Next Article in Journal
Chemometric Evaluation of Urinary Steroid Hormone Levels as Potential Biomarkers of Neuroendocrine Tumors
Next Article in Special Issue
Synthesis of DNA/RNA and Their Analogs via Phosphoramidite and H-Phosphonate Chemistries
Previous Article in Journal
Synthesis of Cycloveratrylene Macrocycles and Benzyl Oligomers Catalysed by Bentonite under Microwave/Infrared and Solvent-Free Conditions
Previous Article in Special Issue
Hydrophosphonylation of Nanoparticle Schiff Bases as a Mean for Preparation of Aminophosphonate-Functionalized Nanoparticles
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 18
Issue 10
10.3390/molecules181012845
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Cs+ Removal from Aqueous Solutions through Adsorption onto Florisil® Impregnated with Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Chloride

by
Lavinia Lupa
,
Adina Negrea
,
Mihaela Ciopec
* and
Petru Negrea
"Politehnica" University of Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Blvd. Vasile Parvan no. 6, Timisoara 300223, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2013, 18(10), 12845-12856; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012845
Submission received: 1 August 2013 / Revised: 9 October 2013 / Accepted: 10 October 2013 / Published: 16 October 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organophosphorus Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This research determined the adsorption performance of Florisil® impregnated with trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL-101) in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions. The obtained Florisil® impregnated with the studied ionic liquid was characterized through energy dispersive X-ray analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in order to verify that the impregnation with the ionic liquid had occurred. The adsorption process has been investigated as a function of pH, solid:liquid ratio, adsorbate concentration, contact time and temperature. The isotherm data was well described by a Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of the Florisil® impregnated with the studied ionic liquid was found to be 3.086 mg Cs+/g of adsorbent. The results indicated that the adsorption fitted well with the pseudo-second order kinetic model.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

In the last decades the attention of researchers was focused on the problem of environmental pollution with radioactive contaminants. Among all radioactive components Cs+ is an important radionuclide from several reasons: relatively long-live, high solubility/mobility and strong γ emitting radiation. Furthermore, it can be easily incorporated into terrestrial and aquatic organisms because of its chemical similarity to potassium [1,2,3]. Therefore it should be removed from waste radioactive solutions. One of the most studied methods of radionuclide removal from waste waters is the liquid-liquid extraction using various solvents [4,5,6,7,8]. In recent years ionic liquids (ILs) have gained considerable attention and were investigated as substitutes for the organic solvents normally used in this application due to their advantages: high-thermal stability, non-inflamability and non-volatility [8,9,10,11]. Based on literature survey was observed that the phosphonium ionic liquids, compared to their imidazolium- or pyridinium-based counterparts, present some advantages: improved thermal and chemical stability, unique miscibility behaviour and solvating properties [10,11,12]. Even so they have not been studied so intensely, and were not used for Cs+ removal. Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphinate has been used in lactic acid separation [13] and metal ions separation [11,14,15,1617]. Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL-101) has been used as effective extractant for the removal of bismuth, zinc or platinum [18,19,20,21]. We have also focused on the phosphonium-based ionic liquid, because was observed that from the studied ion exchanges those based on phosphonium (like ammonium molybdophosphate) have been intensively investigated and found to be effective for the removal of caesium, but from acidic liquids [22,23]. Therefore in this paper a fairly cheap IL—trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL-101)—was used as the separation medium for Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions. Due to its commercial availability and low price, Cyphos IL-101 is a favourable extractant for Cs+ removal. In the liquid-liquid extraction some drawbacks may arise like the large amount of ionic liquid used, high viscosity leading unfavourably to dissolution and diffusion, difficulties of separation and recovery and low interface area [24,25,26]. In order to overcome these shortcomings and to enhance the separation capacities of the studied IL this was impregnated onto a solid support. Doing this is combined the advantages of the IL with those of the heterogeneous support materials [11,14,17,18,19,20,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. As a support material an inorganic one (Florisil®) was used because of its crystalline and well-ordered periodic pore structure which will develop higher resistance to chemical, thermal and radiation degradation and also its well known remarkable selectivity [14,28,31]. In order to determine the adsorption performance of the Florisil® impregnated with Cyphos IL-101 in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions, equilibrium and kinetic studies were used.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Characterization of the Florisil® Impregnated with IL

