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Article

Synthesis of New 3-Heteroarylindoles as Potential Anticancer Agents

by
Abdou O. Abdelhamid
1,
Sobhi M. Gomha
1,*,
Nadia A. Abdelriheem
1 and
Saher M. Kandeel
2
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
2
Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Department National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2016, 21(7), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070929
Submission received: 25 May 2016 / Revised: 8 July 2016 / Accepted: 12 July 2016 / Published: 16 July 2016
(This article belongs to the Collection Heterocyclic Compounds)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
2-(3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-substituted-5-(substituted diazenyl)thiazoles and 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-9-substituted-4,7-disubstituted pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(7H)-ones were synthesized via reaction of hydrazonoyl halides with each of 3-(1H-indol-2-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide and 7-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2- thioxo-5-substituted-2,3-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-ones, respectively. Also, hydrazonoyl halides were reacted with N’-(1-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylidene)-2-cyanoacetohydrazide to afford 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. Structures of the new synthesis were elucidated on the basis of elemental analysis, spectral data, and alternative synthetic routes whenever possible. Fifteen of the new compounds have been evaluated for their antitumor activity against the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. The results indicated that many of the tested compounds showed moderate to high anticancer activity when compared with doxorubicin as a reference drug.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The wide-ranging biological activity associated with indole derivatives, both naturally occurring and synthetic, ensures that the synthesis of indole derivatives remains a topic of current interest [1,2,3,4]. Monoindole and bisindole have been intensively studied and the results revealed that most of them have biological activities; for example, indole-3-carbinol, found in Brassica plants, is a potential cancer protective agent [5,6]. Thiazoles can be found in drug development for the treatment of allergies [7], hypertension [8], inflammation [9], schizophrenia [10], bacterial infections [11], HIV [12], sleep disorders [13], and for the treatment of pain [14], as fibrinogen receptor antagonists with antithrombotic activity [15] and as new inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase B [16]. The 1,2,4-triazolopyrimidines have also attracted growing interest due to their important pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, antimalarial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal activity, as well as macrophage activation [17,18,19,20,21,22]. 1,3,4-Thiadiazole derivatives have attracted considerable interest owing to their wide ranging biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antituberculosis, antihepatitis B viral, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, CNS depressant, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, molluscicidal, antihypertensive, diuretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antitubercular, and anticonvulsant activities [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. In light of these facts, we have synthesized some new thiazole, dihydropyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine and 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives using 3-acetylindole as a common precursor and screened these compounds for their anticancer activities. A literature survey showed that many derivatives of thiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole have antitumor activity with excellent IG50 and IC50 as depicted in Figure 1 [33,34,35,36,37]. In view of these facts, we report herein the synthesis of a new series of thiazoles and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles bearing indole moiety for the examination of their antitumor activity against the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)prop-2-en-1-one (3a) [38] and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1H-indol-3-yl) prop-2-en-1-one (3b) [39] were prepared as reported in the literature from reaction of 3-acetylindole (1) with p-tolualdehyde (2a) and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (2b), respectively (Scheme 1).
Treatment of 3-aryl-1-(1H-indol-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones 3a,b with thiosemicarbazide (4) afforded 3-(1H-indol-2-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (5). Similar treatment with 6-amino-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4(1H)-one (6) generated 5-aryl-7-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-thioxo- 2,3-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-ones 7a,b, respectively (Scheme 1). Structures 5 and 7 were elucidated by elemental analysis, spectral data, and chemical transformation.
Compound 5 was reacted with the appropriate keto-hydrazonoyl halides 8a–e in dioxane containing a catalytic amount of TEA, to afford 2-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro- 1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-(aryldiazenyl)-4-substituted thiazoles 12a–e. Coupling of 2-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-5- (p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-phenylthiazole (15e)[prepared by reaction of 5 with phenacyl bromide (14)] with benzenediazonium chloride in ethanolic sodium acetate solution at 0 °C afforded a product identical to 12e in all aspects (mp, mixed mp, and spectra). In light of these results, the mechanism outlined in Scheme 2 seems to be the most plausible pathway for the formation of 12a from the reaction of 5 with 8a. The reaction involves initial formation of thiohydrazonate 10, which undergoes cyclization as soon as it is formed to yield the intermediate 11. The latter loses one molecule of water to give final product 12a. Alternatively, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimine 9a [prepared in situ from 8a with triethylamine] to the C=S double bond of 5 could also lead to 10. The formation of 11 and 12 are similar to the previously reported reactions of hydrazonoyl chloride with 1-phenyl-1,4-dihydrotetrazole-5-thione [40] and 5-phenyl-1,3,4- thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione [41]. Another possible product, 1-(5-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl) -4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-amino-4-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethan-1-one (13), was ruled out by elemental analysis and spectral data. Analogously, treatment of the appropriate 5 with each of 8b–e gave 2-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4- substituted-5-(substituted-diazenyl)thiazoles 12b–e, respectively, in good yield (Scheme 2).
Treatment of the appropriate 5-aryl-7-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidin-4(1H)-ones 7a or 7b with the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides 8a–j in dioxane containing TEA under reflux gave 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-9-substituted-4,7-disubstituted pyrido[3,2-e] [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(7H)-ones 19a–l, respectively (Scheme 3). Structure 19 was elucidated by elemental analysis, spectral data, and alternative synthetic routes. Thus, treatment of 7-amino-3-substituted-1-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-ones 20a,e,i [42] with chalcone 3a in boiling acetic acid made products identical in all respects (mp., mixed mp., and spectra) with the corresponding 19a,e,i.
The mechanism in Scheme 3 outlines what seems to be the most plausible pathway for the formation of 19 from the reaction of thione 7 with 8 via two pathways. In the first, 1,3-addition of the thiol tautomer 7 to the nitrilimine 9 would give the thiohydrazonate ester 16 which would undergo nucleophilic cyclization to yield spiro compounds 17. Ring opening to give 18 followed by cyclization with loss of hydrogen sulfide would then yield 19. In the second pathway, an initial 1,3-cycloaddition of nitrilimine 9 to the C=S double bond of 7 would give 17 directly (Scheme 3). Attempts to isolate the thiohydrazonate ester 16, spiro intermediate 17 and thiohydrazide 18 did not succeed, even under mild conditions as they readily undergo in situ cyclization followed by elimination of hydrogen sulfide to give the final product 19. This structural assignment is also consistent with literature reports, which indicate that reaction of hydrazonoyl halides with 2-thioxo-pyrimidin-4-one yielded regioselectively the corresponding 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin- 5-one derivatives [42].
Finally, 2-cyanoacetohydrazide (21) was reacted with 3-acetylindole (1) in boiling ethanol containing a catalytic amount of acetic acid to afford N’-(1-(1H-indol-3-yl) ethylidene)-2-cyanoacetohydrazide (22) in good yield (Scheme 4). Structure 22 was elucidated by elemental analysis, spectral data, and chemical transformation. Treatment of 22 with phenylisothiocyanate (23) in DMF in the presence of potassium hydroxide at room temperature followed by acid work-up yielded the thioanilide 25. Refluxing thioanilide 25 with the appropriate hydrazonoyl chlorides 8a,e,i in ethanolic triethylamine, gave the respective 1,3,4-thiadiazoles 27a–c. (Scheme 4). Thiadiazoles 27a–c were elucidated by elemental analysis and spectral data.

