Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil of Six Pinus Taxa Native to China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Essential Oil Composition
No. | Name of Components | RI | Relative Peak Area (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pt | Ptf | Pvm | Pvu | Ph | Pm | |||||||
1 | Tricyclene | 921 | 1.81 | 1.11 | 0.39 | - | 0.21 | - | ||||
2 | α-Thujene | 925 | 0.13 | 1.48 | 0.24 | - | 1.72 | 2.02 | ||||
3 | α-Pinene | 932 | 11.08 | 6.78 | 16.55 | 20.55 | 9.68 | 8.16 | ||||
4 | Camphene | 945 | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.58 | - | 0.34 | 0.63 | ||||
5 | Sabinene | 970 | 0.15 | - | - | - | 0.18 | - | ||||
6 | β-Pinene | 978 | 2.29 | 0.95 | 1.45 | - | 0.35 | 2.99 | ||||
7 | Myrcene | 982 | - | - | 0.72 | - | 1.04 | - | ||||
8 | α-Phellandrene | 1003 | 0.26 | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
9 | δ-3-Carene | 1008 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.38 | - | 0.13 | 0.13 | ||||
10 | α-Terpinene | 1014 | - | - | 0.11 | - | 0.12 | 0.29 | ||||
11 | Limonene | 1024 | 0.41 | - | - | - | 0.09 | - | ||||
12 | β-Phellandrene | 1027 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.57 | - | 0.37 | 0.66 | ||||
13 | β-Ocimene | 1041 | - | - | 0.22 | - | 0.15 | - | ||||
14 | γ-Terpinene | 4056 | 0.48 | 0.22 | 0.33 | - | 0.13 | 0.52 | ||||
15 | α-Terpinolene | 4086 | 0.24 | 0.37 | 0.95 | - | 0.59 | 0.17 | ||||
16 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1161 | - | - | - | - | 0.15 | - | ||||
17 | α-Terpineol | 1175 | 3.43 | 2.62 | 3.32 | - | 1.32 | 3.34 | ||||
18 | Bornyl acetale | 1267 | 4.13 | 3.32 | 3.93 | 12.71 | 2.96 | 3.83 | ||||
19 | α-Cubebene | 1346 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.28 | - | 0.26 | 0.24 | ||||
20 | α-Rlangene | 1371 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.30 | - | 0.31 | 0.24 | ||||
21 | α-Copaene | 1379 | - | - | 0.20 | - | - | 0.14 | ||||
22 | β-Bourbonene | 1388 | - | - | - | 1.13 | 0.12 | - | ||||
23 | β-Elemene | 1391 | 1.26 | 2.13 | 1.82 | - | 1.41 | 2.93 | ||||
24 | Longifolene | 1411 | 0.54 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 1.52 | 0.24 | - | ||||
25 | β-Caryophellene | 1421 | 22.36 | 20.83 | 24.08 | 26.31 | 18.26 | 18.48 | ||||
26 | α-Caryophellene | 1423 | 3.72 | - | - | - | 2.64 | 3.36 | ||||
27 | α-Guaiene | 1437 | 2.80 | 2.07 | 1.23 | 8.19 | 2.48 | 3.67 | ||||
28 | Aromadendrene | 1440 | 2.15 | 3.18 | 3.54 | - | 2.22 | 2.31 | ||||
29 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 1456 | 1.45 | 0.77 | - | 1.25 | 2.59 | - | ||||
30 | β-Santalene | 1458 | 0.47 | - | 0.83 | 1.27 | - | - | ||||
31 | α-Humulene | 1461 | - | - | 2.65 | - | 0.85 | - | ||||
32 | γ-Muurolene | 1472 | 1.06 | - | - | 2.30 | - | - | ||||
33 | Germacrene D | 1482 | 7.43 | 8.97 | 9.93 | 1.26 | 2.71 | 9.78 | ||||
34 | α-Amorphene | 1484 | 0.42 | 0.86 | 0.60 | 0.27 | 0.72 | 0.80 | ||||
35 | Aristolochene | 1486 | 2.10 | 3.56 | 2.95 | - | 3.03 | 3.71 | ||||
36 | β-Selinene | 1488 | 1.60 | - | 0.22 | 1.01 | 1.23 | - | ||||
37 | Phenylethyl-3 methyl butanoate | 1490 | 0.41 | 0.47 | - | 1.18 | 0.27 | - | ||||
38 | Phenylethyl isovalerate | 1491 | 0.74 | 1.69 | 1.49 | - | 0.14 | 1.23 | ||||
39 | epi-Cubebol | 1495 | 0.44 | 0.24 | - | 1.37 | 1.17 | - | ||||
40 | α-Selinene | 1496 | 1.72 | 2.42 | 2.34 | - | 3.53 | 2.91 | ||||
41 | Bicyclogermacrene | 1498 | - | 0.35 | - | 0.83 | 2.97 | - | ||||
42 | α-Muurolene | 1500 | 0.62 | - | - | 1.79 | - | - | ||||
43 | β-Cadinene | 1508 | 2.00 | - | 1.07 | - | - | 0.92 | ||||
44 | γ-Cadinene | 1517 | 3.72 | 9.74 | 2.19 | 3.45 | 2.23 | 1.62 | ||||
45 | δ-Cadinene | 1521 | 2.33 | 1.31 | - | - | 2.57 | - | ||||
46 | Cadina-1,4-diene | 1525 | - | - | - | - | 0.12 | 1.55 | ||||
47 | α-Cadinene | 1533 | - | - | - | - | 0.19 | 1.36 | ||||
48 | α-Calacorene | 1542 | 0.61 | 0.16 | 0.35 | - | 0.11 | 0.51 | ||||
49 | (E)-Nerolidol | 1546 | 0.24 | 1.31 | 0.35 | - | 1.17 | 2.50 | ||||
50 | Occidentalol | 1553 | - | - | - | - | 2.33 | - | ||||
