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Article

Antioxidant Properties and Hyphenated HPLC-PDA-MS Profiling of Chilean Pica Mango Fruits (Mangifera indica L. Cv. piqueño)

by
Javier E. Ramirez
1,
Ricardo Zambrano
1,
Beatriz Sepúlveda
2 and
Mario J. Simirgiotis
1,*
1
Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Universidad de Antofagasta 02800, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
2
Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Campus Viña del Mar, Los Fresnos N 52, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2014, 19(1), 438-458; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010438
Submission received: 12 November 2013 / Revised: 22 December 2013 / Accepted: 23 December 2013 / Published: 31 December 2013
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Antioxidant capacities and polyphenolic contents of two mango cultivars from northern Chile, one of them endemic of an oasis in the Atacama Desert, were compared for the first time. Twenty one phenolic compounds were detected in peel and pulp of mango fruits varieties Pica and Tommy Atkins by HPLC-PDA-MS and tentatively characterized. Eighteen compounds were present in Pica pulp (ppu), 13 in Pica peel (ppe) 11 in Tommy Atkins pulp (tpu) and 12 in Tommy Atkins peel (tpe). Three procyanidin dimers (peaks 6, 9 and 10), seven acid derivatives (peaks 1–4, 11, 20 and 21) and four xanthones were identified, mainly mangiferin (peak 12) and mangiferin gallate, (peak 7), which were present in both peel and pulp of the two studied species from northern Chile. Homomangiferin (peak 13) was also present in both fruit pulps and dimethylmangiferin (peak 14) was present only in Tommy pulp. Pica fruits showed better antioxidant capacities and higher polyphenolic content (73.76/32.23 µg/mL in the DPPH assay and 32.49/72.01 mg GAE/100 g fresh material in the TPC assay, for edible pulp and peel, respectively) than Tommy Atkins fruits (127.22/46.39 µg/mL in the DPPH assay and 25.03/72.01 mg GAE/100 g fresh material in the TPC assay for pulp and peel, respectively). The peel of Pica mangoes showed also the highest content of phenolics (66.02 mg/100 g FW) measured by HPLC-PDA. The HPLC generated fingerprint can be used to authenticate Pica mango fruits and Pica mango food products.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

San José de Pica (from aboriginal quechua language: piqai, flower in the sand) is a small town and oasis in a remote part of the Atacama Desert located in the region of Tarapacá (I region of Chile), 114 km southeast of the city of Iquique. Pica has a lush greenery and thriving agriculture due to underground water sources surfacing in the middle of the Atacama Desert. Due to its water supply Pica has been inhabited for millennia, and it was a vital point on the Inca road system south from Peru. The Oasis of Pica is well known for the plentiful amounts of typical mango fruits and lemons that grow there, particularly the Limon de Pica (Pica lemon) and Mango de Pica (Pica mango) the first one a small and tart lemon that is famous throughout Chile. The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a fleshy stone fruit belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous tropical fruiting trees in the flowering family of Anacardiaceae in the order Rutales. Mango is one of the most important tropical fruits worldwide [1], it is a fruit with high nutritional value and unique flavors and taste, considered a good source of antioxidants, including vitamin C [2], and different xanthones [3] carotenoids [4], flavonoids [5,6], benzophenones [5], phenolic acids [7,8] and tannins [9,10] with attributed human health benefits [11]. However, there are differences regarding the polyphenolic compounds and dietary fiber present in different varieties of Mangifera indica fruits [12,13] and leaves [12]. Mango de Pica (Mangifera indica cv piqueño or Pica) is a small mango fruit, six or seven times smaller than Mango Tommy Atkins, with an average weight of 50–100 g and a orange-yellow peel at maturity stage (Figure 1). This fruit contain considerable amounts of dietary fiber with good flavors and aroma which makes the consumers preference inclined to Pica mangoes in northern Chile (I and II regions of Chile). Tommy mangoes are bigger; the average weight is 600 g and the peel is green turning to red in maturity stage (Figure 1), however the pulp has less flavor and aroma than Pica mangoes. Pica and Tommy mango fruits are the two main mango varieties cultivated and consumed in northern Chile [14]. Besides the various benefits of the edible flesh the peels of mango fruits account for 15%–20% of the weight and are byproducts in the production of canned mango fruit and juices [15,16]. Indeed, mango peels showed good amounts of dietary fiber and antioxidant capacity and are considered a rich source of polyphenols, anthocyanin and carotenoids [11,13]. In this work we have analyzed Mango de Pica fruits (Mangifera indica cv piqueño, Figure 1) using HPLC with PDA and ESI-ToF-MS analyzers and made a comparison with Mango Tommy Atkins fruits, (Mangifera indica cv Tommy Atkins) harvested and consumed in northern Chile. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were compared, as well as antioxidant power measured by the bleaching of the DPPH radical, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and superoxide anion scavenging activity (SA), of pulp and peel of the fruits. This is the first report of phenolic constituents and HPLC analysis of Pica mango fruits.
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Figure 1. Photograph of (A) ripe Tommy Atkins Mango Fruit and (B) Pica Mango Fruits.
Figure 1. Photograph of (A) ripe Tommy Atkins Mango Fruit and (B) Pica Mango Fruits.
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2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content of Mango Fruits from Northern Chile