2.2. Biological Screening (Cytotoxic Activity)

The in vitro growth inhibitory rates (%) and inhibitory growth activity (as measured by IC50) of the newly synthesized compounds were determined against the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line in comparison with the well-known anticancer drug doxorubicin as the standard, using the MTT viability assay. Data generated were used to plot a dose response curve from which the concentration (μM) of test compounds required to kill 50% of cell population (IC50) was determined. Cytotoxic activity was expressed as the mean IC50 of three independent experiments. The difference between inhibitory activities of all compounds with different concentrations was statistically significant p < 0.001.
The results revealed that the tested compounds showed high variation in the inhibitory growth rates and activities against the tested tumor cell lines in a concentration dependent manner compared to the reference drug as shown in Table 1 and Figure 2.
The descending order of activity of the newly synthesized compounds was as follows: 12b > 27b > 27c > 27a > 19g > 19b > 19e > 12a > 19f > 19i > 19a > 12c > 19h > 12e > 19c.

2.3. Examination of the Compound Activities Leads to the Following Conclusions

  • The activities of the synthesized compounds depend on the structural skeleton and electronic environment of the molecules.
  • Based on our limited study, the 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring as in 27 has in vitro inhibitory activity greater than the 1,3-thiazole ring in 12 and more than the triazolopyridopyrimidine ring in 19.

2.3.1. For the 1,3-Thiazole Ring 12a–c,e

  • The in vitro inhibitory activity of the 4-methylthiazole is greater than 4-phenylthiazole (12a > 12e). This may be due to the positive inductive effect (+I effect) of the methyl group (increase activity) or the steric effect caused by phenyl group (decrease activity).
  • The introduction of electron-donating group (methyl) at C4 of the phenyl group at position 4 in the 1,3-thiazole ring enhances the antitumor activity. In contrast, introduction of an electron-withdrawing group (chlorine) decreases the antitumor activity (12b > 12a > 12c).

2.3.2. For Triazolopyridopyrimidines 19a–c,e–i

  • For substituent at position 3: the ester group (CO2Et) gives higher activity than the amide group (CONHPh) or the acetyl group (Ac) (19e > 19i > 19a).
  • Generally, on fixing the substituents at position 3, the electron-donating group (methyl or methoxy) at C4 of the phenyl ring enhances the antitumor activity while the electron-withdrawing group (chlorine) decreases the antitumor activity (19b > 19a > 19c and 19g > 19f > 19e > 19h).

2.3.3. For 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles 27a–c

  • The in vitro inhibitory activity of compounds with substituents at position 5 are in the order of: COOEt > CONHPh > CH3CO (27b > 27c > 27a).

