Green Tea Leaves Extract: Microencapsulation, Physicochemical and Storage Stability Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Physicochemical Properties of Green Tea Catechin Microparticles
2.1.1. Moisture Content
2.1.2. The Water Activity
2.1.3. Hygroscopicity
2.1.4. Particle Size Distribution
2.2. Effects of Wall Materials on Encapsulation Efficiency (ME), Total Phenolic (TPC) Content and Antioxidant Activity (DPPH)
2.3. Swelling Studies of Microparticles
2.4. Release of Phenolic Compounds (TPC), DPPH Scavenging Activity and Total Catechin (TC) from Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids (pH 2.3)
2.5. Release of Phenolic Compounds (TPC), DPPH Scavenging Activity and Total Catechin (TC) from Simulated Intestinal Fluids (pH 7.4)
2.6. Shelf-Life/Stability Study of Green Tea Extract Microparticles
2.7. Shelf-Life Testing
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Materials
3.2. Microencapsulation of Green Tea
3.2.1. Preparation of Carbohydrate Microcapsules
3.2.2. HPLC Analysis of Catechins
3.2.3. Determination Microencapsulation Yield
3.2.4. Determination of Degree of Swelling of the Microparticles
3.2.5. Investigation of the Release of Encapsulated Catechins
3.2.6. Determination of Moisture Content
3.2.7. Determination of Water Activity (aw)
3.2.8. Bulk Density Determination
3.2.9. Determination of Hygroscopicity (HM) of the Spray-Dried Microparticle Powder
3.2.10. Determination of Total Phenolics Content (TPC)
3.2.11. Antioxidant Activity Determination
3.2.12. Storage Stability
3.2.13. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Particle | Moisture (%) | Hygroscopicity (%) | Water Activity (aw) | Bulk Density (g/cm3) | Tap Density (g/cm3) | Mean d (4,3) µm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MD:GA:CTS(100:0:0) | 3.16 ± 0.06 f | 4.55 ± 0.59 c | 0.28 ± 0.01 h | 0.28 ± 0.04 a | 0.35 ± 0.06 a | 68.65 ± 5.56 c |
MD:GA:CTS(0:100:0) | 4.58 ± 0.04 c | 4.94 ± 0.34 b | 0.26 ± 0.03 i | 0.26 ± 0.10 b | 0.34 ± 0.08 a | 56.68 ± 21.33 c |
MD:GA:CTS(75:25:0) | 2.49 ± 0.06 g | 4.40 ± 0.01 cd | 0.31 ± 0.02 f | 0.23 ± 0.01 ef | 0.34 ± 0.08 a | 40.43 ± 3.44 c |
MD–GA;CTS (50:50:0) | 3.36 ± 0.06 e | 4.71 ± 0.03 b | 0.34 ± 0.01 d | 0.25 ± 0.04 bc | 0.33 ± 00 ab | 40.93 ± 2.19 c |
MD:GA:CTS(25:75:0) | 2.31 ± 0.01 h | 5.75 ± 0.11 ab | 0.34 ± 0.01 d | 0.25 ± 0.00 bcd | 0.34 ± 0.08 a | 43.68 ± 3.20 c |
MD:GA:CTS(99:0:1) | 4.33 ± 0.05 d | 3.22 ± 0.14 e | 0.36 ± 0.10 b | 0.22 ± 0.003 f | 0.29 ± 0.00 d | 71.02 ± 1.74 c |
MD:GA:CTS(0:99:1) | 5.11 ± 0.06 ab | 3.94 ± 0.10 cde | 0.25 ± 0.05 j | 0.24 ± 0.003 cde | 0.30 ± 0.06 cd | 41.85 ± 9.59 c |
MD:GA:CTS(75:24:1) | 3.33 ± 0.04 ef | 3.46 ± 0.16 de | 0.35 ± 0.01 c | 0.23 ± 0.00 ef | 0.31 ± 0.00 bc | 226.79 ± 47.37 a |
MD:GA:CTS(50:49:1) | 4.32 ± 0.02 d | 3.96 ± 0.02 cde | 0.32 ± 0.10 e | 0.24 ± 0.00 d | 0.30 ± 0.06 cd | 225.64 ± 25.88 b |
MD:GA:CTS(25:74:1) | 4.78 ± 0.04 b | 3.34 ± 0.04 e | 0.34 ± 0.10 d | 0.20 ± 0.00 g | 0.25 ± 0.04 e | 61.98 ± 2.53 c |
Crude powder (BLK) | 5.45 ± 0.05 a | 6.15 ± 0.23 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 a | 0.16 ± 0.10 h | 0.15 ± 0.15 f | nd |
Sample | Parameter | Temperature | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
40 °C | 25 °C | 4 °C | ||
1 | Regression equation | y = −0.0143x + 7.550 | y = −0.0143x + 7.550 | y = −0.0024x + 7.559 |
r2 | 0.9503 | 0.9844 | 0.9756 | |
t1/2 (weeks) | 60 | 56 | 288 | |
ln/k | 0.693 | 0.693 | 0.693 | |
2 | Regression equation | y = −0.088x + 7.459 | y = −0.138x + 7.449 | y = −0.0026x + 7.476 |
r2 | 0.9745 | 0.9193 | 0.9522 | |
t1/2 (weeks) | 38 | 50 | 267 | |
ln/k | 0.693 | 0.693 | 0.693 | |
3 | Regression Equation | y = −0.022 + 7.400 | y = 0.0219x + 7.424 | y= −0.003x + 7.4175 |
ln/k | 0.693 | 0.693 | 0.693 | |
r2 | 0.9707 | 0.8837 | 0.9638 | |
t1/2 (weeks) | 36 | 41 | 231 | |
ln/k | 0.693 | 0.693 | 0.693 | |
4 | Regression equation | y = −0.0196x + 7.346 | y = −0.0154x + 7.314 | y = −0.0028x + 3471 |
r2 | 0.9925 | 0.9096 | 0.9657 | |
t1/2 (weeks) | 35 | 45 | 248 | |
ln/k | 0.693 | 0.693 | 0.693 | |
5 | Regression equation | y= −0.0305x + 7.681 | y = 0.0205x + 7.658 | y = −0.0032x + 7.685 |
r2 | 0.9858 | 0.9467 | 0.9838 | |
t1/2 (weeks) | 23 | 34 | 217 | |
ln/k | 0.693 | 0.693 | 0.693 |
Formulation | Maltodextrin (MD, %) | Gum Arabic (GA, %) | Chitosan (CTS, %) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 100 | 0 |
3 | 75 | 25 | 0 |
4 | 50 | 50 | 0 |
5 | 25 | 75 | 0 |
6 | 99 | 0 | 1 |
7 | 0 | 99 | 1 |
8 | 75 | 24 | 1 |
9 | 50 | 49 | 1 |
10 | 25 | 74 | 1 |
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Zokti, J.A.; Sham Baharin, B.; Mohammed, A.S.; Abas, F. Green Tea Leaves Extract: Microencapsulation, Physicochemical and Storage Stability Study. Molecules 2016, 21, 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21080940
Zokti JA, Sham Baharin B, Mohammed AS, Abas F. Green Tea Leaves Extract: Microencapsulation, Physicochemical and Storage Stability Study. Molecules. 2016; 21(8):940. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21080940
Chicago/Turabian StyleZokti, James A., Badlishah Sham Baharin, Abdulkarim Sabo Mohammed, and Faridah Abas. 2016. "Green Tea Leaves Extract: Microencapsulation, Physicochemical and Storage Stability Study" Molecules 21, no. 8: 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21080940