The bleaching of the DPPH radical (DPPH), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) from pulp and peel of Tommy and Pica mango fruits are shown in Figure 2. We were not able to find any HPLC analysis and identification of phenolic compounds of Pica mango fruits nor comparison with other mango fruits. However, the ethanolic extract of the bark from Pica mango trees was studied regarding antioxidant and analgesic activities and the values were compared with those of the mango varieties Zill, Gloria, Kent, Sensation, Keitt and Tommy Atkins cultivated in the same area (I region) of Chile [14]. Among those seven cultivars the ethanolic extract from Pica mango bark showed the highest antioxidant activity measured by the bleaching of the DPPH radical (around 96% of bleaching of the DPPH radical at 0.233 mg/mL, close to that of the positive control Trolox, with 99%) [14]. In this work methanolic extracts of peel and pulp from Tommy mango fruits (Mangifera indica L. variety Tommy Atkins) and Pica mango fruits (Mangifera indica L. variety piqueño) collected in the first region of Chile were evaluated for antioxidant power by the DPPH scavenging activity (measured as IC50 values) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and the results were compared. Both fruits showed moderate to high antioxidant power, but the peel from endemic Pica mango fruits presented the highest activity (Figure 2). Pica mango fruits showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 73.76 ± 2.08 and 32.23 ± 2.99 µg/mL, for pulp and peel, respectively, Figure 2) and higher ferric reducing antioxidant power (194.25 ± 17.43 and 477.23 ± 34.61 µmol TE (Trolox equivalents)/100 g fresh weight, for pulp and peel, respectively, Figure 2) than Tommy fruits peel and pulp power (127.22/46.39 µg/mL, in the DPPH assay and 106.71/345.49 µmol TE (Trolox equivalents)/100 g FW, for pulp and peel, respectively, Figure 2). The pulp of Pica mango fruits showed total phenolic content of 32.49 ± 3.91 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) per 100 g fresh material. This value is 1.29 times higher than the content in Tommy fruits (25.03 ± 1.72 mg GAE/100 g fresh material), collected in the same location. The peels showed similar trend (Figure 2). For Pica mangoes the total phenolic content of the peel was 2.2 times higher (72.01 ± 2.78 mg GAE/100 g fresh material), than its pulp, while for Tommy mangoes peel was 1.72 times higher (43.17 ± 3.95 mg GAE/100 g fresh material), than its pulp, which make the peels a better source of bioactive compounds.
Molecules 19 00438 g002 550
Figure 2. (a) DPPH scavenging activity; (b) Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); (c) Total Phenolic content (TPC) and (d) Total flavonoid content (TFC) of mango fruit extracts.
Figure 2. (a) DPPH scavenging activity; (b) Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); (c) Total Phenolic content (TPC) and (d) Total flavonoid content (TFC) of mango fruit extracts.
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ppu: Mangifera indica L. variety Pica pulp extract; ppe: Mangifera indica L. variety Pica peel extract; tpu: Mangifera indica L. variety Tommy Atkins pulp extract; tpe: Mangifera indica L. variety Tommy Atkins peel extract. GA: Gallic acid, Q: Quercetin.
The content of phenolics in edible pulp of Tommy mangoes was close to that reported for the variety Irwin (20.94 ± 1.69 mg gallic acid/100 g FW) [17] and the Tommy Atkins varieties growing in United States (21.16 mg gallic acid/100 g FW) [18] as well as in Ecuador and Brazil (23.6 mg gallic acid/100 g FW) [19] and the variety Haden cultivated in Mexico (27.7 mg) [19]. However, the pulp from Pica mangoes showed values close to that reported for the Chinese variety Ao (29.45 ± 4.14 mg gallic acid/100 g FW) [17] and the variety Kent from Mexico (32.2 gallic acid/100 g FW) [19], while the peels from Pica mangoes showed values close to that of the varieties Xiaoji (80.50 ± 3.63 mg gallic acid/100 g FW) from China [17] and Ataulfo from Mexico (99.5 mg gallic acid/100 g FW) [19]. Pica mango fruits also showed higher values in total flavonoids (4.74 ± 0.73 mg QE (quercetin equivalents)/100 g fresh material) than Tommy mango fruits (2.32 ± 0.12 mg QE/100 g fresh material), while the highest content of flavonoids was found in Pica mango peels (18.07 ± 2.68 mg QE/100 g fresh material), which was close to that reported for the variety Mallika (18.33 ± 6.56 mg rutin/100 g fresh material) [17].

