Modification of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber Characteristics Using Superheated Steam Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characteristics of Untreated OPMF
Sample | Treatment | Chemical composition * (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp (±2 °C) | Time (h) | Hemicellulose | Cellulose | Lignin | Ash | |
1 | 0 | 0 | 33.10 ± 2.01 | 42.81 ± 0.69 | 20.49 ± 3.44 | 3.59 ± 0.74 |
2 | 190 | 1 | 26.13 ± 0.18 | 41.39 ± 0.06 | 28.44 ± 1.27 | 4.04 ± 1.02 |
3 | 2 | 22.47 ± 1.67 | 40.46 ± 2.52 | 33.38 ± 1.34 | 3.69 ± 0.49 | |
4 | 3 | 19.71 ± 0.72 | 37.50 ± 0.18 | 38.72 ± 1.04 | 4.07 ± 0.14 | |
5 | 210 | 1 | 16.80 ± 2.15 | 33.75 ± 2.28 | 45.19 ± 4.66 | 4.26 ± 0.85 |
6 | 2 | 12.82 ± 1.75 | 32.85 ± 0.12 | 49.81 ± 1.91 | 4.52 ± 0.83 | |
7 | 3 | 11.50 ± 1.19 | 30.75 ± 1.09 | 52.30 ± 0.92 | 5.44 ± 0.37 | |
8 | 230 | 1 | 11.42 ± 0.21 | 33.61 ± 1.10 | 49.73 ± 0.70 | 5.24 ± 0.45 |
9 | 2 | 9.42 ± 1.16 | 34.35 ± 1.33 | 50.63 ± 1.76 | 5.59 ± 0.05 | |
10 | 3 | 9.71 ± 0.88 | 28.89 ± 1.75 | 55.22 ± 1.87 | 6.18 ± 0.75 |
2.2. Effects of SHS Treatment on Chemical Composition of OPMF
2.3. Effects of SHS Treatment on Thermal Stability of OPMF
Sample | Temp (°C) | Time (h) | T5% (°C) | T20% (°C) | T50% (°C) | Tp (°C) | Residue at 550 °C (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 0 | 257.7 | 294.8 | 348.1 | 299.6, | 22.01 |
359.9 | |||||||
2 | 190 | 1 | 260.9 | 295.1 | 352.5 | 287.7, | 31.11 |
346.6 | |||||||
5 | 210 | 1 | 276.0 | 317.9 | 374.3 | 334.1 | 36.63 |
8 | 230 | 1 | 285.3 | 329.5 | 476.9 | 339.2 | 47.14 |
2.4. Effect of SHS Treatment on the Morphology of OPMF
Sample | Treatment | Silica (ppm) | |
---|---|---|---|
Temp (±2 °C) | Time (h) | ||
1 | 0 | 0 | 224.8 |
6 | 210 | 1 | 203.9 |
9 | 230 | 2 | 198.3 |
10 | 230 | 3 | 93.4 |
2.5. Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) Analysis
3. Experimental
3.1. Materials
3.2. Superheated Steam Treatment
3.3. Characterization and Analysis of Untreated and Treated OPMF
3.3.1. Chemical Composition Analysis
3.3.2. Analytical Measurements
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nordin, N.I.A.A.; Ariffin, H.; Andou, Y.; Hassan, M.A.; Shirai, Y.; Nishida, H.; Yunus, W.M.Z.W.; Karuppuchamy, S.; Ibrahim, N.A. Modification of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber Characteristics Using Superheated Steam Treatment. Molecules 2013, 18, 9132-9146. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089132
Nordin NIAA, Ariffin H, Andou Y, Hassan MA, Shirai Y, Nishida H, Yunus WMZW, Karuppuchamy S, Ibrahim NA. Modification of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber Characteristics Using Superheated Steam Treatment. Molecules. 2013; 18(8):9132-9146. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089132
Chicago/Turabian StyleNordin, Noor Ida Amalina Ahamad, Hidayah Ariffin, Yoshito Andou, Mohd Ali Hassan, Yoshihito Shirai, Haruo Nishida, Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus, Subbian Karuppuchamy, and Nor Azowa Ibrahim. 2013. "Modification of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber Characteristics Using Superheated Steam Treatment" Molecules 18, no. 8: 9132-9146. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089132