In order to obtain an impregnated solid support with a higher adsorption capacity in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions, the optimum quantity of the studied IL which can be impregnated onto the Florisil® support was determined in the first step. The experimental data regarding the dependence of the Cs+ uptake versus ratio ionic liquid: solid support (IL:SS) are presented in Figure 1.
Without impregnation with the studied IL the Florisil® support didn’t present any adsorption capacity in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions. It can be observed that by increasing the quantity of the IL impregnated onto the Florisil® support the Cs+ ions uptake increases, but for a quantity of IL impregnated onto the solid support higher than 0.1 g the trend is reversed. This happened because at higher quantities of IL, instead of the impregnation of the Florisil® the surface becomes clogged, which leads to the agglomeration of the Florisil® particles, decreasing in this way the surface contact between the adsorbent and adsorbate. The conglomeration of the Florisil® particles impregnated with a higher quantity of IL is visible with the naked eye. The optimum IL:SS ratio used in the further studies is 0.1:1.
Molecules 18 12845 g001 550
Figure 1. The dependence of the Cs+ uptake versus of IL:SS ratio (Ci = 10 mg/L, V = 25 mL, t = 2 h, pH = 8, m = 0.1 g).
Figure 1. The dependence of the Cs+ uptake versus of IL:SS ratio (Ci = 10 mg/L, V = 25 mL, t = 2 h, pH = 8, m = 0.1 g).
Molecules 18 12845 g001
The Florisil® impregnated with the optimum quantity of IL was characterized through energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) in order to demonstrate that the impregnation with IL had occurred. The SEM images of the Florisil® support before and after impregnation with the studied IL are presented elsewhere [32]. The EDX spectrum of the impregnated Florisil® is presented in Figure 2 and in it the characteristic peaks of P and Cl which are components of the ionic liquid can be observed. This analysis thus proved that the impregnation of the Florisil® solid support with the studied IL occurred.
Molecules 18 12845 g002 550
Figure 2. The EDX spectrum of the Florisil® impregnated with IL.
Figure 2. The EDX spectrum of the Florisil® impregnated with IL.
Molecules 18 12845 g002
The Florisil® impregnated with IL and used in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR spectrum of the Florisil® impregnated with IL after adsorption of Cs+ from aqueous solutions is presented in Figure 3 and can be observed that the spectrum is in good agreement with those from the literature [32,33,34,35]. Table 1 shows the characteristic IR bands in [cm–1] for the Florisil® impregnated with IL after adsorption of Cs+ and the corresponding assignments. The impregnation of the Florisil® with the studied IL is confirmed by the IR peaks around 2,957 cm−1, 2,933 cm−1, 2,858 cm−1 and 1,395 cm−1 corresponding to the CH3 and CH2 stretching vibrations of Cyphos IL 101. The bands at 1,100 cm−1, 1,050 cm−1 and 800 cm−1 are attributed to the group of νa (C-C) + ν (M-O) + P-C stretching vibrations [33,34,35,36]. The IR spectrum shows an intense and broad band with a maximum at 3,455 cm−1, due to the ν(Cs-OH, Cs-OH2) vibration, also confirming the retention of Cs+.
Molecules 18 12845 g003 550
Figure 3. FTIR spectrum of the studied material.
Figure 3. FTIR spectrum of the studied material.
Molecules 18 12845 g003
Table
Table 1. Assignments of the IR vibrations of the studied material [33,34,35].
Table 1. Assignments of the IR vibrations of the studied material [33,34,35].
Wavenumber [cm–1]Assignments
3,455 (s,b)νOH bonded ν(Cs-OH, Cs-OH2)
2,957 (w)νa (CH3)
2,933 (w)νa (CH2)
2,858 (w)νs (CH3)
1,395 (m)P-C stretching νs (CH2)
1,100 (vs)P-C stretching νa (C-C)
1,050 (vs)P-C stretching ν (M-O)
800 (w)P-C deformation (out of the plane) ν (M-O)
670 (w)ν (Si-O)
465 (s)ν (M-O)
s-strong; v-very; b-broad; m-medium; w-weak; (M = Si, Mg).