2.2. Identification of Phenolic Compounds in Mango Fruits by HPLC-DAD and ToF-ESI-MS/MS

In this study several compounds (Figure 3) were identified in mango fruits from northern Chile using photodiode array detection (PDA) and negative electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-ToF-MS) in full scan mode and tandem MS/MS fragmentations. The HPLC fingerprint recorded at 280 nm of methanolic extracts from peel and pulp of both mango fruits cultivated in northern Chile is shown in Figure 4.
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Figure 3. Compounds identified in two mango fruits (varieties Pica and Tommy) from Northern Chile.
Figure 3. Compounds identified in two mango fruits (varieties Pica and Tommy) from Northern Chile.
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Using HPLC coupled to a ToF mass analyzer the solvent flow should be less than 0.5 mL per minute and the amount of acid should be very low, since more than 0.1% of trifluoracetic (TFA) or formic acid in the solvent system as currently used in HPLC coupled to PDA detectors can damage the ToF detector. Thus, in this work we have used 0.05% formic acid in the solvent system and a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Both positive and negative mass conditions were employed in this work, but the acidic nature of the compounds present in the extracts (phenols) made the ions more abundant and easily detected in negative mode. It was not possible to distinguish unequivocally all detected compounds due to the lack of standard compounds. Therefore the structures of these compounds were proposed based on UV maxima (272 nm for catechin derivatives, 252, 362 nm for ellagic acid derivatives, 240, 321 nm for caffeic acid derivatives, 258, 318, 363 nm for mangiferin derivatives, 255, 354 nm for quercetin derivatives and 254, 365 nm for isorhamnetin derivatives, Figure 5) as well as fragmentation pattern thorough ESI-MS-MS experiments. In this work using tandem MS experiments the loss of 162 Daltons is indicative of hexoses (glucose or galactose, the most common sugars found in flavonoids) the loss of 146 Daltons is indicative of rhamnose, the loss of 133 Daltons is indicative of pentoses (xylose or arabinose, the most common pentoses found in natural products) [20], while the losses of 90 and 120 Daltons is indicative of C-glycoside phenolic compounds [21].
Table 1 show retention times of the peaks detected, UV maxima, molecular formula, pseudomolecular ions and MS fragmentation of all compounds detected in two cultivars of mango fruits cultivated in northern Chile plus references to the compounds, while the identification using HPLC hyphenated with PDA-ESI-ToF-MS and MSn experiments of all detected and tentatively characterized compounds is explained above. In this work 21 compounds were detected and tentatively characterized, 18 in Pica pulp (ppu), 13 in Pica peel (ppe) 11 in Tommy Atkins pulp (tpu) and 12 in Tommy Atkins peel (tpe) (Table 2).
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Figure 4. HPLC UV chromatograms at 280 nm of (a) Tommy Atkins mango fruits pulp extract, (b) Pica mango fruits pulp extract, (c) Tommy Atkins mango fruits peel extract and (d) Pica mango fruits peel extract.
Figure 4. HPLC UV chromatograms at 280 nm of (a) Tommy Atkins mango fruits pulp extract, (b) Pica mango fruits pulp extract, (c) Tommy Atkins mango fruits peel extract and (d) Pica mango fruits peel extract.
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Table
Table 1. Identification of phenolic compounds in mango pulp and peel by LC-PDA, LC–ESI-ToF-MS and MS/MS data.
Table 1. Identification of phenolic compounds in mango pulp and peel by LC-PDA, LC–ESI-ToF-MS and MS/MS data.
Peak #Rt (min)HPLC-DAD λ max (nm)[M-H]−FormulaOther MS-MS ions (m/z)Tentative identificationReferenceSpecies/Fruit part
17.8220191.0C7H12O6104.0Quinic acid[22]ppu
28.0273335.05C15H12O9241.11, 183.03Methyl-di-gallate ester[22]tpe
39.1252, 275sh, 362469.0C21H10O13169.0 (gallic acid)Valoneic acid bilactone[23,24]ppu, ppe tpu, tpe
410.6273183.03C8H8O5169.1(gallic acid)Methyl gallate[22]tpu, tpe
510.9249, 321353.1C16H18O9179.0 (caffeic acid)Caffeoyl-quinic acid[25]ppu, ppe
611.7276727.5C37H28O16575.1 (procyanidin dimer), 405.1,284.0, 169.0 (gallic acid)Galloyl-A-type procyanidin dimer[26]tpu, tpe ppu, ppe
712.0277575.12C30H23O12423.1, 285.0 (catechin), 205.1, 193.0A-type-procyanidin dimer[26]ppu, ppe tpu, tpe
812.2273331.1C13H16O10169.0 (gallic acid)Galloyl glucose[27]ppu, ppe tpu, tpe
912.5277559.1C30H23O11407.1, 287.0 (catechin)Epiafzelechin-epicatechin dimer[28]ppu, ppe tpu, tpe
1012.8278, 319, 364573.1C26H22O15421.1(Mangiferin), 169.0 (gallic acid)Mangiferin gallate[5]ppu, ppe
1113.2249, 321341.1C15H18O9683.6 ([2M-H]–), 179.6 (caffeic acid)Caffeoyl-glucose[25]ppu, ppe tpu, tpe
1214.0258, 319, 364421.0C19H18O11331.0 ([2M-H]−), 301.0 ([2M-H]−),Mangiferin *[3]ppu, ppe tpu, tpe
1314.3258, 319, 364435.1C20H19O11315.1([2M-H]−), 301.0, ([2M-H]–), 271.1Homomangiferin[29]tpu, ppu
1415.1258, 319, 364449.2C21H22O11315.1([2M-H]−), 301.0([2M-H]−)Dimethylmangiferin[30]ppu
1515.6273343.2C14H16O10191.1 (quinic acid)Galloyl-quinic acid[22]ppe
1616.0255, 350463.1C21H20O12301.04(quercetin), 179.0, 151.0Quercetin-3-O-glucose *[6]ppu, ppe tpu, tpe
1716.5254, 290 sh, 351447.1C21H20O11301.0 (quercetin), 179.0, 151.0Quercetin-3-O-rhamnose[6]ppu
1817.7255, 293sh, 354433.09C20H17O11301.04(quercetin), 179.0, 151.0Quercetin-3-O-pentose[3]tpe, ppu
1918.0254, 300sh, 365477.1C22H22O12315.1(Isorhamnetin), 300.1Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucose *[3]ppu, ppe tpu, tpe
2019.8252, 362315.0C15H8O8257.0, 195.03Methyl-ellagic acid[31]ppu, ppe
2122.5252, 362301.0C14H6O8257.0Ellagic acid *[5]ppu
Species and fruit parts: Mangifera indica L. variety piqueño: Pulp (ppu) and peel (ppe); Mangifera indica L. variety Tommy Atkins: Pulp (tpu) and peel (tpe).* identified by spiked experiments with authentic standard.
Molecules 19 00438 g005 550
Figure 5. PDA spectra of compounds 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 16 and 19.
Figure 5. PDA spectra of compounds 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 16 and 19.
Molecules 19 00438 g005