3. Experimental

3.1. Chemistry

All melting points were measured on an Electro thermal IA 9000 series digital melting point apparatus (Bibby Sci. Lim. Stone, Staffordshire, UK). The IR spectra were recorded on potassium bromide discs using a PyeUnicam SP 3300 or Shimadzu FT IR 8101 PC infrared spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). The NMR Spectra were recorded at 270 MHz on a Varian Mercury VX-300 NMR spectrometer (Varian, Inc., Karlsruhe, Germany). NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury VX-300 NMR spectrometer (Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany) operating at 300 MHz (1H-NMR) and run in deuterated dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO-d6). Chemical shifts were related to that of the solvent. 13C-NMR spectra were recorded at 75 MHz. Mass spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP1000 EX mass spectrometer (Tokyo, Japan) at 70 eV. Elemental analyses and the biological evaluation of the products were carried out at the Microanalytical Centre of Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. All reactions were followed by TLC (silica gel coated aluminum sheets 60 F254, Merck, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA). Hydrazonoyl halides were prepared as reported in the literature [43,44,45,46].

3.1.1. Synthesis of 3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (5)

To a mixture of 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)prop-2-en-1-one (3a) (2.61 g, 10 mmol) and thiosemicarbazide (0.92 g, 10 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL), a catalytic amount of triethylamine (1 mL) was added, then heated under reflux for 6 h. The resulting solid was collected, washed with EtOH and recrystallized from acetic acid to give pure 5 as white solid (74%); mp 179–181 °C; IR (KBr): v 3426, 3212, 3175 (NH2 and NH), 1569 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.17 (dd, 1H, HA, J = 17.2, 6.3 Hz), 3.46 (dd, 1H, HB, J = 17.2, 12.1 Hz), 5.87 (dd, 1H, HX, J = 12.2, 6.3 Hz), 7.02–8.34 (m, 8H, Ar-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, Indole-H2), 11.54 (br s, 2H, NH2), 12.10 (br s, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 334 (M+, 11), 228 (43), 196 (48), 109 (100), 79 (29), 52 (27). Anal. Calcd. for C19H18N4S (334.44): C, 68.23; H, 5.42; N, 16.75. Found C, 68.18; H, 5.35; N, 16.59.

3.1.2. Synthesis of Thiones (7a,b)

A mixture of chalcones 3a,b (10 mmol) and 6-amino-2-thioxo-2,3,4-trihydro-1H- pyrimidin-4-one (6) (1.43 g, 10 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (30 mL) was heated under reflux for 5 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into an ice/conc HCl mixture and the formed solid was collected and recrystallized from DMF to give thiones 7a,b, respectively.
7-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-2-thioxo-5-(p-tolyl)-2,3-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one (7a). Yellow crystals, 72%, mp 265–267 °C; IR (KBr): v 3442, 3392, 3271 (3NH), 1675 (C=O), 1595 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) : δ 2.44 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.69 (br s, 1H, NH), 7.15–8.28 (m, 9H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.69 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 11.46 (br s, 1H, NH), 11.88 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 384 (M+, 23), 249 (68), 192 (100), 119 (26), 73 (83). Anal. Calcd. for C22H16N4OS (384.45): C, 68.73; H, 4.19; N, 14.57. Found: C, 68.59; H, 4.06; N, 14.43.
5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-7-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one (7b). Yellow crystals, 76%, mp 276–278 °C; IR (KBr): v 3463, 3368, 3163 (3NH), 1678 (C=O), 1595 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.44 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.70 (br s, 1H, NH), 7.10–8.32 (m, 9H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 11.48 (br s, 1H, NH), 12.04 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 404 (M+, 3), 278 (100), 151 (66), 105 (18), 57 (23). Anal. Calcd. for C21H13ClN4OS (404.87): C, 62.30; H, 3.24; N, 13.84. Found: C, 62.18; H, 3.20; N, 13.65.

3.1.3. Synthesis of 2-(3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-substituted-5-(aryl diazenyl)thiazole (12a–e)