2.2. pH Influence on the Cs+ Adsorption Process

The experimental data regarding the dependence of the Cs+ uptake versus the pH of the solution, using an aqueous solution with a Cs+ concentration of 10 mg/L and a S:L ratio 0.1 g:0.025 L, under a stirring time of 2 h, was studied. This behaviour is in agreement with other research from the literature [3,4,36]. This is explained by the fact that Cs+ is stabilized with the increasing pH (6–8) with the formation of hydroxo complexes ([Cs(OH)2(OH2)2....4]−). This is also in agreement with the results obtained at the FTIR analysis. In accord with the experimental data we supposed that Cs+ was retained from aqueous solutions through the attraction of the formed negative hydroxo complex of Cs+ by the positive phosphonium ions from the IL impregnated onto the Florisil®. Therefore for the further experiments we use Cs+ solution with an initial pH around value 8.

2.3. Influence of the Amount of Impregnated Florisil® on the Cs+ Adsorption Process

The experimental data regarding the dependence of the Cs+ uptake versus the amount of the impregnated Florisil® used in 0.025 L of Cs+ solution, are presented in Figure 4.
Molecules 18 12845 g004 550
Figure 4. The dependence of the Cs+ uptake versus the amount of the impregnated Florisil® (Ci = 10 mg/L, V = 25 mL, t = 2 h, pH = 8).
Figure 4. The dependence of the Cs+ uptake versus the amount of the impregnated Florisil® (Ci = 10 mg/L, V = 25 mL, t = 2 h, pH = 8).
Molecules 18 12845 g004
From Figure 4 can be observed that an increase in the amount of the impregnated Florisil® used in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions lead to a decrease of the Cs+ uptake, because the adsorption capacity is related to the amount of the adsorbent used in the removal process. The optimum S:L ratio used for the further experiments is 0.1 g of impregnated Florisil® for 0.025 L of aqueous Cs+ solutions. This parameter is important for the scale up of the studies from the laboratory scale.

2.4. Adsorption Isotherm

The aim of the adsorption isotherm are: (1) to express the affinity of the impregnated Florisil® with the studied IL as a function of its surface properties; (2) to obtain the maximum adsorption capacity of the Florisil® impregnated with the IL in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions and to compare it with other sorbents used in the literature; (3) the obtained results can be used to upscale laboratory batch experiments to a pilot or industrial scale. The equilibrium data were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The isotherms are presented in Figure 5 and the obtained parameters and the correlation coefficients (R2) are presented in Table 2.
Molecules 18 12845 g005 550
Figure 5. The adsorption isotherms of Cs+ onto the impregnated Florisil® with the studied IL (t = 2 h, V = 25 mL, pH = 8, m = 0.1 g, Ci = 5–50 mg/L).
Figure 5. The adsorption isotherms of Cs+ onto the impregnated Florisil® with the studied IL (t = 2 h, V = 25 mL, pH = 8, m = 0.1 g, Ci = 5–50 mg/L).
Molecules 18 12845 g005
Table
Table 2. Parameters of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for Cs+ ion adsorption onto Florisil® impregnated with the studied IL.
Table 2. Parameters of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms for Cs+ ion adsorption onto Florisil® impregnated with the studied IL.
Langmuir isothermFreundlich isotherm
qm, exp mg/gKL L/mgqm, calc mg/gR2KF mg/g1/nR2
2.60.1233.0860.99070.56580.42990.9863
The constant KF can be defined as an adsorption coefficient which represents the quantity of adsorbed metal ions for a unit equilibrium concentration. The slope 1/n is a measure of the adsorption intensity or surface heterogeneity. For 1/n = 1, the partition between the two phases is independent on the concentration. The situation 1/n < 1 is the most common and correspond to a normal L-type Langmuir isotherm, whilst 1/n > 1 is indicative of a cooperative adsorption which involves strong interactions between the molecules of adsorbate. Values of 1/n < 1 show favourable adsorption of Cs+ ions onto the Florisil® impregnated with IL. Both models showed good correlation coefficients, but those obtained in case of the Langmuir model is more closed to unity, and also the maximum adsorption capacity of the impregnated Florisil® with IL obtained from the Langmuir plot is very close to that obtained experimentally, therefore the experimental data are best described by the Langmuir isotherm suggesting that the adsorption of Cs+ from aqueous solution take place onto the homogenous surfaces of the Florisil® impregnated with IL, forming a monolayer on the adsorption surface [1,19]. The adsorption capacities (qm) of different adsorbents for adsorption of Cs+ ions are compared in Table 3. It may be seen that the Florisil® impregnated with Cyphos IL 101 exhibits a good adsorption capacity in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions, compared with other studied materials.
Table
Table 3. Adsorption capacity of various adsorbents in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions.
Table 3. Adsorption capacity of various adsorbents in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions.
Adsorbentqm, mg/gReference
Nano-zirconium vanadate 9.1[3]
Resorcinol-formaldehyde RF5.56[37]
Ceiling tiles0.2128[38]
Vermiculite0.646[39]
Florisil® impregnated with Cyphos IL-1013.086Present work