2.2.1. Xanthones

In this work peaks 10, 12–14 were tentatively identified as xanthones (Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6). Mangosteen is one of the richest sources of different antioxidant xanthones [32], while mango fruits, specially the Tommy Atkins cultivar showed a few principal components, mainly mangiferin and isomangiferin [3,33]. Peak 12 showed an [M-H]− ion at m/z 421.0 in the ToF-ESI-MS spectra and fragment ions at m/z 331.0 ([M-H-90 Daltons]− and m/z 301.0 ([M-H-120 Daltons]− corresponding to losses of C-glycoside phenolic compounds [21] and was identified as mangiferin [3], its identity being confirmed by spiking experiments using an authentic standard. Peak 14 with a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 449.2 and daughter ions at m/z 315.1 and m/z 301.0 was identified as the xanthone derivative di-methylmangiferin [30]. Peak 13 with a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 435.1 and MS2 ions at m/z 315.1, 301.0 and m/z 271.1 was identified as the mangiferin monomethyl derivative homomangiferin [29]. Similarly, Peak 10 with an [M-H]− ion at m/z 573.1 and product MSn ions at m/z 421.1 (mangiferin) and m/z 169.0 (gallic acid) was tentatively characterized as mangiferin gallate as reported [5].
Molecules 19 00438 g006 550
Figure 6. Structures, fragmentations, full ESI-MS and MS-MS spectra of peaks 10 and 12–14.
Figure 6. Structures, fragmentations, full ESI-MS and MS-MS spectra of peaks 10 and 12–14.
Molecules 19 00438 g006