A mixture of 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (5) (0.334 g, 1 mmol) and the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides 8a–e (1 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) containing TEA (0.5 mL) was refluxed for 4 h (monitored by TLC), allowed to cool and the solid formed was collected, washed with EtOH, dried, and recrystallized from DMF to give 12a–e.
2-(3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-methyl-5-(phenyldiazenyl)thiazole (12a). Red solid, (78% yield); mp 210–212 °C; IR (KBr): v 3409 (NH), 1642, 1593 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.54 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.24 (dd, 1H, HA, J = 17.2, 6.3 Hz), 3.40 (dd, 1H, HB, J = 17.2, 12.1 Hz), 5.88 (dd, 1H, HX, J = 12.2, 6.3 Hz), 7.17–8.34 (m, 13H, Ar-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.10 (br s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 12.2, 21.0, 36.3, 68.0, 109.5, 111.1, 114.8, 117.1, 119.8, 121.7, 128.8, 130.2, 130.5, 131.4, 133.2, 138.2, 136.1, 147.8, 150.1, 154.0, 161.2; MS, m/z (%) 476 (M+, 61), 349 (19), 249 (44), 152 (50), 29 (100). Anal. Calcd. for C28H24N6S (476.60): C, 70.56; H, 5.08; N, 17.63; found: C, 70.47; H, 5.01; N, 17.53.
2-(3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-methyl-5-(p-tolyldiazenyl)thiazole (12b). Red solid, (72% yield); mp 193–195 °C; IR (KBr): v 3403 (NH), 1642, 1590 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.18 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.57 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.05 (dd, 1H, HA, J = 17.2, 6.3 Hz), 3.57 (dd, 1H, HB, J = 17.2, 12.1 Hz), 5.84 (dd, 1H, HX, J = 12.2, 6.3 Hz), 7.12–8.34 (m, 12H, Ar-H), 8.71 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.09 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 490 (M+, 2), 368 (100), 255 (26), 147 (40), 105 (37), 91 (41), 55 (40). Anal. Calcd. for C29H26N6S (490.62): C, 70.99; H, 5.34; N, 17.13; found: C, 70.76; H, 5.22; N, 17.05.
2-(3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-((4-chlorophenyl)diazenyl)-4-methyl-thiazole (12c). Red solid, (75% yield); mp 206–208 °C; IR (KBr): v 3403 (NH), 1642, 1590 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.58 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.28 (dd, 1H, HA, J = 17.2, 6.3 Hz), 3.57 (dd, 1H, HB, J = 17.2, 12.1 Hz), 5.80 (dd, 1H, HX, J = 12.2, 6.3 Hz), 7.17–8.34 (m, 12H, Ar-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.09 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 511 (M+, 34), 452 (69), 262 (86), 189 (100), 136 (37), 95 (48), 43 (50). Anal. Calcd. for C28H23ClN6S (511.04): C, 65.81; H, 4.54; N, 16.44; found: C, 65.65; H, 4.37; N, 16.30.
2-(3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-5-((4-bromophenyl)diazenyl)-4-methyl-thiazole (12d). Red solid, (78% yield); mp 186–188 °C; IR (KBr): v 3409 (NH), 1641, 1586 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.58 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.23 (dd, 1H, HA, J = 17.2, 6.3 Hz), 3.56 (dd, 1H, HB, J = 17.2, 12.1 Hz), 5.78 (dd, 1H, HX, J = 12.2, 6.3 Hz), 7.17–8.34 (m, 12H, Ar-H), 8.71 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.09 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 556 (M+, 12), 370 (37), 248 (60), 235 (100), 91 (48), 55 (36). Anal. Calcd. for C28H23BrN6S (555.49): C, 60.54; H, 4.17; N, 15.13; found: C, 60.48; H, 4.11; N, 15.06.
2-(3-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-phenyl-5-(phenyldiazenyl)thiazole (12e). Red solid, (72% yield); mp 232–234 °C; IR (KBr): v 3404 (NH), 1640, 1591 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.25 (dd, 1H, HA, J = 17.2, 6.3 Hz), 3.48 (dd, 1H, HB, J = 17.2, 12.1 Hz), 5.84 (dd, 1H, HX, J = 12.2, 6.3 Hz), 7.17–8.34 (m, 18H, Ar-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.08 (br s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 21.0, 35.8, 68.0, 106.0, 109.5, 110.9, 117.3, 119.8, 121.4, 121.2, 125.4, 128.1, 128.4, 129.5, 130.1, 130.4, 131.4, 133.0, 133.4, 135.1, 136.0, 136.4, 147.8, 150.6, 154.6, 168.1; MS, m/z (%) 538 (M+, 9), 451 (4), 432 (43), 326 (62), 225 (100), 77 (64). Anal. Calcd for C33H26N6S (538.66): C, 73.58; H, 4.87; N, 15.60; found: C, 73.49; H, 4.79; N, 15.47.

3.1.4. Alternate Synthesis of 12e

Synthesis of 2-(3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-phenylthiazole (15e). A mixture of 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-5-(p-tolyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (5) (0.668 g, 2 mmol) and phenacyl bromide (14) (0.398 g, 2 mmol) in absolute EtOH (30 mL) was refluxed for 4 h. The product started to separate out during the course of reaction. The crystalline solid was filtered, washed with water, dried, and recrystallized from EtOH to give pure thiazole 15e as yellow crystals in 77% yield; mp 177–179 °C; IR (KBr) υ 3389 (CH), 1616 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.17 (dd, 1H, HA, J = 17.6, 6.1 Hz), 4.19 (dd, 1H, HB, J = 17.6, 12.2 Hz), 5.80 (dd, 1H, HX, J = 12.4, 6.1 Hz), 6.85 (s, 1H, thiazole-H5), 7.25–8.32 (m, 13H, Ar-H ), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.10 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 434 (M+, 2), 324 (37), 225 (100), 183 (68), 157 (74), 72 (58). Anal. Calcd. for C27H22N4S (434.56): C, 74.63; H, 5.10; N, 12.89; found: C, 74.59; H, 5.07; N, 12.69.

