Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Aging, and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of the Essential Oils from Two Varieties of Alpinia zerumbet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Chemical Compositions of Tairin and Shima EOs
No. | Compound | Retention Index | Peak Area (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tairin | Shima | |||
1 | m-Cumenol | 917 | 0.16 | 0.15 |
2 | α-Thujene | 929 | 4.12 | - |
3 | α-Pinene | 934 | 2.02 | - |
4 | Norborndadiene | 943 | 0.08 | - |
5 | Camphene | 947 | 0.22 | - |
6 | Benzaldehyde | 963 | - | 1.59 |
7 | Sabinene | 974 | 12.5 | - |
8 | β-Pinene | 976 | 3.15 | - |
9 | Myrcene | 989 | 0.69 | - |
10 | α-Phellandrene | 1002 | 0.31 | - |
11 | p-Cymene | 1024 | 13.5 | - |
12 | 1,8-Cineole | 1031 | 13.8 | 37.8 |
13 | γ-Terpinene | 1059 | 14.5 | - |
14 | cis-β-Terpineol | 1068 | 0.55 | - |
15 | β-Linalool | 1100 | 0.50 | 17.1 |
16 | 2,5-Norbornadiene | 1111 | - | 0.71 |
17 | cis-p-Menth-2-en-1-ol | 1121 | 0.59 | - |
18 | Borneol | 1154 | 0.31 | 0.11 |
19 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1173 | 11.9 | - |
20 | γ-Terpineol | 1193 | 1.28 | 3.36 |
21 | trans-p-Menth-1-en-3-ol | 1206 | 0.42 | - |
22 | Methyl cinnamate | 1233 | 4.24 | 6.32 |
23 | Benzylacetone | 1237 | 0.06 | 4.21 |
24 | Piperitone | 1248 | 0.03 | 0.1 |
25 | Bornyl acetate | 1280 | 0.37 | - |
26 | Cumic alcohol | 1287 | 0.18 | - |
27 | 2-tert-Butylphenyl pivalate | 1299 | - | 1.23 |
28 | Ethyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanote | 1302 | - | 0.09 |
29 | Isopiperitenon | 1306 | - | 0.18 |
30 | Thymol | 1317 | 0.05 | - |
31 | 2-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethylcyclopent-2-en-1-one | 1319 | - | 0.13 |
32 | p-Menth-1,4-dien-7-ol | 1324 | 0.07 | - |
33 | Cymen-8-ol | 1354 | 0.26 | 0.29 |
34 | Carvacrol | 1379 | 1.61 | 1.89 |
35 | Caryophyllene | 1411 | 2.40 | - |
36 | 2,6-Diethylnitrosobenzene | 1426 | - | 0.69 |
37 | α-trans-Bergamoene | 1428 | 0.09 | - |
38 | Aristole-9-ene | 1434 | 0.15 | - |
39 | α-Humulene | 1446 | 0.38 | - |
40 | p-Cymen-7-ol | 1447 | 1.66 | 1.77 |
41 | γ-Cadinene | 1505 | 0.42 | - |
42 | α-Bulnesene | 1514 | 0.25 | - |
43 | Nerolidol | 1559 | 0.38 | - |
44 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1680 | 4.96 | 10.4 |
45 | α-Zingiberene | 1701 | 0.02 | - |
Total | 98.18 | 88.12 |
2.2. Anti-Oxidant Activities
2.2.1. DPPH and ABTS Radical Scavenging Activities
Sample | Anti-Oxidant Activities (IC50, μg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPPH | ABTS | Nitric Oxide | Singlet Oxygen | Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging | |
Tairin | 5.7 ± 0.6 a | 260.5 ± 1.8 b | 66.3 ± 1.6 b | 2145 ± 2.8 c | 69.2 ± 2.1 a |
Shima | 126.3 ± 1.1 c | 337.1 ± 2.1 c | 704.2 ± 1.4 c | 503 ± 1.7 b | 74.0 ± 1.2 b |
BHT | 29.1 ± 0.6 b | 45.7 ± 1.7 a | - | - | - |
Ascorbic acid | - | - | 14.4 ± 0.8 a | - | 72.3 ± 1.2 b |
Rutin | - | - | - | 54.0 ± 0.2 a | - |
2.2.2. Singlet Oxygen Scavenging (1O2) Activity
2.2.3. Hydroxyl and Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activities
2.3. Anti-Aging Activities
2.3.1. Collagenase and Elastase Assay
2.3.2. Tyrosinase and Hyaluronidase Inhibition Assay
2.3.3. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition Assay
2.4. Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Tairin and Shima EOs
2.4.1. Cell Viability
2.4.2. Effects of Tairin and Shima EOs on Melanin Content
2.4.3. Inhibition of the Intracellular Tyrosinase Activity by Tairin and Shima EOs
2.5. Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. General
3.2. Extraction of EO from Alpinia Leaf
3.3. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis
3.4. Anti-Oxidant Activity
3.4.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
3.4.2. ABTS Radical Scavenging Assay
3.4.3. Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging (•OH) Assay
3.4.4. Singlet Oxygen Scavenging (1O2) Assay
3.4.5. Nitric Oxide Scavenging Assay
3.5. Enzymatic Activities
3.5.1. Collagenase Inhibition Assay
3.5.2. Elastase Inhibition Assay
3.5.3. Hyaluronidase Inhibition Assay
3.5.4. Tyrosinase Inhibition Assay
3.5.5. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition Assay
3.6. Effects of Tairin and Shima EO on Melanin Biosynthesis in B16F10 Melanoma Cells
3.6.1. Cell Culture
3.6.2. Cell Viability
3.6.3. Measurement of Melanin Content
3.6.4. Intracellular Tyrosinase Activity
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tu, P.T.B.; Tawata, S. Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Aging, and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of the Essential Oils from Two Varieties of Alpinia zerumbet. Molecules 2015, 20, 16723-16740. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200916723
Tu PTB, Tawata S. Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Aging, and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of the Essential Oils from Two Varieties of Alpinia zerumbet. Molecules. 2015; 20(9):16723-16740. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200916723
Chicago/Turabian StyleTu, Pham Thi Be, and Shinkichi Tawata. 2015. "Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Aging, and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of the Essential Oils from Two Varieties of Alpinia zerumbet" Molecules 20, no. 9: 16723-16740. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200916723