2.2.2. Phenolic Acids, tannins and their Derivatives and/or Related Compounds

Peak 1 was tentatively identified as quinic acid ([M-H]− ion at m/z 191.1, Figure 7) while peak 15 with a [M-H]− ion at m/z 343.1 and a loss of 152 Daltons (galloyl moiety) producing a quinic acid daughter ion at m/z 191.1 was a identified as galloylquinic acid (Figure 7) [22]. Peak 2 showed an [M-H]− ion at m/z 335.2 and a daughter MS ion at m/z 183.0 (methyl gallate) and was identified as methyl digallate ester (Figure 7) while the related compound 4 was identified as methyl gallate (Figure 7) [22]. Peak 3 showing UV spectral data characteristic of an ellagic acid derivative (Figure 7 and Table 1) with an [M-H]− ion at m/z 469.06 and a daughter gallic acid ion at m/z 169.02 was identified as the ellagic acid derivative valoneic acid bilactone (Figure 7) [23,24]. Peak 4 showed a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 183.03 and daughter MS ion at m/z 169.1 (gallic acid) and was identified as the gallic acid derivative methyl gallate [22]. Peak 8 with an [M-H]− ion at m/z 331.0 and MS daughter ion at m/z 169.0 was identified as galloyl glucose (Figure 8) [27]. Peak 5 showed an [M-H]− ion at m/z 353.1 (Figure 8) and an UV spectrum characteristic of caffeic acid (Table 1). A loss in the ESI MS-MS experiment resulting in a peak at m/z 179.0 (caffeic acid) prompted the identification of this compound as caffeoyl-quinic acid [25]. Similarly, peak 11 with an [M-H]− ion at m/z 341.1 and a MS2 ion at m/z 179.6 was identified as caffeoylglucose (Figure 8) [25]. Peak 20 with a pseudomolecular anion at m/z 315.0 and daughter ions at m/z 257.0 and 195.03 was identified as methyl ellagic acid (Figure 8) [31]. Peak 21 with a pseudomolecular ion at m/z 301.0 and eluting very late in the chromatogram as reported [5] was identified as free ellagic acid (Figure 8) [5,20].
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Figure 7. Structures, fragmentations, full ESI-MS and MS-MS spectra of peaks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 15.
Figure 7. Structures, fragmentations, full ESI-MS and MS-MS spectra of peaks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 15.
Molecules 19 00438 g007
Molecules 19 00438 g008 550
Figure 8. Structures, fragmentation, full ESI-MS and MS-MS spectra of peaks 8, 11, 20 and 21.
Figure 8. Structures, fragmentation, full ESI-MS and MS-MS spectra of peaks 8, 11, 20 and 21.
Molecules 19 00438 g008

2.2.3. Flavonoids

Peak 16 showed an [M-H]− ion at m/z 463.0 and a MS2 fragment at m/z 301.0 [6] which produced quercetin MS3 ions at m/z 179.0 and 151.0 [20] and was identified and confirmed as the flavonoid isoquercitrin (quercetin 3-O-glucoside, (Figure 9) [6], by spiking experiment with authentic standard. Similarly, peaks 17 and 18 with molecular ions at m/z 447.1 and 433.09 were identified as quercetin-3-O-pentoside and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside respectively (Figure 9) [20]. Peak 19 with a molecular anion at m/z 477.1 and MS2 ion at m/z 315.1 (isorhamnetin) was identified as isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside (Figure 9) [3].
Molecules 19 00438 g009 550
Figure 9. Structures, fragmentation, full ESI-MS and MS-MS spectra of peaks 16, 17, 18 and 19.
Figure 9. Structures, fragmentation, full ESI-MS and MS-MS spectra of peaks 16, 17, 18 and 19.
Molecules 19 00438 g009

2.2.4. Procyanidins

The monomer procyanidins (+)catechin and (−)epicatechin were identified in mango fruits in previous reports [17,34,35]. In this work minor peaks 6, 7, and 9 were identified as procyanidins (Figure 10). Peak 7 with an [M-H]− ion at m/z 575.1 and product daughter ions at m/z 423.1 (RDA, Retro Diels Alder product) and 285.0 (epicatechin monomer) was identified as a procyanidin A dimer, (epi)catechin-(epi)catechin) [26]. Similarly, peak 9 with a molecular anion at m/z 559.1 and MS2 ions at m/z 407.1 product ion from RDA cleavage) and m/z 287.0 (epicatechin) was identified as a procyanidin A dimer with an epiafzelechin monomer constituent, (epiafzelechin-epicatechin) as reported [28]. Peak 6 with an [M-H]− ion at m/z 727.5 and MSn ions at m/z 405.1, 285.0 (epicatechin) and m/z 169.0 (gallic acid) was identified as a galloylated A type procyanidin dimer (galloyl-epicatechin-epicatechin) (Figure 10) [36].
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Figure 10. Structures, fragmentation, full ESI-MS and MS-MS spectra of peaks 6, 7, and 9.
Figure 10. Structures, fragmentation, full ESI-MS and MS-MS spectra of peaks 6, 7, and 9.
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2.3. Quantification of Phenolic Compounds