Coupling of Thiazole 15e with Benzenediazonium Chloride

To a solution of 15e (0.434 g, 1 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added sodium acetate trihydrate (0.138 g, 1 mmol), and the mixture was cooled to 0–5 °C in an ice bath. To the resulting cold solution was added portionwise a cold solution of benzenediazonium chloride (prepared by diazotizing aniline (1 mmol) dissolved in hydrochloric acid (6 M, 1 mL) with a solution of sodium nitrite (0.07 g, 1 mmol) in water (2 mL)). After complete addition of the diazonium salt, the reaction mixture was stirred for a further 30 min in an ice bath. The solid that separated was filtered off, washed with water, and finally recrystallized from DMF to give a product that proved identical in all respects (mp, mixed mp and IR spectra) with compound 12e obtained from reaction of 5 with 8e in 70% yield.

3.1.5. General Procedure for the Reaction of Hydrazonoyl Halides 8 with Thiones 7a,b

To a solution of thione 7a or 7b (1 mmol) and the appropriate hydrazonoyl halides 8 (1 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) was added TEA (0.14 mL, 1 mmol). The reaction mixture was refluxed until all of the starting materials had disappeared (8–12 h, monitored by TLC). The solvent was evaporated and the residue was triturated with MeOH. The solid formed was collected and recrystallized from the appropriate solvent to give products 19a–l. The products 19a–l together with their physical constants are listed below.
9-Acetyl-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-7-phenyl-4-(p-tolyl)pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5 (7H)-one (19a). Yellow solid, (80% yield), mp 253–255 °C; IR (KBr): v 3435 (NH), 1706, 1633 (2C=O), 1590 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.49 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.30–8.38 (m, 14H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.02 (br s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 21.0, 25.5, 109.4, 113.6, 115.8, 119.0, 120.9, 121.0, 123.9, 126.2, 127.1, 129.2, 129.6, 131.4, 131.8, 133.8, 136.4, 140.9, 146.2, 148.4, 161.0, 163.9, 167.1, 180.6; MS, m/z (%) 510 (M+, 36), 407 (23), 334 (22), 233 (27), 105 (100), 77 (22). Anal. Calcd. for C31H22N6O2 (510.55): C, 72.93; H, 4.34; N, 16.46. Found: C, 72.76; H, 4.32; N, 16.28.
9-Acetyl-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4,7-di-p-tolylpyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(7H)-one (19b). Yellow solid, (76% yield), mp 242–244 °C; IR (KBr): v 3421 (NH), 1707, 1642 (2C=O), 1589 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.23 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.48 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.07-8.28 (m, 13H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.70 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.03 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 524 (M+, 22), 509 (100), 381 (32), 231 (96), 173 (79), 55 (63). Anal. Calcd. for C32H24N6O2 (524.57): C, 73.27; H, 4.61; N, 16.02. Found: C, 73.12; H, 4.48; N, 15.93.
9-Acetyl-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(p-tolyl)pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(7H)-one (19c). Yellow solid, (83% yield), mp 264–265 °C; IR (KBr): v 3386 (NH), 1710, 1644 (2C=O), 1589 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.44 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.09–8.34 (m, 13H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.71 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.09 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 545 (M+, 3), 490 (24), 258 (30), 152 (47), 29 (100). Anal. Calcd. for C31H21ClN6O2 (544.99): C, 68.32; H, 3.88; N, 15.42. Found: C, 68.20; H, 3.69; N, 15.31.
9-Acetyl-7-(4-bromophenyl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(p-tolyl)pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(7H)-one (19d). Yellow solid, (78% yield), mp 254–256 °C; IR (KBr): v 3389 (NH), 1711, 1643 (2C=O), 1583 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.45 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.08–8.34 (m, 13H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.73 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.10 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 589 (M+, 4), 397 (41), 279 (100), 236 (52), 193 (52), 43 (40). Anal. Calcd. for C31H21BrN6O2 (589.44): C, 63.17; H, 3.59; N, 14.26. Found: C, 63.09; H, 3.42; N, 14.17.
Ethyl2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-oxo-7-phenyl-4-(p-tolyl)-5,7-dihydropyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]-pyrimidine-9-carboxylate (19e). Yellow solid, (75% yield), mp 212–214 °C; IR (KBr): v 3342 (NH), 1718, 1644 (2C=O), 1579 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 1.29 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH3), 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.29 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH2), 7.13–8.30 (m, 14H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.73 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.12 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 540 (M+, 2), 521 (16), 361 (13), 270 (69),167 (38), 91 (100). Anal. Calcd. for C32H24N6O3 (540.57): C, 71.10; H, 4.47; N, 15.55. Found: C, 71.07; H, 4.39; N, 15.37.
Ethyl2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-oxo-4,7-di-p-tolyl-5,7-dihydropyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine-9-carboxylate (19f). Yellow solid, (77% yield), mp 238–240 °C; IR (KBr): v 3348 (NH), 1746, 1673 (2C=O), 1576 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 1.30 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH3), 2.23 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.26 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH2), 7.08–8.32 (m, 13H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.09 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 554 (M+, 4), 522 (24), 431 (100), 326 (88), 282 (25), 91 (10). Anal. Calcd. for C33H26N6O3 (554.60): C, 71.47; H, 4.73; N, 15.15. Found: C, 71.38; H, 4.70; N, 15.04.
Ethyl2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-5,7-dihydropyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-a]pyrimidine-9-carboxylate (19g). Yellow solid, (70% yield), mp 193–195 °C; IR (KBr): v 3390 (NH), 1740, 1674 (2C=O), 1578 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 1.32 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH3), 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.82 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.34 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH2), 7.03–8.34 (m, 13H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.10 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 570 (M+, 10), 354 (52), 311 (62), 267 (85), 72 (54), 59 (100). Anal. Calcd. for C33H26N6O4 (570.60): C, 69.46; H, 4.59; N, 14.73. Found: C, 69.39; H, 4.48; N, 14.59.
Ethyl7-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-5-oxo-4-(p-tolyl)-5,7-dihydropyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-a]pyrimidine-9-carboxylate (19h). Yellow solid, (78% yield), mp 243–245 °C; IR (KBr): v 3383 (NH), 1742, 1675 (2C=O), 1577 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 1.31 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH3), 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.37 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH2), 7.07-8.34 (m, 13H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.09 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 575 (M+, 17), 352 (12), 293 (29), 126 (23), 72 (59), 59 (100). Anal. Calcd. for C32H23ClN6O3 (575.02): C, 66.84; H, 4.03; N, 14.62. Found: C, 66.69; H, 4.01; N, 14.47.
2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-5-oxo-N,7-diphenyl-4-(p-tolyl)-5,7-dihydropyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]-pyrimidine-9-carboxamide (19i). Yellow solid, (82% yield), mp 268–270 °C; IR (KBr): v 3385, 3213 (2NH), 1679, 1641 (2C=O), 1598 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.35 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.02–8.34 (m, 19H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 10.92 (br s, 1H, NH), 12.10 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 587 (M+, 2), 441 (30), 271 (43), 158 (100), 128 (43), 91 (31). Anal. Calcd. for C36H25N7O2 (587.63): C, 73.58; H, 4.29; N, 16.69. Found: C, 73.52; H, 4.15; N, 16.57.
7-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-5-oxo-N-phenyl-4-(p-tolyl)-5,7-dihydropyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine-9-carboxamide (19j). Yellow solid, (80% yield), mp 279–281 °C; IR (KBr): v 3387, 3198 (2NH), 1683, 1642 (2C=O), 1597 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.34 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.02–8.34 (m, 18H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.72 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 11.13 (br s, 1H, NH), 12.10 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 622 (M+, 1), 341 (38), 267 (100), 129 (35), 98 (52), 57 (63). Anal. Calcd. for C36H24ClN7O2 (622.07): C, 69.51; H, 3.89; N, 15.76. Found: C, 69.42; H, 3.81; N, 15.59.
9-Acetyl-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-indol-2-yl)-7-phenylpyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(7H)-one (19k). Yellow solid, (78% yield), mp 271–273 °C; IR (KBr): v 3427 (NH), 1701, 1674 (2C=O), 1589 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.49 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.21–8.10 (m, 14H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.73 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.04 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 530 (M+, 100), 515 (53), 219 (47), 147 (87), 97 (21), 57 (79). Anal. Calcd. for C30H19ClN6O2 (530.96): C, 67.86; H, 3.61; N, 15.83. Found: C, 67.69; H, 3.54; N, 15.71.
9-Acetyl-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-indol-2-yl)-7-(p-tolyl)pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo [4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(7H)-one (19l). Yellow solid, (78% yield), mp 252–254 °C; IR (KBr): v 3403 (NH), 1705, 1671 (2C=O), 1583 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.29 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.46 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.09–8.34 (m, 13H, Ar-H and pyridine-H), 8.73 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 12.10 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 544 (M+, 3), 362 (15), 303 (100), 227 (27), 117 (39), 55 (21). Anal. Calcd. for C31H21ClN6O2(544.99): C, 68.32; H, 3.88; N, 15.42. Found: C, 68.25; H, 3.69; N, 15.31.

