on Hemodynamic Parameters
Groups | Left ventricle systolic pressure (mmHg) | Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (mmHg) | Left ventricular +dp/dt (max) | Left ventricular −dp/dt (max) | Heart rate | Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | RV/(LV + S)Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normoxic control | 172.387 ± 9.942 | 4.122 ± 0.335 | 18260.974 ± 1653.984 | 10574.945 ± 1086.160 | 388.0 ± 33.9 | 117.11 ± 8.43 | 0.34 ± 0.03 |
Hypoxic control | 152.864 ± 8.646 * | 2.943 ± 0.319 * | 13502.003 ± 1361.975 * | 6980.370 ± 998.746* | 441.0 ± 18.5* | 97.15 ± 3.79* | 0.48 ± 0.02* |
Hypoxic + 35 mg/kg TF | 154.924 ± 10.793 | 2.947 ± 0.386 | 13638.763 ± 909.229 | 7108.272 ± 867.963 | 438.0 ± 19.3 | 99.26 ± 4.90 | 0.45 ± 0.03 |
Hypoxic + 70 mg/kg TF | 164.574 ± 9.250 † | 3.541 ± 0.535 †† | 14663.368 ± 1112.082 † | 7813.614 ± 793.876 † | 391.0 ± 26.9 †† | 105.77 ± 4.56 †† | 0.41 ± 0.03 †† |
Hypoxic + 140 mg/kg TF | 166.387 ± 12.709 †† | 3.614 ± 0.477 †† | 15090.811 ± 887.559 †† | 7906.700 ± 741.118 † | 387.0 ± 13.4 †† | 108.56 ± 4.89 †† | 0.40 ± 0.03 †† |
Hypoxic + Tianji capsule | 162.420 ± 8.740 † | 3.643 ± 0.542 †† | 14796.312 ± 1261.311 † | 7927.825 ± 781.023 † | 396.0 ± 20.1 †† | 103.10 ± 6.14 † | 0.41 ± 0.02 †† |
2.5. Effect of Total Flavonoids on Arterial Blood Gases
Groups | pH | pO2 (mmHg) | SpO2 (%) | pCO2 (mmHg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normoxic control | 7.36 ± 0.03 | 121.8 ± 7.5 | 98.5 ± 0.5 | 35.6 ± 3.8 |
Hypoxic control | 7.27 ± 0.03 * | 71.0 ± 4.0 * | 92.8 ± 2.3 * | 21.2 ± 2.0 * |
Hypoxic + 35 mg/kg TF | 7.28 ± 0.01 | 74.1 ± 3.6 | 92.1 ± 2.1 | 21.3 ± 1.8 |
Hypoxic + 70 mg/kg TF | 7.32 ± 0.02 †† | 83.3 ± 4.4 †† | 95.3 ± 0.9 †† | 24.1 ± 1.0 †† |
Hypoxic + 140 mg/kg TF | 7.33 ± 0.04 †† | 88.0 ± 3.3 †† | 96.7 ± 1.2 †† | 24.9 ± 1.9 †† |
Hypoxic + Tianji capsule | 7.33 ± 0.04 †† | 82.4 ± 3.4 †† | 94.2 ± 1.3 † | 23.5 ± 1.6 † |
2.6. Effect of Total Flavonoids on Electrolyte Concentration
Groups | Na+ (mmol/L) | K+ (mmol/L) | Cl− (mmol/L) | HCO3− (mmol/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normoxic control | 135.6 ± 3.3 | 4.97 ± 0.41 | 104.2 ± 2.7 | 18.1 ± 1.6 |
Hypoxic control | 117.3 ± 3.0 * | 6.03 ± 0.25 * | 82.9 ± 2.1 * | 11.4 ± 1.3 * |
Hypoxic + 35 mg/kg TF | 118.4 ± 2.9 | 5.87 ± 0.30 | 84.4 ± 2.8 | 11.5 ± 1.1 |
Hypoxic + 70 mg/kg TF | 130.8 ± 1.2 † | 5.23 ± 0.25 † | 102.6 ± 2.1 † | 12.9 ± 1.3 † |
Hypoxic + 140 mg/kg TF | 131.7 ± 1.8 † | 5.26 ± 0.23 † | 103.8 ± 2.2 † | 13.8 ± 1.2 † |
Hypoxic + Tianji capsule | 128.6 ± 2.5 † | 5.14 ± 0.18 † | 101.9 ± 1.4 † | 13.2 ± 0.8 † |
2.7. Effect of Total Flavonoids on Right Ventricle Morphology
3. Discussion
4. Experimental
4.1. Reagents
4.2. Experimental Procedure
4.3. Hemodynamic Measurements
4.4. Hematologic Measurements
4.5. Determination of Heart Weight
4.6. Histology
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
- Samples Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
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Zhou, J.-Y.; Zhou, S.-W.; Du, X.-H.; Zeng, S.-Y. Protective Effect of Total Flavonoids of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) in Simulated High-Altitude Polycythemia in Rats. Molecules 2012, 17, 11585-11597. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171011585
Zhou J-Y, Zhou S-W, Du X-H, Zeng S-Y. Protective Effect of Total Flavonoids of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) in Simulated High-Altitude Polycythemia in Rats. Molecules. 2012; 17(10):11585-11597. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171011585
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Ji-Yin, Shi-Wen Zhou, Xiao-Huang Du, and Sheng-Ya Zeng. 2012. "Protective Effect of Total Flavonoids of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) in Simulated High-Altitude Polycythemia in Rats" Molecules 17, no. 10: 11585-11597. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171011585