Phenolic compounds in peel and pulp of these two mango varieties were quantified using HPLC DAD and the results were compared (Table 2). Accuracy of the HPLC method was determined in recovery experiments, in which plant material was spiked with three different concentrations of standard compounds. As seen in Table 2 all recovery results were within the usually required recovery range of 100% ± 5%. Relative standard deviations were below 2.00% (Table 2) which indicated the methods repeatability [37]. Major compounds were 11 and 12 besides compounds 6, 7, 8 and 16 for all four plant parts studied while Pica peel (ppe) has the higher amount of compounds 11 (caffeoyl-glucose) and 12 (mangiferin), followed by Tommy peel (tpe, 35.43 ± 3.36 and 21.87 ± 4.45 for ppe and 24.57 ± 2.32 and 9.68 ± 1.83 for tpe, for compounds 11 and 12 respectively, Table 2). The amount of total phenolics quantified in this study (Table 2) were in the order Pica peel > Tommy peel > Pica pulp > Tommy pulp (66.02, 41.94, 29.89 and 29.37 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively) the trend is similar to the trend found for total phenolics measured by the Folin Ciocalteau colorimetric method (Figure 2).
Table
Table 2. Content of major phenolic compounds in peel and pulp of Pica and Tommy Atkins mango fruits.
Table 2. Content of major phenolic compounds in peel and pulp of Pica and Tommy Atkins mango fruits.
Compound # (mg/100 g) appetpepputpuLOD-LOQ
(ng/mL)		Recovery
(mean ± RSD%)
30.52 ± 0.010.082 ± 0.000.12 ± 0.000.34 ± 0.01ndnd
50.83 ± 0.02nd0.02 ± 0.00ndndnd
72.87 ± 0.011.34 ± 0.001.97 ± 0.010.86 ± 0.45ndnd
83.76 ± 0.022.06 ± 0.011.44 ± 0.011.34 ± 0.02ndnd
100.91 ± 0.00nd2.35 ± 0.03ndndnd
1134.13 ± 1.7725.05 ± 1.6714.90 ± 1.7219.18 ± 1.12ndnd
1222.15 ± 1.149.68 ± 0.644.24 ± 0.103.25 ± 0.112.3–41.699.52 ± 1.71
13ndnd1.96 ± 0.011.71 ± 0.02ndnd
14ndnd0.65 ± 0.01ndndnd
150.09 ± 0.00ndndndndnd
160.43 ± 0.023.12 ± 0.101.70 ± 0.042.66 ± 0.0826.8–88.6596.52 ± 0.99
17ndnd0.42 ± 0.00ndndnd
18nd0.37 ± 0.000.052 ± 0.00ndndnd
190.30 ± 0.04a0.24 ± 0.02a0.027 ± 0.00b0.031 ± 0.00b23.37–73.4102.48 ± 1.65
200.036 ± 0.00nd0.018 ± 0.00ndndnd
21ndnd0.031 ± 0.00nd14.46-45.27103.82 ± 1.24
Total 66.0241.9429.8929.37ndnd
a Expressed as mg/100 g fresh weight, measurements are expressed as mean ± SD of five parallel determinations. (Values in the same row marked with the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05). nd: not detected/determined.

3. Experimental

3.1. General

HPLC grade water, methanol, n-hexane, formic acid, HCl, KCl, Folin–Ciocalteu phenol reagent, sodium acetate, aluminum chloride hexahydrate and sodium carbonate were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Amberlite XAD-7HP 20-60 mesh resin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) caffeic and gallic acids were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucose, quercetin 3-O-glucose, the xanthone-C-glucoside mangiferin for HPLC analysis all with purity higher than 95% (with HPLC certificate) were purchased either from ChromaDex (Santa Ana, CA, USA) or Extrasynthèse (Genay, France). For the DPPH assay, a microplate reader spectrophotometer (Dynamica GmbH, Halo MPR-96, Zurich, Switzerland) was used. For the other spectroscopic measurements a Spectroquant Pharo UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Unico Instruments, Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China) was used.

3.2. Mango Cultivars

Pica and Tommy Atkins mango fruits were purchased at La Vega de Antofagasta. The fruits were collected in February 2012 in the first region of Chile (Pica mangoes from Pica, Tarapacá, Geographic coordinates: latitude 20°13'55.01"S; longitude 70°7'44.07"W, and Tommy Atkins mangoes from a plantation located in Valle de Azapa, Arica y Parinacota, Geographic coordinates: latitude: 18°31'34.93"S; longitude 70°9'58.94"W, Chile. Samples of the fruits are deposited at the laboratory of Natural products, University of Antofagasta with the numbers PiMa 150212 and ToMa 15022012.

3.3. Preparative Procedures

Pulps (100 g fresh material) and peels (100 g fresh material) from both mango cultivars were carefully washed and extracted (in triplicate) with MeOH (three times, 1 L each) in an ultrasonic bath in the dark at 25 °C per one hour each extraction. The methanolic extracts were filtered, combined and partitioned with n-hexane (three times, 1 L each) to remove lipids and waxes. The resulting MeOH extract were filtered, and concentrated in vacuo at 45 °C. The resulting MeOH extracts were suspended in water (25 mL) and loaded onto an Amberlite XAD-7 column (150 g) rinsed with water (1 L) and eluted with MeOH (1 L) to yield 2.38 ± 0.43 g of Pica mango pulp extract and 4.65 ± 0.67 g Pica mango peel extract, 1.67 ± 0.21 g of Tommy Atkins mango pulp extract and 4.48 ± 0.12 g Tommy Atkins mango peel extract, respectively.