3.1.6. Alternate Synthesis of 19a,e,i

Equimolar amounts of 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)prop-2-en-1-one (3a) (0.261 g, 1 mmol) and 7-amino-1-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(1H)-one derivatives 20a,e,i (1 mmol) in acetic acid (15 mL), was refluxed for 10 h then cooled to room temperature. The solid precipitated was collected, washed with water, dried, and recrystallized from DMF to give the corresponding products, 19a,e,i which were identical in all respects (mp, mixed mp and IR spectra) with those obtained from reaction of thione 7a with hydrazonoyl chlorides 8a,e,i but the % yields are 69%, 67%, and 70%, respectively.

3.1.7. Synthesis of N’-(1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethylidene)-2-cyanoacetohydrazide (22)

To a solution of 2-cyanoacetohydrazide (21) (1.0 g, 10 mmol and 3-acetyl-1H-indole (1) (0.159 g, 1 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL), acetic acid (2 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 3 h then left to cool. The solid product formed was collected by filtration, dried, and then crystallized from the appropriate solvent as yellow solid, (76% yield); mp 231–233 °C; IR (KBr): v 3402 (NH), 2225 (CN) 1670 (C=O), 1602 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.57 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.58 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.13–7.23 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.47 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.18 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.29 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 10.42 (br s, 1H, NH), 11.88 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 240 (M+, 17), 170 (100), 153 (56), 183 (8), 125 (11), 70 (19), 55 (26). Anal. Calcd. for C13H12N4O (240.26): C, 64.99; H, 5.03; N, 23.32. Found C, 64.85; H, 5.01; N, 23.22.

