Proteolysis, NaOH and Ultrasound-Enhanced Extraction of Anticoagulant and Antioxidant Sulfated Polysaccharides from the Edible Seaweed, Gracilaria birdiae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Extraction Conditions
2.2. Yield and Chemical Analysis of Extracts Obtained
Extracts | Total Yield (mg) | Sugar/Sulfate | Protein (%) | Molar Ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gal | Glc | Ara | Xyl | Gluc A | ||||
GB1 | 26 (1.0) * | 8.5 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.9 |
GB1s | 28 (1.1) * | 15.0 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 |
GB1sp | 152 (5.8) * | 12.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 2.2 |
GB2s | 64 (2.5) * | 11.0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.5 |
GB2sp | 413 (15.9) * | 5.1 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 1.5 |
2.3. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
2.4. Infrared Spectra
Sulfated Polysaccharides | IR (cm−1) |
---|---|
GB1 | 3441, 2921, 1647, 1238, 1059, 847 |
GB1s | 3442, 2917, 1650, 1234, 1040, 850 |
GB2s | 3444, 2910, 1643, 1225, 1038, 845 |
GB1sp | 3435, 2908, 1659, 1254, 1061, 847 |
GB2sp | 3460, 2922, 1662, 1238, 1065, 849 |
2.5. Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis
2.6. Anticoagulant Activity
2.7. Antioxidant Activity
Extracts (1 mg/mL) | Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging | Superoxide Radical Scavenging | Ferrous Ion Chelating | Power Reducing |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1 | −0.02 ± 0.03 a | 0.00 ± 0.23 a | 0.19 ± 0.24 a | Nd |
GB1p | −0.09 ± 0.12 a | 0.00 ± 0.51 a | 0.21 ± 0.12 a | Nd |
GB1s | −0.10 ± 0.33 a | 0.00 ± 0.02 a | 0.08 ± 0.27 a | Nd |
GB1sp | 0.01 ± 0.09 a | 0.00 ± 0.33 a | 0.05 ± 0.10 a | Nd |
GB2s | −0.27 ± 0.45 a | 0.00 ± 0.12 a | 0.05 ± 0.17 a | Nd |
GB2sp | −0.11 ± 0.09 a | 0.00 ± 0.31 a | 0.09 ± 0.11 a | Nd |
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Materials
3.2. Raw Material
3.3. Extraction of Sulfated Polysaccharide
Extract | Solution | Sonication (30 min/60 °C/60 W) | Enzymatic Digestion (60 °C, 12 h, pH 8.0) |
---|---|---|---|
GB1 | Water 22 °C | - | - |
GB1s | Water 22 °C | + | - |
GB2s | 0.1 M NaOH 22 °C | + | - |
GB1sp | Water 22 °C | + | + |
GB2sp | 0.1 M NaOH 22 °C | + | + |
3.4. Chemical Analysis and Monosaccharide Composition
3.5. Agarose Electrophoresis
3.6. Infrared Spectra
3.7. Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis
3.8. Anticoagulant Activity
3.9. Antioxidant Activity
3.9.1. Determination of Total Antioxidant Capacity
3.9.2. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
3.9.3. Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
3.9.4. Ferrous Ion (Fe(II)) Chelating Activity
3.9.5. Power Reducing
3.10. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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- Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds from Gracilaria birdiae are available from the authors Fidelis GP, Rocha HAO and Costa LS.
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Fidelis, G.P.; Camara, R.B.G.; Queiroz, M.F.; Costa, M.S.S.P.; Santos, P.C.; Rocha, H.A.O.; Costa, L.S. Proteolysis, NaOH and Ultrasound-Enhanced Extraction of Anticoagulant and Antioxidant Sulfated Polysaccharides from the Edible Seaweed, Gracilaria birdiae. Molecules 2014, 19, 18511-18526. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191118511
Fidelis GP, Camara RBG, Queiroz MF, Costa MSSP, Santos PC, Rocha HAO, Costa LS. Proteolysis, NaOH and Ultrasound-Enhanced Extraction of Anticoagulant and Antioxidant Sulfated Polysaccharides from the Edible Seaweed, Gracilaria birdiae. Molecules. 2014; 19(11):18511-18526. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191118511
Chicago/Turabian StyleFidelis, Gabriel Pereira, Rafael Barros Gomes Camara, Moacir Fernandes Queiroz, Mariana Santana Santos Pereira Costa, Pablo Castro Santos, Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha, and Leandro Silva Costa. 2014. "Proteolysis, NaOH and Ultrasound-Enhanced Extraction of Anticoagulant and Antioxidant Sulfated Polysaccharides from the Edible Seaweed, Gracilaria birdiae" Molecules 19, no. 11: 18511-18526. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191118511