3.4. HPLC DAD and HR-ESI-ToF-MS Conditions

An Agilent Series 1200 LC System (Agilent Technologies Inc., Waldbronn, Germany) coupled to a MicrOTOF Q II (Bruker Daltonics Inc., Billerica, MA, USA) was used for HPLC-HR-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The HPLC system consisted in a micro vacuum degasser, binary pumps, an autosampler (40 μL sample loop), a thermostated column compartment, and a diode array detector. The mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ion source and qToF analyzer, was used in MS and MS/MS mode for the structural analysis of all compounds including flavonoids and phenolic acids. HPLC analyses were performed on a thermostated (40 °C) Phenomenex Luna C18 250 × 4.6 mm (5 μm) column at 0.4 mL/min flow rate using 0.05% (v/v) formic acid (solvent A) and methanol (solvent B) with the following gradient of composition: starting with 20% solvent B and changing to 50% solvent B during 3 min, kept for 5 min, followed by a second ramp to 80% B in 5 min, maintained for 17 min, a third ramp to 20% B in 1 min, remaining at this last condition for 10 min before the next run ESI-MS detection was performed in negative and positive ion mode with mass acquisition between 100 and 1,500 Daltons. Nitrogen was used as drying and nebulizer gas (7 L/min and 3.5 Bar, respectively), and 180 °C for drying temperature. The injection volume was 10 μL. For MS/MS experiments fragmentation was achieved by using Auto MS2 option. PDA analyses were carried out in the range between 200 and 700 nm.

3.5. Polyphenolic Content

A precisely weighed amount of each extract (approximately 2 mg/mL) as explained in Section 3.3 was used for total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) content. Extracts were dissolved in a MeOH:water 7:3 v/v solution. Appropriate dilutions were prepared and absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer (see Section 3.1). The TPCs were determined by the Folin and Ciocalteu reagent method [38]. Briefly, the appropriate extract dilution was oxidized with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (2 mL, 10% v/v), and the reaction was neutralized with sodium carbonate. The calibration curve was performed with gallic acid (concentrations ranging from 16.0 to 500.0 μg/mL, R2 = 0.999). The absorbance of the resulting blue color of the complex formed was measured at 740 nm after 30 min, and the results were expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents per g dry material. The TFCs in the samples were determined as previously reported [39,40]. The absorbance of the reaction mixture (2.5 mL) was measured at 430 nm and quercetin was used as a reference for the calibration curve (concentrations ranging from 16.0 to 800.0 µg/mL, R2 = 0.994). Results were expressed as mg quercetin equivalents per 100 g fresh weight. Data are reported as mean ± SD for at least three replications.

3.6. Antioxidant Assessment

3.6.1. Bleaching of the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Assay

Free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated using a microplate reader spectrophotometer according to the method described previously [41]. Briefly, aliquots of samples (50 μL, from 1.0 to 500 μg/mL) were assessed by their reactivity with a methanolic solution of 400 μM DPPH. The reaction mixtures (200 μL) were kept for 30 min at room temperature in the dark. The decreases in the absorbance (n = 3) were measured at 517 nm and the percentage of DPPH● scavenging of the compounds and extracts was calculated using the following equation:
Molecules 19 00438 i001
Afterwards, a curve of % DPPH scavenging activity versus concentration was plotted and IC50 values were calculated. IC50 denotes the concentration of sample required to scavenge 50% of DPPH free radicals. The lower the IC50 value the more powerful the antioxidant capacity. If IC50 ≤ 50 μg/mL the sample has high antioxidant capacity, if 50 μg/mL < IC50 ≤ 100 μg/mL the sample has moderate antioxidant capacity and if IC50 > 200 μg/mL the sample has no relevant antioxidant capacity. For comparison purposes, standard antioxidant compounds gallic acid (from 1.0 to 125.0 μg/mL, R2 = 0.991) and quercetin (from 1.0 to 125.0 μg/mL, R2 = 0.996) were used as standard antioxidant compounds, and were determined to have IC50 values of 11.87 ± 1.95 µg/mL (69.77 μmol/L) and 23.42 ± 3.12 µg/mL (77.48 μmol/L), respectively.

3.6.2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay

The FRAP assay was performed according to [42] with some modifications. The stock solutions included 300 mM acetate buffer pH 3.6, 10 mM TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-S-triazine) solution in 40 mM HCl, and 20 mM FeCl3·6H2O solution. The working solution was prepared by mixing 50 mL acetate buffer, 10 mL TPTZ solution, and 15 mL FeCl3·6H2O solution and then warmed at 37 °C before using. Mango fruit extracts (100 μL) were allowed to react with 2 mL of the fresh FRAP solution for 30 min in the dark. Readings of the coloured product ferrous tripyridyltriazine complex were then taken at 593 nm (n = 3). The standard curve was performed with the standard antioxidant Trolox (R² = 0.998). Results are expressed in microMol TE (Trolox equivalents)/100 g fresh weight.