2.5. The Influence of Contact Time and Temperature on the Cs+ Adsorption Process and Adsorption Kinetics

The experimental data regarding the dependence of the Cs+ uptake versus the contact time, at three temperatures (298, 308 and 318 K) using a Cs+ solution having a concentration of 10 mg/L, are presented in Figure 6. From the experimental data can be observed that the equilibrium between Cs+ and Florisil® impregnated with IL is achieved after 120 min of contact for all the studied temperatures. This is a very good time comparing with other results from the literature where the equilibrium is achieved in up to 10 days [38]. The increase of the temperature leads to an increase of the quantity of Cs+ uptake by the studied adsorbent, but this increase is not significant after the equilibrium is achieved, therefore from the economic point of view is not recommended to increase the temperature.
Molecules 18 12845 g006 550
Figure 6. The dependence of the Cs+ uptake versus the contact time (Ci = 10 mg/L, V = 25 mL, pH = 8, m = 0.1 g).
Figure 6. The dependence of the Cs+ uptake versus the contact time (Ci = 10 mg/L, V = 25 mL, pH = 8, m = 0.1 g).
Molecules 18 12845 g006
The kinetics of the adsorption describing the rate of the removal of Cs+ is one of the important characteristics that defines the efficiency of adsorption. In order to evaluate the kinetic mechanism that controls the adsorption process, the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were tested to interpret the experimental data. Because of the poor regression coefficient (R2) values of the Lagergren pseudo-first-order model the results are not included in the text.
The pseudo second-order rate constant k2 and qe were calculated from the slope and intercept of the plots of t/qt versus t (Figure 7) [1]. The experimental and calculated qe values, pseudo-second-order rate constants, R2 values are presented in Table 4. The calculated qe values are in agreement with the experimental qe values and the plots show good linearity, with R2 higher than 0.99 for all three studied temperatures. Hence, this study suggested that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model better represent the adsorption kinetics, and the adsorption process has the profile of chemisorptions.
Molecules 18 12845 g007 550
Figure 7. Pseudo-second-order kinetics plots for Cs+ adsorption onto Florisil® impregnated with IL.
Figure 7. Pseudo-second-order kinetics plots for Cs+ adsorption onto Florisil® impregnated with IL.
Molecules 18 12845 g007
Table
Table 4. Pseudo-second-order parameters for Cs+ adsorption onto Florisil® impregnated with IL.
Table 4. Pseudo-second-order parameters for Cs+ adsorption onto Florisil® impregnated with IL.
Temperature, KParameter
qe, exp, mg/gqe, calc, mg/gk2, g/(min℘mg)R2
2981.151.270.03040.9926
3081.151.160.1440.9999
3181.181.200.1461

3. Experimental

3.1. Materials

The trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL-101) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada), and the Florisil® support was supplied by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The Cs+ aqueous solutions were prepared by adequate dilution of stock solution of 1,000 mg/L (Merck standard solution). In all experiments distilled water was used.

3.2. Preparation and Characterization of the Florisil® Impregnated with IL

The IL was dissolved in acetone (analytical reagent provided by SC Chemical Company SA (Bucuresti, Romania) in a ratio of 0.1 g of IL in 5 mL of acetone. The Florisil® was impregnated with the desired quantity of IL via the dry impregnation method [40]. The EDX analysis of the Florisil® impregnated with IL was investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) using a Quanta FEG 250 instrument (EDAX Inc., Mahwah, NJ, USA), equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray quantifier (EDAX ZAF) (EDAX Inc., Mahwah, NJ, USA). The FTIR spectra (KBr pellets) of the studied materials were recorded on a Shimadzu Prestige-21 FTIR spectrophotometer (SHIMADEZU, Tokio, Japan) in the range 4,000–400 cm-1.

