Ultrasonic Extraction of Antioxidants from Chinese Sumac (Rhus typhina L.) Fruit Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Characterization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Results of Single-Factor Experiments
2.2. Results of Response Surface Methodology Experiments
Run | Factor1 A: Ethanol Concentration (%) | Factor2 B: Extraction Time (min) | Factor3 C: Liquid-Solid Ratio | DPPH· Scavenging Rate Y: (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 35 | 10:1 | 82.03 |
2 | 40 | 20 | 10:1 | 91.77 |
3 | 60 | 35 | 10:1 | 79.62 |
4 | 40 | 5 | 15:1 | 90.43 |
5 | 20 | 5 | 10:1 | 81.28 |
6 | 60 | 5 | 10:1 | 86.37 |
7 | 40 | 35 | 15:1 | 88.38 |
8 | 40 | 20 | 10:1 | 92.08 |
9 | 20 | 20 | 15:1 | 85.97 |
10 | 20 | 20 | 5:1 | 77.10 |
11 | 40 | 20 | 10:1 | 92.60 |
12 | 40 | 35 | 5:1 | 82.95 |
13 | 40 | 20 | 10:1 | 91.47 |
14 | 40 | 20 | 10:1 | 90.95 |
15 | 60 | 20 | 5:1 | 85.17 |
16 | 60 | 20 | 15:1 | 85.25 |
17 | 40 | 5 | 5:1 | 84.15 |
Source | Sum of Squares | DF | Mean Square | F Value | Prob > F | significant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 357.60 | 9 | 39.73 | 45.07 | <0.0001 | significant |
A | 12.58 | 1 | 12.58 | 14.26 | 0.0069 | |
B | 10.70 | 1 | 10.70 | 12.13 | 0.0102 | |
C | 53.35 | 1 | 53.35 | 60.52 | 0.0001 | |
A2 | 165.90 | 1 | 165.90 | 188.19 | <0.0001 | |
B2 | 42.36 | 1 | 42.36 | 48.06 | 0.0002 | |
C2 | 19.00 | 1 | 19.00 | 21.56 | 0.0024 | |
AB | 14.06 | 1 | 14.06 | 15.95 | 0.0052 | |
AC | 19.32 | 1 | 19.32 | 21.91 | 0.0023 | |
BC | 0.18 | 1 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.6645 | |
Residual | 6.17 | 7 | 0.88 | |||
Lack of Fit | 4.62 | 3 | 1.54 | 3.98 | 0.1075 | not significant |
Pure Error | 1.55 | 4 | 0.39 | |||
Cor Total | 363.77 | 16 |
Standard Deviation | 0.94 | R-Squared | 0.9830 |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | 86.33 | Adj R-Squared | 0.9612 |
Coefficient Of Variation | 1.09 | Pred R-Squared | 0.7900 |
PRESS | 76.40 | Adeq Precision | 20.046 |
2.3. Characterization of Antioxidants by UPLC-MS
Peak | Rt (min) | Primary m/z Fragment | Proposed Identity |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.74 | [M−] 169.0 | Gallic acid |
2 | 2.66 | [M−] 341.0 | Caffeic acid -O-hexose |
3 | 3.20 | [M−] 341.0 | Caffeic acid -O-hexose |
4 | 3.63 | [M−] 341.0 | Caffeic acid -O-hexose |
5 | 4.85 | [M−] 301.0 | Ellagic acid |
6 | 5.23 | [M−] 447.0 | Quercetin-3-rhamnoside |
7 | 6.67 | [M−] 301.0 | Quercetin |
8 | 4.04 | [M+] 615.0 | 7-O-Methylcyanidin-3-O-(2ꞌꞌgalloyl)-β-d-galactoside |
9 | 4.96 | [M+] 925.0 | 7-O-Methyldelphinidin-3-O-(2ꞌꞌꞌgalloyl)-β-d-galactoside-4-vinyl- catechol-3ꞌꞌ-O-glucoside |
10 | 5.36 | [M+] 909.2 | 7-O-Methylcyanidin-3-O-(2ꞌꞌꞌgalloyl)-β-d-galactoside-4-vinyl- catechol-3ꞌꞌ-O-glucoside |
11 | 6.71 | [M+] 747.0 | 7-O-Methylcyanidin-3-O-(2ꞌꞌꞌgalloyl)-β-d-galactopyranosyl- 4-vinylcatechol |
3. Experimental
3.1. Materials and Reagents
3.2. Antioxidant Extraction
3.3. Determination of Antioxidant Capacity of Extract
3.4. Single-Factor Experiments
3.5. Response Surface Methodology Experiments
Levels | Independent Variables | ||
---|---|---|---|
A: Ethanol Concentration (%) | B : Time (min) | C: Liquid-Solid Ratio (mL/g) | |
−1 | 20 | 5 | 5:1 |
0 | 40 | 20 | 10:1 |
1 | 60 | 35 | 15:1 |
3.6. UPLC-MS
3.7. Statistical Methods
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lai, J.; Wang, H.; Wang, D.; Fang, F.; Wang, F.; Wu, T. Ultrasonic Extraction of Antioxidants from Chinese Sumac (Rhus typhina L.) Fruit Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Characterization. Molecules 2014, 19, 9019-9032. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19079019
Lai J, Wang H, Wang D, Fang F, Wang F, Wu T. Ultrasonic Extraction of Antioxidants from Chinese Sumac (Rhus typhina L.) Fruit Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Characterization. Molecules. 2014; 19(7):9019-9032. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19079019
Chicago/Turabian StyleLai, Jixiang, Huifang Wang, Donghui Wang, Fang Fang, Fengzhong Wang, and Tao Wu. 2014. "Ultrasonic Extraction of Antioxidants from Chinese Sumac (Rhus typhina L.) Fruit Using Response Surface Methodology and Their Characterization" Molecules 19, no. 7: 9019-9032. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19079019