3.7. Quantitative Analysis

For quantitative analysis a standard stock solution was prepared by dissolving all standard compounds in 2.00 mL methanol (1.00 mg of compounds 12, 16, 19, 21). Five additional calibration levels were prepared by diluting this standard solution 1:2 with methanol to perform individual calibration curves (n = 5, r2 between 0.9961 and 0.9999). Due to the lack of all standard compounds, compound 3 (valoneic acid bilactone), 8 (galloyl glucose) and 15 (galloyl quinic acid) were quantified based on the calibration data of the structurally similar gallic acid, compound 5 and 11 were quantified using the calibration curve of caffeic acid, compounds 10, 13 and 14 were quantified using calibration curve for 12 (mangiferin), Compounds 17 and 18 were quantified using calibration curve for 16 (quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucoside) and compound 20 was quantified using the calibration curve obtained for 21 (ellagic acid).

3.8. Method Validation

Method validation including linearity, precision and accuracy was carried out as recommended by [43]. The determined limits of detection (signal to noise ratio of three, based on a 10 μL injection) and limits of quantitation (S/N ratio of ten) were found to be below 27 ng/mL and 89 ng/mL, and indicated the sensitivity of the method employed. Accuracy was determined by spiking the sample with three concentrations of standard compounds (low, medium and high spike). For this purpose, known amounts of compounds 12, 16, 19 and 21 were added to a sample of the plant material (Pica peel), in triplicate which was then extracted (× 3 times) and assayed as described before. The measured amounts in relation to the theoretically present ones were expressed as percent of recovery and relative standard deviation was calculated (Table 2).

3.9. Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis was carried out using the originPro 9.0 software packages (Originlab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA). The determination was repeated at least five times for each sample solution. Analysis of variance was performed using one way ANOVA and Tukey test. (p values < 0.05 were regarded as significant).

4. Conclusions

Phenolic components of Pica mangoes were analyzed and quantified by HPLC for the first time. Furthermore, the extracts obtained from edible pulp of Pica mango fruits (local cultivar) showed moderate antioxidant capacity which is two times higher to that found for edible pulp of Tommy Atkins mango fruits cultivated in the same area of Chile. The antioxidant activity was high for both peels, which might be related with presence of diverse phenolic compounds and phenolic content found in these extracts. In this work 21 phenolic compounds were detected and tentatively characterized in mango fruits from northern Chile. Three procyanidin dimers (peaks 6, 9 and 10), seven acid derivatives (peaks 1–4, 11, 20 and 21) and four xanthones were identified, mainly mangiferin (peak 12) and mangiferin gallate, (peak 7) which were present in both peel and pulp of the two species studied from northern Chile. Homomangiferin (peak 13) was also present in both fruit pulps and di-methyl mangiferin (peak 14) was present only in Tommy pulp. Four flavonoid glycosides were also identified, peaks 16-19. Quercetin 3-O-glucoside (peak 16) and isorhamnetin 3-O glucoside (peak 19) were present in the four plant parts studied, while quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (peak 17) was present only in Tommy pulp and quercetin 3-O-pentoside (peak 18) was present in Pica peel and Tommy pulp. The peel of Pica mangoes showed the highest content of phenolic compounds measured by HPLC-DAD where the two major compounds found were caffeoyl-glucose and mangiferin (34.13 ± 1.77 mg/100 g FW for compound 11 and 22.15 ± 1.14 mg/100 g FW for compound 12, respectively). The HPLC fingerprints can be used to authenticate the mango cultivars and the compounds identified can be used as biomarkers for food products especially for Mangifera indica L. cv piqueño since little research has been reported for this species. Mango de Pica (Mangifera indica L. cv piqueño) can be considered as a rich source of important nutraceuticals, which are in higher amount than in regular commercial Tommy Atkins mango fruits.

Acknowledgments

Financial support from FONDECYT (Project 1110068) is gratefully acknowledged.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of mangiferin and other standard compounds and fruit extracts are available from the authors.

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Ramirez, J.E.; Zambrano, R.; Sepúlveda, B.; Simirgiotis, M.J. Antioxidant Properties and Hyphenated HPLC-PDA-MS Profiling of Chilean Pica Mango Fruits (Mangifera indica L. Cv. piqueño). Molecules 2014, 19, 438-458. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010438

AMA Style

Ramirez JE, Zambrano R, Sepúlveda B, Simirgiotis MJ. Antioxidant Properties and Hyphenated HPLC-PDA-MS Profiling of Chilean Pica Mango Fruits (Mangifera indica L. Cv. piqueño). Molecules. 2014; 19(1):438-458. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010438

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramirez, Javier E., Ricardo Zambrano, Beatriz Sepúlveda, and Mario J. Simirgiotis. 2014. "Antioxidant Properties and Hyphenated HPLC-PDA-MS Profiling of Chilean Pica Mango Fruits (Mangifera indica L. Cv. piqueño)" Molecules 19, no. 1: 438-458. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010438

APA Style

Ramirez, J. E., Zambrano, R., Sepúlveda, B., & Simirgiotis, M. J. (2014). Antioxidant Properties and Hyphenated HPLC-PDA-MS Profiling of Chilean Pica Mango Fruits (Mangifera indica L. Cv. piqueño). Molecules, 19(1), 438-458. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010438

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