Fabrication and Characteristics of ZnO/OAD-InN/PbPc Hybrid Solar Cells Prepared by Oblique-Angle Deposition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
3. Results and Discussion
OAD-InN | Voc (V) | Jsc (mA/cm2) | FF | ç (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0° | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.225 | 0.083 |
40° | 0.56 | 0.94 | 0.217 | 0.114 |
80° | 0.60 | 1.20 | 0.2 | 0.144 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
- Krebs, F.C. Polymer solar cell modules prepared using roll-to-roll methods: Knife-over-edge coating, slot-die coating and screen printing. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93, 465–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krebs, F.C. Roll-to-roll fabrication of monolithic large-area polymer solar cells free from indium-tin-oxide. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93, 1636–1641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krebs, F.C. All solution roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cells free from indium-tin-oxide and vacuum coating steps. Org. Electron. 2009, 10, 761–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoth, C.N.; Choulis, S.A.; Schilinsky, P.; Brabec, C.J. High photovoltaic performance of inkjet printed polymer:Fullerene blends. Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 3973–3978. [Google Scholar]
- Aernouts, T.; Aleksandrov, T.; Girotto, C.; Genoe, J.; Poortmans, J. Polymer based organic solar cells using ink-jet printed active layers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 033306. [Google Scholar]
- McGehee, M.D. Nanostructured organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells. MRS Bull. 2009, 34, 95–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, A.; Collins, R.A. The effect of oxygen on the electrical characteristics of triclinic lead phthalocyanine. Thin Solid Films 1992, 217, 75–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsieh, J.C.; Liu, C.J.; Ju, Y.H. Response characteristics of lead phthalocyanine gas sensor: Effects of film thickness and crystal morphology. Thin Solid Films 1998, 322, 98–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vasseur, K.; Rand, B.P.; Cheyns, D.; Froyen, L.; Heremans, P. Structural evolution of evaporated lead phthalocyanine thin films for near-infrared sensitive solar cells. Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 886–895. [Google Scholar]
- Miyamoto, A.; Nichogi, K.; Taomoto, A.; Nambu, T.; Murakami, M. Structural control of evaporated lead-phthalocyanine films. Thin Solid Films 1995, 256, 64–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ray, A.K.; Tracey, S.M.; Hodgson, S.N.B. Photoelectric characteristics of lead phthalocyanine/titanium oxide structures. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2003, 36, 1409–1413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.X.; Yu, K.M.; Wu, J.; Jones, R.E.; Walukiewicz, W.; Ager, J.W., III; Shan, W.; Haller, E.E.; Lu, H.; Schaff, W.J. Fermi-level stabilization energy in group III nitrides. Phys. Rev. B 2005, 71, 161201. [Google Scholar]
- Nag, B.R. Electron mobility in indium nitride. J. Cryst. Growth 2004, 269, 35–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inushima, T.; Mmutin, V.V.; Vekshin, V.A.; Ivanov, S.V.; Sakon, T.; Motokawa, M.; Ohoya, S. Physical properties of InN with the band gap energy of 1.1 eV. J. Cryst. Growth 2001, 481, 227–228. [Google Scholar]
- Bhuiyan, A.G.; Hashimoto, A.; Yamamotoa, A. Indium nitride (InN): A review on growth, characterization, and propertie. J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 94, 2779–2808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.; Walukiewicz, W.; Shan, W.; Wu, K.M.; Ager, J.W., III.; Li, S.X.; Haller, E.E.; Lu, H.; Schaff, W.J. Temperature dependence of the fundamental band gap of InN. J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 94, 4457–4460. [Google Scholar]
- Morkoc, H.; Mohammad, S.N. High-luminosity blue and blue-green gallium nitride light-emitting diodes. Science 1995, 267, 51–55. [Google Scholar]
- Hawkeye, M.M.; Brett, M.J. Glancing angle deposition: Fabrication, properties, and applications of micro- and nanostructured thin films. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2007, 25, 1317–1335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robbie, K.; Sit, J.C.; Brett, M.J. Advanced techniques for glancing angle deposition. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1998, 16, 1115–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schubert, M.F.; Xi, J.Q.; Kim, J.K.; Schubert, E.F. Distributed Bragg reflector consisting of high- and low-refractive-index thin film layers made of the same material. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 141115. [Google Scholar]
- Lo, I.; Wang, W.T.; Gau, M.H.; Tsai, J.K.; Tsay, S.F.; Chiang, J.C. Gate-controlled spin splitting in GaN/AlN quantum wells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88, 082108. [Google Scholar]
- Ohuchi, S.; Takizawa, T. Crystal quality of InN thin films grown on ZnO substrate by radio-frequency molecular beam epitaxy. J. Electron. Mater. 2005, 34, 424–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohgaki, T.; Ohashi, N.; Haneda, H.; Yasumori, A. Molecular beam epitaxy growth of indium nitride films on c-face zinc oxide substrates. J. Cryst. Growth 2006, 292, 33–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, R.; Zhang, P.; Kang, T.; Fan, H.; Liu, X.; Yang, S.; Wei, H.; Zhu, Q.; Wang, Z. Determination of the valence band offset of wurtzite InNZnO heterojunction by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 162104. [Google Scholar]
- Thomas, D.G. The exciton spectrum of zinc oxide. J. Phys. Chem. Solid. 1960, 15, 86–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohshima, E.; Ogino, H.; Niikura, I.; Maeda, K.; Sato, M.; Ito, M.; Fukuda, T. Growth of the 2-in-size bulk ZnO single crystals by the hydrothermal method. J. Crystal Growth. 2004, 260, 166–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohgaki, T.; Kawamura, Y.; Kuroda, T.; Ohashi, N.; Adachi, Y.; Tsurumi, T.; Minami, F.; Haneda, H. Optical properties of heavily aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. Key Eng. Mater. 2003, 248, 91–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, L.C.; Chen, C.C.; Sung, Y.T.; Hsu, Y.Y. Oblique-angle sputtering effects on characteristics of nanocolumnar structure anisotropic indium tin oxide films. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2009, 156, H471–H474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vissenberg, M.C.J.M.; Blom, P.W.M. Transient Hole Transport in Poly(-p-phenylene vinylene) LEDs. Synthetic Met. 1999, 102, 1053–1054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tabuchi, S.; Otsuka, Y.; Kanai, M.; Tabata, H.; Matsumoto, T.; Kawai, T. Nano-scale resistivity reduction in single-grain of lead phthalocyanine. Org. Electron. 2004, 11, 916–924. [Google Scholar]
- Sample Availability: Not available.
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Chen, C.-C.; Chen, L.-C. Fabrication and Characteristics of ZnO/OAD-InN/PbPc Hybrid Solar Cells Prepared by Oblique-Angle Deposition. Molecules 2012, 17, 9496-9505. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089496
Chen C-C, Chen L-C. Fabrication and Characteristics of ZnO/OAD-InN/PbPc Hybrid Solar Cells Prepared by Oblique-Angle Deposition. Molecules. 2012; 17(8):9496-9505. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089496
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Cheng-Chiang, and Lung-Chien Chen. 2012. "Fabrication and Characteristics of ZnO/OAD-InN/PbPc Hybrid Solar Cells Prepared by Oblique-Angle Deposition" Molecules 17, no. 8: 9496-9505. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17089496