Thapsigargin—From Thapsia L. to Mipsagargin
Abstract
:1. The Genus Thapsia
1.1. Traditional Use and Description
1.2. Phylogeny of Thapsia L.
1.3. Sesquiterpenoids in Thapsia
Species | Compound | R1 | R2 | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T. garganica L. | Thapsigargin | | | [8] | ||||
Thapsigargicin | | | [8] | |||||
Thapsivillosin C-E | See below | [15] | ||||||
Thapsivillosin I | | | [13] | |||||
Thapsivillosin J | | | [13] | |||||
Thapsivillosin L | | | [16] | |||||
Nortrilobolid | H | | [17] | |||||
Trilobolid | H | | [13,17] | |||||
not named | | H | [18] | |||||
not named | | H | [18] | |||||
T. gymnesica Rosselló & A. Pujadas | Thapsigargin | See above | [7] | |||||
Thapsigargicin | See above | [7] | ||||||
Nortrilobolid | See above | [7] | ||||||
T. villosa L. | Thapsivillosin A | | | [19] | ||||
Thapsivillosin B | | | [13] | |||||
Thapsivillosin C | | | [13] | |||||
Thapsivillosin D | | | [13] | |||||
Thapsivillosin E | | | [13] | |||||
Thapsivillosin F | H | | [13] | |||||
Thapsivillosin G | | | [13] | |||||
Thapsivillosin H | Exact positions undefined | [13] | ||||||
T. villosa L. | Thapsivillosin K | | | [13] | ||||
Thapsitranstagin | | | [13,20] | |||||
Trilobolide | See above | [19] | ||||||
T. transtagana Brot. | Thapsitranstagin | | | [13,21] | ||||
Thapsivillosin B | See above | [13,21] | ||||||
Trilobolid | See above | [13,21] | ||||||
Thapsivillosin K | See above | [13,21] | ||||||
T. smittii Simonsen, Rønsted, Weitzel and Spalik | Thapsivillosin A, B, H | See above | [19] |
2. Thapsigargin and Guaianolide Biosynthesis in Thapsia
2.1. The Biosynthesis of Sesquiterpene Lactones
2.2. Thapsigargin Biosynthesis
3. Pharmacology of Thapsigargin
4. Production Platforms for Thapsigargin
4.1. Agricultural Production
4.2. Organ Cultures for Thapsigargin Production
4.3. Production in Heterologous Hosts
4.4. Chemical Synthesis of Thapsigargin
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Andersen, T.B.; López, C.Q.; Manczak, T.; Martinez, K.; Simonsen, H.T. Thapsigargin—From Thapsia L. to Mipsagargin. Molecules 2015, 20, 6113-6127. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20046113
Andersen TB, López CQ, Manczak T, Martinez K, Simonsen HT. Thapsigargin—From Thapsia L. to Mipsagargin. Molecules. 2015; 20(4):6113-6127. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20046113
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndersen, Trine Bundgaard, Carmen Quiñonero López, Tom Manczak, Karen Martinez, and Henrik Toft Simonsen. 2015. "Thapsigargin—From Thapsia L. to Mipsagargin" Molecules 20, no. 4: 6113-6127. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20046113