3.3. Adsorption Experiments

The Cs+ adsorption from aqueous solutions onto Florisil® impregnated with IL was realised using batch studies. For the batch studies a Julabo SW23 shaker (JULABO Labortechnik GmbH, Sellbach, Germany) with a constant shaking rate was used. To determine the optimum pH the initial pH of the Cs+ solutions was adjusted in the 2–12 range using 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1 N HCl, using a S:L ratio of 0.1 g in 0.025 L Cs+ solution, keeping the samples under stirring for 2 h. Adsorption isotherms were studied by mixing a known amount of Florisil® impregnated with IL with various intial Cs+ concentrations ranging from 5 to 50 mg/L at 298 K and pH = 8. The experimental data obtained were tested with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The effect of contact time was studied varying the time from 30 to 240 min at three temperatures (298 K, 308 K and 318 K). Cs+ concentration was determined through atomic emission spectrometry using a Varian SpectrAA 280 type atomic absorption spectrometer (Varian medical systems, Inc., Melbourne, Australia) using an air/acetylene flame. The Cs+ uptake was determined using the corresponding mass balance.

4. Conclusions

In this work the adsorption properties of Florisil® impregnated with Cyphos Il-101 in the process of Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions have been studied. The experiments showed that the adsorption depended on the pH, the maximum desorption capacity being achieved at an initial solution pH of 8. This conclusion is in accordance with the results obtained from the FTIR analysis where was observed that the Cs+ ions was retained as hydroxo complexes, which are stable at neutral pH values. The equilibrium data were fitted with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm, the best correlaion being obtained by the Langmuir one. The maximum sorption capacity obtained with the Florisil® impregnated with Cyphos IL-101 is 3.086 mg Cs+/g of adsorbent. The kinetic studies revealed that the process of Cs+ adsorption onto Florisil® impregnated with the studied IL followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model, suggesting the chemisorptions profile of the adsorption process. The proposed method for Cs+ removal from aqueous solutions, by using as adsorbent the Florisil® impregnated with Cyphos IL-101, is an efficient one, because it combines the advantages of the ionic liquids with those of the solid support. In this way a smaller amount of the ionic liquid is used for the removal of Cs+ from aqueous solutions than in the case of liquid-liquid extraction techniques and there is no risk of loss of the extractant in the aqueous phase. The combined results showed that the obtained new impregnated material represents an efficient adsorbent in the process of Cs+ ion removal from aqueous solutions compared with other materials studied in the literature. The experimental results can be easily used to scale up the studies from the laboratory scale.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS—UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-RU-TE-2012-3-0198.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Nilchi, A.; Saberi, R.; Moradi, M.; Azizpour, H.; Zarghami, R. Adsorption of caesium on copper hexacyanoferrate-PAN composite ion exchanger from aqueous solution. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 172, 572–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. El-Kamash, A.M. Evaluation of zeolite A for the sorptive removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ ions from aqueous solutions using batch and fixed bed columns operations. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 151, 432–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Abd El-Latif, M.-M.; Elkady, M.-M. Kinetics study and thermodynamic behaviour for removing cesium, cobalt and nickel ions from aqueous solution using nano-zirconiuim vanadate ion exchange. Desalination 2011, 271, 41–54. [Google Scholar]
  4. Vendilo, A.G.; Djigailo, D.I.; Smirnova, S.V.; Torocheshnikova, I.I.; Popov, K.I.; Krasovsky, V.G.; Pletnev, I.V. 18-Crown-6 and dibenzo-18-crown-6 assisted extraction of cesium from water into room temperature ionic liquids and its correlation with stability constants for cesium complexes. Molecules 2009, 14, 5001–5016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Xu, J.Z.; Rajapkse, N.; Finston, H.L. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction of Uranium from fission-products. Radiochim. Acta 1990, 49, 135–140. [Google Scholar]
