Anti-Peroxyl Radical Quality and Antibacterial Properties of Rooibos Infusions and Their Pure Glycosylated Polyphenolic Constituents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Antioxidant Performance of Pure Polyphenol Compounds and Rooibos Infusions
Compound | Classification | ORAC-FL | ORAC-PGR | ORAC-PGR/ORAC-FL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aspalathin | Dihydrochalcone | 2.65 ± 0.13 (0.5) α | 0.18 ± 0.015 (5.0) ß | 0.068 |
Nothofagin | 0.47 ± 0.040 (1.0) | 0.020 ± 0.002 (≈25) | 0.042 | |
Orientin | Flavone | 0.86 ± 0.070 (0.7) | 0.0038 ± 0.0003 (≈150) | 0.0044 |
Vitexin | 4.57 ± 0.065 (0.3) | 0.0078 ± 0.001 (≈55) | 0.0017 | |
Iso-orientin | 4.83 ± 0.30 (0.3) | 0.0077 ± 0.001 (50) | 0.0015 | |
Isoquercitrin | Flavonol | 8.22 ± 0.10 (0.1) | 0.0074 ± 0.0005 (50) | 0.0010 |
Rutin | 6.01 ± 0.25 * | 0.009 | 0.0015 | |
Hyperoside | 5.50 ± 0.4 (0.1) | <0.0015 (>50) | 0.0003 | |
Quercetin | 8.90 † (0.07) | 1.0 † (0.5) | 0.11 |
- Do Asp and Not control the antioxidant activity of natural rooibos infusions
- Is there a correlation between the ORAC ratios of the natural infusions with those of the artificial infusions prepared with the pure compounds in the same concentrations as present in the natural infusion
Compound | Green Rooibos | Fermented Rooibos | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
g/100 g dried extract | mg/mL * | g/100 g dried extract | mg/mL * | |
Aspalathin | 10.019 | 0.1067 | 0.383 | 0.0031 |
Nothofagin | 1.731 | 0.0184 | 0.151 | 0.0012 |
Orientin | 0.86 | 0.0092 | 1.206 | 0.0097 |
Vitexin | 0.173 | 0.0018 | 0.217 | 0.0017 |
Iso-orientin | 1.068 | 0.0114 | 1.205 | 0.0097 |
Rutin | 0.404 | 0.0043 | 0.064 | 0.0005 |
Hyperoside | 0.217 | 0.0023 | 0.13 | 0.0010 |
Infusions | Phenolic content † | ORAC-FL †† | ORAC-PGR †† | ORAC-PGR/ORAC-FL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Green rooibos | 280 ± 20 | 1840 ± 168 | 176 ± 4.0 | 0.096 |
Fermented rooibos | 249 ± 15 | 1520 ± 60 | 68 ± 5.0 | 0.044 |
Artificial green rooibos | 156.9 * | 600 ± 100 (0.28) α | 88 ± 12 (1.4) ß | 0.14 |
Artificial fermented rooibos | 27.3 * | 160 ± 36 (0.045) | 52 ± 4.0 (0.22) | 0.33 |
- The ORAC-FL indices of the artificial infusions were much smaller than the respective indices measured for the natural rooibos infusions;
- The ORAC-PGR indices of the artificial infusion were less than the respective indices of the natural rooibos infusions, but the differences were less pronounced than in the case of ORAC-FL.
2.2. Antimicrobial Activity of Pure Compounds and Rooibos Infusions
3. Experimental
3.1. Instruments, Chemicals and Infusions
3.2. Polyphenols
3.3. Infusions Preparation
3.4. Artificial Infusion Preparation
3.5. Total Phenol Content and Soluble Solids
3.6. Polyphenolic Content Determination
3.7. ORAC assays
- AUC = area under the curve in the presence of a tested compound or infusion;
- AUC0 = area under the curve of control experiment (without additives);
- AUCGallic acid = area under the curve in the presence of gallic acid
- [Gallic acid] = concentration of gallic acid expressed as mol/L,
- [Compound] = concentration of tested compound expressed as mol/L, and
- f = is the dilution factor, equal to the ratio between the total volume of the reaction sample and the added infusion volume.
3.8. Antimicrobial Activity of Rooibos Extracts and Pure Compounds
4. Conclusions
Abbreviations
ORAC | oxygen radical absorbance capacity |
PGR | pyrogallol red |
FL | fluorescein |
AUC | area under the curve |
ORAC-PGR | oxygen radical absorbance capacity based on pyrogallol red consumption |
ORAC-FL | oxygen radical absorbance capacity based on fluorescein consumption |
ORAC ratio | ORAC-PGR/ORAC-FL |
AAPH | 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride |
Asp | aspalathin |
Not | nothofagin |
Ori | orientin |
Vit | vitexin |
I-Or | iso-orientin |
Hyp | hyperoside |
Rut | rutin |
I-Qc | isoquercitrin |
Qc | quercetin |
DPPH | 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical |
Trolox | 6-hydroxy-2,5,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid |
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Simpson, M.J.; Hjelmqvist, D.; López-Alarcón, C.; Karamehmedovic, N.; Minehan, T.G.; Yepremyan, A.; Salehani, B.; Lissi, E.; Joubert, E.; Udekwu, K.I.; et al. Anti-Peroxyl Radical Quality and Antibacterial Properties of Rooibos Infusions and Their Pure Glycosylated Polyphenolic Constituents. Molecules 2013, 18, 11264-11280. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180911264
Simpson MJ, Hjelmqvist D, López-Alarcón C, Karamehmedovic N, Minehan TG, Yepremyan A, Salehani B, Lissi E, Joubert E, Udekwu KI, et al. Anti-Peroxyl Radical Quality and Antibacterial Properties of Rooibos Infusions and Their Pure Glycosylated Polyphenolic Constituents. Molecules. 2013; 18(9):11264-11280. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180911264
Chicago/Turabian StyleSimpson, Madeline J., Daisy Hjelmqvist, Camilo López-Alarcón, Nadja Karamehmedovic, Thomas G. Minehan, Akop Yepremyan, Baback Salehani, Eduardo Lissi, Elizabeth Joubert, Klas I. Udekwu, and et al. 2013. "Anti-Peroxyl Radical Quality and Antibacterial Properties of Rooibos Infusions and Their Pure Glycosylated Polyphenolic Constituents" Molecules 18, no. 9: 11264-11280. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180911264