51 | Germacrene B | 1557 | 0.20 | 1.50 | 0.81 | - | 0.22 | 0.12 | ||||
52 | (Z)-3-Hexenyl benzoate | 1567 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.58 | - | 0.71 | 1.22 | ||||
53 | Longipinaol | 1573 | - | 0.15 | - | - | 1.77 | 0.64 | ||||
54 | Spathulenol | 1579 | 0.23 | - | 0.60 | 1.25 | 0.65 | - | ||||
55 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1585 | 0.30 | 3.59 | 1.16 | - | - | 1.74 | ||||
56 | Globulol | 1593 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 1.40 | - | 2.62 | 1.18 | ||||
57 | β-Calacorene | 1596 | 2.25 | 1.40 | 2.44 | 3.64 | 1.28 | - | ||||
58 | β-Oplopenone | 1608 | 0.49 | 2.87 | 0.81 | - | 0.18 | 1.91 | ||||
59 | δ-Cadinol | 1646 | - | 0.44 | 0.61 | - | 2.98 | 0.91 | ||||
60 | α-Cadinol | 1652 | - | - | - | 1.55 | - | - | ||||
61 | α-Eudesmol | 1654 | 0.17 | 0.74 | - | - | 1.74 | 1.76 | ||||
62 | β-Bisabolal | 1672 | 0.15 | - | - | - | 0.76 | 1.98 | ||||
63 | Pentadecanal | 1718 | 0.17 | 0.18 | - | - | 0.48 | 1.21 | ||||
64 | Benzyl benzoate | 1733 | 1.10 | 0.90 | 0.69 | - | - | - | ||||
65 | Octadecane | 1798 | 0.23 | 2.07 | - | - | 2.54 | - | ||||
66 | Cubitene | 1877 | 0.56 | - | 0.29 | 0.48 | - | - | ||||
67 | Laurenene | 1881 | 0.52 | - | - | - | 0.36 | - | ||||
68 | Pimaradiene | 1943 | 0.23 | 0.62 | - | - | 0.47 | - | ||||
69 | Neocembrene | 1960 | 0.14 | 0.11 | - | 1.69 | 1.87 | 0.18 | ||||
70 | Sclareol | 1973 | 0.28 | 0.89 | 0.26 | - | 1.38 | - | ||||
71 | Manoyl oxide | 1993 | 0.57 | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
72 | Palustradiene | 2005 | - | 0.22 | - | - | 0.36 | 2.18 | ||||
Total percentage a | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.48 | ||||||
Essential oil (%) content | 93.76 | 95.03 | 95.93 | 95.00 | 95.77 | 97.03 |
2.2. Total Phenolic Content
2.3. Antioxidant Activity
Taxa | DPPH | FRAP | ABTS |
---|---|---|---|
Pt | 1775.22 ± 138.17 NF | 1036.68 ± 51.14 a | 3078.52 ± 278.59 a |
Ptf | 1844.19 ± 180.55 | 904.72 ± 90.73 b | 2467.85 ± 141.63 b |
Pvm | 1851.65 ± 151.19 | 1134.45 ± 36.14 ab | 3584.41 ± 315.63 a |
Pvu | 1817.25 ± 131.19 | 814.72 ± 112.41 b | 3486.33 ± 140.75 c |
Ph | 918.28 ± 25.37 | 584.78 ± 68.67 c | 2151.43 ± 215.03 b |
Pm | 892.45 ± 78.31 | 477.78 ± 48.67 c | 1461.01 ± 131.03 c |
2.4. Correlation Analysis
DPPH | FRAP | ABTS | |
---|---|---|---|
Panel A | |||
TPC | 0.94 ** | 0.93 ** | 0.86 * |
Panel B | |||
DPPH | 1.00 | ||
FRAP | 0.90 * | 1.00 | |
ABTS | 0.84 * | 0.63 | 1.00 |
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Chemicals and Plant Materials
Taxa | Origin | Latitude(°N)/Longitude(°E) | Elevation (m) |
---|---|---|---|
P. tabulaeformis | Huanglong, Shaanxi | 35.632/109.772 | 1127 |
P. tabulaeformis f. shekanensis | Fuxian, Shaanxi | 35.998/108.690 | 1316 |
P. tabulaeformis var. mukdensis | Anshan, Liaoning | 40.960/123.147 | 294 |
P. tabulaeformis var. umbraculifera | Anshan, Liaoning | 41.009/123.124 | 250 |
P. massoniana | Yangxian, Shaanxi | 33.326/107.624 | 722 |
P. henryi | Nanzheng, Shaanxi | 32.857/106.586 | 1254 |
3.2. Identification of the Chemical Components of the Essential Oils
3.3. Determination of Total Phenolic
3.4. Antioxidant Capacity Determined by DPPH
3.5. Antioxidant Capacity Determined by Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)
3.6. Antioxidant Capacity Determined by Radical Cation (ABTS)
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Xie, Q.; Liu, Z.; Li, Z. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil of Six Pinus Taxa Native to China. Molecules 2015, 20, 9380-9392. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20059380
Xie Q, Liu Z, Li Z. Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil of Six Pinus Taxa Native to China. Molecules. 2015; 20(5):9380-9392. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20059380
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Qing, Zhihong Liu, and Zhouqi Li. 2015. "Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil of Six Pinus Taxa Native to China" Molecules 20, no. 5: 9380-9392. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20059380