3.1.8. Synthesis of 3-(2-(1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-2-cyano-3-oxo-N-phenylpropane thioamide (25)

To a stirred solution of potassium hydroxide (0.56 g, 10 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was added compound 22 (2.40 g, 10 mmol). After stirring for 30 minutes, phenyl isothiocyanate (23) (1.35 g, 10 mmol) was added to the resulting mixture. Stirring was continued overnight. The reaction mixture was acidified with HCl and the solid product was filtered off, washed with water, and dried. Recrystallization from EtOH gave pure 25 as yellow solid, (70% yield); mp 143–145 °C; IR (KBr): v 3402, 3387, 3182 (3NH), 2230 (CN) 1664 (C=O), 1600 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.57 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.14–7.23 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.46 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.18 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.29 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 9.85 (br s, 1H, NH), 10.40 (br s, 1H, NH), 11.88 (br s, 1H, NH), 13.11 (s, 1H, SH); MS, m/z (%) 375 (M+, 56), 207 (83), 165 (100), 119 (32), 77 (20). Anal. Calcd. for C20H17N5OS (375.45): C, 63.98; H, 4.56; N, 18.65. Found C, 63.78; H, 4.48; N, 18.47.

3.1.9. Reaction of 25 with Hydrazonoyl Chlorides 8a,e,i

A mixture of 25 (0.375 g, 1 mmol) and N’-phenylbenzohydrazonoyl chloride 8a,e,i (1mmol) in dioxane (30 mL) containing TEA (0.7 mL) was refluxed for 5 h (monitored by TLC), allowed to cool and the solid formed was collected, washed with EtOH, dried, and recrystallized from DMF to give the respective 1,3,4-thiadiazole 27a–c.
N’-(1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethylidene)-2-(5-acetyl-3-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)-2-cyanoaceto-hydrazide (27a). Yellow solid, (68% yield); mp 191–193 °C; IR (KBr): v 3425, 3385 (2NH), 2227 (CN), 1695, 1664 (2C=O), 1608 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 2.47 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.58 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.19–8.25 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.68 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 10.89 (br s, 1H, NH), 11.93 (br s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 14.0, 24.5, 74.0, 116.4, 110.0, 116.7, 118.7, 121.4, 124.8, 128.4, 136.3, 130.5, 135.0, 143.4, 148.4, 157.4, 164.0, 189.9; MS, m/z (%) 442 (M+, 16), 364 (39), 275 (52), 215 (86), 107 (100), 81 (41), 43 (37). Anal. Calcd. for C23H18N6O2S (442.49): C, 62.43; H, 4.10; N, 18.99. Found C, 62.29; H, 4.03; N, 18.79.
Ethyl5-(2-(2-(1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-1-cyano-2-oxoethylidene)-4-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxylate (27b). Yellow solid, (68% yield); mp 191–193 °C; IR (KBr): v 3425, 3385 (2NH), 2227 (CN), 1695, 1664 (2C=O), 1608 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ 1.30 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H, CH3), 2.55 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.27 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H, CH2), 7.10–8.29 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 8.69 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 10.88 (br s, 1H, NH), 11.97 (br s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: MS, 14.0, 24.5, 74.0, 110.0, 110.5, 118.9, 120.4, 121.5, 125.1, 130.3, 130.5, 133.0, 143.4, 148.5, 157.0, 164.0, 189.8; m/z (%) 472 (M+, 15), 412 (37), 250 (43), 139 (100), 108 (29), 43 (40). Anal. Calcd. for C24H20N6O3S (472.52): C, 61.00; H, 4.27; N, 17.79. Found C, 61.07; H, 4.17; N, 17.64.
5-(2-(2-(1-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinyl)-1-cyano-2-oxoethylidene)-N,4-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide (27c). Yellow solid, (67% yield); mp 276–278 °C; IR (KBr): v 3417, 3363, 3197 (3NH), 2230 (CN), 1674, 1627 (2C=O), 1601 (C=N) cm−1; 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 2.55 (s, 3H, CH3), 7.06–8.28 (m, 14H, Ar-H), 8.47 (s, 1H, indole-H2), 9.87 (br s, 1H, NH), 10.66 (br s, 1H, NH), 11.49 (br s, 1H, NH); MS, m/z (%) 519 (M+, 100), 372 (53), 266 (38), 137 (29), 120 (57), 43 (40). Anal. Calcd. for C28H21N7O2S (519.58): C, 64.73; H, 4.07; N, 18.87. Found C, 64.58; H, 4.03; N, 18.72.