  6. Murata, K.; Ikeda, S.; Yokoyama, Y. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction method-Extraction of Iron(III) thenoyltifluoroacetonate by propylene carbonate. Anal. Chem. 1972, 44, 805–810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Preston, J.S. Solvent extraction of metals by carboxylic-acids. Hydrometallurgy 1985, 14, 805–810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Hoogerstraete, T.V.; Onghena, B.; Binnemans, K. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction of metal ions with a functionalized ionic liquid. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 1659–1663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Ha, S.H.; Menchavez, R.N.; Koo, Y.M. Reprocessing of spent nuclear waste using ionic liquids. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2010, 27, 1360–1365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Fraser, K.J.; MacFarlane, D.R. Phosphonium-based ionic liquids: An overview. Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 309–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Yang, X.Y.; Zhang, J.P.; Guo, L.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, J. Solvent impregnated resin prepared using ionic liquid Cyphos IL 104 for Cr(VI) removal. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China 2012, 22, 3126–3130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Stojanovic, A.; Morgenbesser, C.; Kogelnig, D.; Krachler, R.; Keppler, B.D. Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Ionic Liquids in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Ionic Liquids: Theory, Properties, New Approaches; Kokorin, A., Ed.; Publisher: Rijeka, Croatia, 2011; pp. 657–680. [Google Scholar]
  13. Martak, J.; Schlosser, S. Extraction of lactic acid by phosphonium ionic liquid. J. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2007, 57, 483–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Liu, Y.; Zhu, L.; Sun, X.; Chen, J.; Luo, F. Silica materials doped with bifunctional ionic liquid extractants for Yttrium extraction. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2009, 48, 7308–7313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Liu, Y.; Zhu, L.; Sun, X.; Chen, J. Toward greener separations of rare earths: Bifunctional ionic liquid extractants in biodiesel. AlChE J. 2010, 56, 2338–2346. [Google Scholar]
  16. Guo, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, C.; Chen, J. Preparation of PVDF-based polymer inclusion memebrane using ionic liquid plasticizer and Cyphos IL 104 carrier for Cr(VI) transport. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 372, 314–321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Guibal, E.; Pinol, A.-F.; Ruz, M.; Vincent, T.; Jounanin, C.; Sastre, A. Immobilization of Cyphos ionic liquids in alginate capsules for Cd(II) sorption. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2010, 45, 1935–1949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Campos, K.; Domingo, R.; Vincent, T.; Ruiz, M.; Sastre, A.M.; Guibal, E. Bismuth recovery from acidic solutions using Cyphos IL-101 immobilized in a composite biopolymer matrix. Water Res. 2008, 42, 4019–4031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Gallardo, V.; Navarro, R.; Saucedo, I.; Avila, M.; Guibal, E. Zinc(II) extraction from hydrochloric acid solutions using Amberlite XAD7 impregnated with Chyphos IL101 (tetradecyl(trihexyl) phosphonium chloride). Sep. Sci. Technol. 2008, 43, 2434–2459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Vincent, T.; Parodi, A.; Guibal, E. Pt recovery using Cypos IL-101 immobilized in biopolymer capsule. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2008, 62, 470–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Regel-Rosocka, M.; Wisniewski, M. Selective removal of znic(II) from spent pickling solutions in the presence of iron ions with phosphonium ionic liquid Cyphos IL101. Hydrometallurgy 2011, 110, 85–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Todd, T.A.; Mann, N.R.; Tranter, T.J.; Sebesta, F.; John, J.; Motl, A. Cesium sorption from concentrated acidic tank wastes using ammonium molybdophosphate-polyacrylonitrile composite sorbents. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2002, 254, 47–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Tranter, T.J.; Herbst, R.S.; Todd, T.A.; Olson, A.L.; Eldredge, H.B. Evaluation and testing of ammonium molybdophosphate-polyacrylonitrile (AMP-PAN) as a cesium selective sorbent for the removal of cesium-137 from INTEC acidic waste. Adv. Environ. Res. 2002, 6, 107–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Zhu, L.; Guo, L.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, J.; Zhang, S. The preparation of supported ionic liquids (SILs) and their application in rare metals separation. Sci. China Chem. 2012, 55, 1479–1487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Sun, X.; Preng, B.; Ji, Y.; Chen, J.; Li, D. The solid-liquid extraction of yttrium from rare earths by solvent (ionic liquid) impregnated resin coupled with complexing method. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2008, 63, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Sun, X.Q.; Xu, A.M.; Chen, J.; Li, D.Q. Application of room temperature ionic liquid-based extraction for metal ions. Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 2007, 35, 597–604. [Google Scholar]
