Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae) Leaves Increase SR-BI Expression and Reduce Cholesterol Levels in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Cytotoxicity Property
2.2. Fractionation, Compound Isolation, and Structure Elucidation of the Active Compound Isolated from P. macrocarpa Leaves
Compound C from leaves of P. macrocarpa | |||
---|---|---|---|
Position -C | 13C-NMR (δ, ppm) | Position -H | 1H-NMR (δ, ppm, J = Hz) |
-C=O | 196.94 | - | - |
C-2' | 165.27 | - | - |
C-6' | 161.62 | - | - |
C-4 | 161.13 | - | - |
C-1 | 132.21 | - | - |
C-3 | 131.60 | H-3 | 7.650 (d, 8.8) |
C-5 | H-5 | ||
C-2 | 114.36 | H-2 | 6.887 (d, 8.8) |
C-6 | H-6 | ||
C-1' | 105.58 | - | - |
C-3' | 93.64 | H-3' | 6.061 (s) |
C-5' | H-5' | ||
C-4'OCH3 | 54.88 | H-4' | 3.819 (s) |
-OH | 9.854 |
2.3. In Vitro Study: Mechanism Evaluation of P. macrocarpa Leaves Extract in Reducing Cholesterol Level by Looking the Expression of SR-B1 Genes
2.4. In Vivo Study: Hypocholesterolemia Effect of P. macrocarpa Leaves in Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Sprague Dawley Rats
2.4.1. Total Cholesterol Levels
2.4.2. The HDL Cholesterol Level
2.4.3. SGOT and SGPT Activity
Group | Activity of SGOT (U/I) for every 7 days during Treatment | ||||||
0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 35 | 42 | |
(A) | 131.73 ± 0.89 | 133.71 ± 1.32 | 133.45 ± 0.93 | 134.20 ± 0.95 | 133.86 ± 0.85 | 133.18 ± 1.26 | 133.62 ± 1.05 |
(B) | 134.32 ± 1.14 | 146.44 ± 0.77 * | 157.84 ± 1.12 * | 192.73 ± 0.59 * | 236.73 ± 0.94 * | 179.18 ± 0.68 * | 145.51 ± 0.80 * |
(C) | 134.65 ± 0.68 | 133.69 ± 0.97 | 133.10 ± 1.46 | 133.50 ± 0.96 | 136.51 ± 0.91 | 131.94 ± 1.20 | 132.50 ± 1.63 |
Activity of SGPT (U/I) at every 7 days during Treatment | |||||||
Group | 0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | 35 | 42 |
(A) | 64.46 ± 1.19 | 63.95 ± 1.61 | 64.73 ± 1.23 | 64.96 ± 1.18 | 64.85 ± 1.12 | 65.15 ± 0.94 | 64.34 ± 0.53 |
(B) | 64.66 ± 0.77 | 97.32 ± 1.66 * | 138.25 ± 0.71 * | 175.53 ± 0.63 * | 222.991 ± 0.76 * | 130.57 ± 1.22 * | 75.57 ± 2.43 |
(C) | 64.87 ± 0.86 | 65.98 ± 0.76 | 66.46 ± 0.94 | 64.95 ± 1.31 | 65.04 ± 1.28 | 64.87 ± 0.89 | 64.87 ± 0.96 |
2.4.4. Histological Analysis
2.5. Proposed Mechanism of P. macrocarpa Leaves Effect in Reducing Cholesterol Levels (Hypocholesterolemia)
3. Experimental Section
3.1. P. macrocarpa Leave Materials
3.2. Extraction and Fractionations of P. Macrocarpa Leaves
3.3. Isolation and Structure Elucidation
3.4. In Vitro Study: Mechanism Evaluation of P. macrocarpa Leaves in Reducing Cholesterol Level by Looking the Expression of SR-BI Genes
3.4.1. Cytotoxicity Study by MTT Assay
3.4.2. Bioassay of P. macrocarpa Leaves against the Therapeutic Target for Hypercholesterolemia: SR-BI Promoter Trancriptional Activity Assay
3.4.3. Transfection of the Chimeric Reporter Plasmid into the HepG2 Cell Line
3.4.4. Treatment of the Transfected Cells with Sample
3.5. In Vivo Study: Hypocholesterolemia Effect of P. macrocarpa Leaves in Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Sprague Dawley Rats
3.5.1. Total Cholesterol Level (CHOD-PAP Method)
3.5.2. HDL Cholesterol Level
3.5.3. SGOT and SGPT Activity
3.5.4. Histological Analysis
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Andriani, Y.; Tengku-Muhammad, T.S.; Mohamad, H.; Saidin, J.; Syamsumir, D.F.; Chew, G.-S.; Abdul Wahid, M.E. Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae) Leaves Increase SR-BI Expression and Reduce Cholesterol Levels in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet. Molecules 2015, 20, 4410-4429. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20034410
Andriani Y, Tengku-Muhammad TS, Mohamad H, Saidin J, Syamsumir DF, Chew G-S, Abdul Wahid ME. Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae) Leaves Increase SR-BI Expression and Reduce Cholesterol Levels in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet. Molecules. 2015; 20(3):4410-4429. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20034410
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndriani, Yosie, Tengku Sifzizul Tengku-Muhammad, Habsah Mohamad, Jasnizat Saidin, Desy Fitrya Syamsumir, Guat-Siew Chew, and Mohd Effendy Abdul Wahid. 2015. "Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae) Leaves Increase SR-BI Expression and Reduce Cholesterol Levels in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet" Molecules 20, no. 3: 4410-4429. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20034410