3.2. Antitumor Activity Assay

The tested human carcinoma cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). The cells were grown on RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal calf serum, 1% l-glutamine, and 50 µg/mL gentamycin. The cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 incubator (Shel lab 2406, New York, NY, USA) and were sub-cultured two to three times a week. For antitumor assays, the tumor cell lines were suspended in medium at concentration 5 × 104 cell/well in Corning® 96-well tissue culture plates, then incubated for 24 h. The tested compounds were then added into 96-well plates (six replicates) to achieve eight concentrations for each compound (started from 200 to 1.56 µg/mL). Six vehicle controls with media or 0.1% DMSO were run for each 96-well plate as a control. After incubating for 24 h, the numbers of viable cells were determined by the MTT assay. Briefly, the media was removed from the 96-well plate and replaced with 100 µL of fresh culture RPMI 1640 medium without phenol red then 10 µL of the 12 mM MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) stock solution (5 mg of MTT in 1 mL of PBS) to each well including the untreated controls. The 96-well plates were then incubated at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 4 h. An 85 µL aliquot of the media was removed from the wells, and 50 µL of DMSO was added to each well and mixed thoroughly with the pipette and incubated at 37 °C for 10 min. Then, the optical density was measured at 590 nm with the microplate reader ((SunRise, TECAN, Inc, Männedorf, Switzerland) to determine the number of viable cells and the percentage of viability was calculated as [1 − (ODt/ODc)] × 100%, where ODt is the mean optical density of wells treated with the tested sample and ODc is the mean optical density of untreated cells. The relation between surviving cells and drug concentration is plotted to get the survival curve of each tumor cell line after treatment with the specified compound. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), the concentration required to cause toxic effects in 50% of intact cells, was estimated from graphic plots of the dose response curve for each concentration using Graphpad Prism software (San Diego, CA, USA) [47,48].

4. Conclusions

3-Acetylindole proved to be a useful precursor for synthesis of various 1,3-thiazoles, 1,2,4-thiadiazoles and pyrido[3,2-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-5(7H)-one. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral data and elemental analyses. Some of the new compounds were tested in vitro against the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line and compared with doxorubicin as the standard, using the MTT viability assay. Most of the tested compounds were found to have moderate to high anticancer activity.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University for their financial support to facilitate the publication of this study.

Author Contributions

A.O.A., S.M.G., N.A.A., and S.M.K. conceived, designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools. A.O.A. and S.M.G. wrote and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of the synthsized compounds are available from the authors.
Molecules 21 00929 g001 550
Figure 1. Lead compounds among thiazole and thiadiazole derivatives with anticancer activity.
Figure 1. Lead compounds among thiazole and thiadiazole derivatives with anticancer activity.
Molecules 21 00929 g001
Molecules 21 00929 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of pyrazole-1-carbothioamide 5 and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinthione derivatives 7a,b.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of pyrazole-1-carbothioamide 5 and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinthione derivatives 7a,b.
Molecules 21 00929 sch001
Molecules 21 00929 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis of arylazothiazole derivatives 12a–e.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of arylazothiazole derivatives 12a–e.
Molecules 21 00929 sch002
Molecules 21 00929 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Synthesis of triazolopyridopyrimidinones 19a–l.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of triazolopyridopyrimidinones 19a–l.
Molecules 21 00929 sch003
Molecules 21 00929 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Synthesis of thiadiazoles 27a–c.
Scheme 4. Synthesis of thiadiazoles 27a–c.
Molecules 21 00929 sch004
Molecules 21 00929 g002 550
Figure 2. Activities of tested compounds against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.
Figure 2. Activities of tested compounds against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.
Molecules 21 00929 g002
Table
Table 1. The antitumor activities of the tested compounds compared with reference doxorubicin evaluated using MTT assay on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.
Table 1. The antitumor activities of the tested compounds compared with reference doxorubicin evaluated using MTT assay on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.
Molecules 21 00929 i001
Compound No.RArIC50 (µM)
12aCH3Ph4.92
12bCH34-MeC6H40.95
12cCH34-ClC6H414.52
12ePhPh19.44
19aCH3COPh6.88
19bCH3CO4-MeC6H44.68
19cCH3CO4-ClC6H469.85
19eCH3CH2OCOPh4.83
19fCH3CH2OCO4-MeC6H45.49
19gCH3CH2OCO4-MeOC6H43.05
19hCH3CH2OCO4-ClC6H418.61
19iPhNHCOPh6.07
27aCH3COPh2.04
27bCH3CH2OCOPh1.01
27cPhNHCOPh1.27
Doxorubicin--0.75

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Abdelhamid, A.O.; Gomha, S.M.; Abdelriheem, N.A.; Kandeel, S.M. Synthesis of New 3-Heteroarylindoles as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2016, 21, 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070929

AMA Style

Abdelhamid AO, Gomha SM, Abdelriheem NA, Kandeel SM. Synthesis of New 3-Heteroarylindoles as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules. 2016; 21(7):929. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070929

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdelhamid, Abdou O., Sobhi M. Gomha, Nadia A. Abdelriheem, and Saher M. Kandeel. 2016. "Synthesis of New 3-Heteroarylindoles as Potential Anticancer Agents" Molecules 21, no. 7: 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070929

APA Style

Abdelhamid, A. O., Gomha, S. M., Abdelriheem, N. A., & Kandeel, S. M. (2016). Synthesis of New 3-Heteroarylindoles as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules, 21(7), 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21070929

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