  27. Sun, X.; Li, Y.; Chen, J.; Ma, J. Solvent impregnated resin prepared using task-specific ionic liquids for rare earth separation. J. Rare Earth 2009, 27, 932–936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Mahmoud, M.E. Surface loaded 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [EMIM+Tf2N−] hydrophobic ionic liquid on nano-Silica sorbents for removal of lead from water samples. Desalination 2011, 266, 119–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Kalidhasan, S.; Kumar, A.-S.-K.; Rajesh, V.; Rajesh, N. An efficient ultrasound assisted approach for the impregnation of room temperature ionic liquid onto Dowex 1 × 8 resin matrix and its application toward the enhanced adsorption of Cr(VI). J. Hazard. Mater. 2012, 213–214, 249–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Lemus, J.; Palomar, J.; Gilarranz, M.; Rodriquez, J. Characterization of supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) materials prepared from different supports. Adsorption 2011, 17, 561–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Zhang, A.; Wang, W.; Chai, Z.; Kuraoka, E. Modification of a novel macroporous Silica-based Crown ether impregnated polymeric composite with 1-dodecanol and its adsorption for some fission and non-fission product contained in high level liquid waste. Eur. Polym. J. 2008, 44, 3899–3907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Negrea, A.; Ciopec, M.; Lupa, L.; Negrea, P.; Gabor, A. Influence of the solid support base impregnated with IL on the sorption of various radionuclides from aqueous solutions. AWERProcedia Adv. Appl. Sci. 2013, 1, 241–250. [Google Scholar]
  33. Cholico-Gonzalez, D.; Avila-Rodriguez, M.; Cote, G.; Chagnes, A. Chemical properties of trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid mixtures: Interaction study by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies. J. Mol. Liq. 2013, 187, 165–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Plinio, I. Infrared spectroscopy of sol-gel derived silica-based films: A spectra-microstructure overview. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 2013, 316, 309–319. [Google Scholar]
  35. Nakamoto, K. Infrared Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, 4th ed.; A Wiley-Interscience Publishers John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1968. [Google Scholar]
  36. Sinha, P.K.; Panicker, P.K.; Amalraj, R.V. Treatment of radioactive liquid waste containing caesium by indigenously available synthetic zeolites: A comparative study. Waste Manag. 1995, 15, 149–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Hassan, N.M.; Adu-Wusu, K. Cesium removal from Hanford tank waste solution using resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2005, 23, 375–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Miah, M.Y.; Volchek, K.; Kuang, W.; Tezel, F.H. Kinetic and equilibrium studies of cesium adsorption on ceiling tiles from aqueous solutions. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 183, 712–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Haladi, N.; Kananpanah, S.; Abolghasemi, H. Equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of cesium adsorption on natural Vermiculite and optimization of the operation conditions. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 2009, 28, 29–36. [Google Scholar]
  40. Negrea, A.; Ciopec, M.; Lupa, L.; Davidescu, C.M.; Popa, A.; Ilia, G.; Negrea, P. Removal of AsV by FeIII—loaded XAD7 impregnated resin containing di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA): Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic modeling studies. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011, 56, 3830–3838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  • Sample Availability: Samples of the Florisil® impregnated with Cyphos IL 101 are available from the authors.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lupa, L.; Negrea, A.; Ciopec, M.; Negrea, P. Cs+ Removal from Aqueous Solutions through Adsorption onto Florisil® Impregnated with Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Chloride. Molecules 2013, 18, 12845-12856. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012845

AMA Style

Lupa L, Negrea A, Ciopec M, Negrea P. Cs+ Removal from Aqueous Solutions through Adsorption onto Florisil® Impregnated with Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Chloride. Molecules. 2013; 18(10):12845-12856. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012845

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lupa, Lavinia, Adina Negrea, Mihaela Ciopec, and Petru Negrea. 2013. "Cs+ Removal from Aqueous Solutions through Adsorption onto Florisil® Impregnated with Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Chloride" Molecules 18, no. 10: 12845-12856. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012845

APA Style

Lupa, L., Negrea, A., Ciopec, M., & Negrea, P. (2013). Cs+ Removal from Aqueous Solutions through Adsorption onto Florisil® Impregnated with Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Chloride. Molecules, 18(10), 12845-12856. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181012845

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop