Optimizing the Maximum Recovery of Dihydromyricetin from Chinese Vine Tea, Ampelopsis grossedentata, Using Response Surface Methodology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Solvent Composition/Ethanol Percentage Affected DHM Extractability and Overall Yields
2.2. Increasing the Temperature of Extraction Mixtures Enhanced DHM Yields
2.3. Extending Extraction Times Positively Influenced DHM Overall Yields
2.4. Using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to Optimize DHM Extractions and Testing Model Compliance with the Quadratic Fit
2.5. The Experimental Validation of Optimal Extraction Conditions/Parameters
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Materials and Chemical Reagents
3.2. Sample Preparation
3.3. DHM Analysis and Quantification by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
3.4. Confirmatory Analysis of DHM Using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry
3.5. Delineating the Influence of Single Factors on DHM Extraction/Recovery Rates and Establishing Variability Ranges
3.5.1. The Influence of Solvent Composition/Ethanol (%) on DHM Recovery
3.5.2. Extraction Times
3.5.3. Temperature of Extraction
3.6. Optimizing DHM Extraction Parameters through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Model Fitting
3.7. Empirical Validation of the Established Model
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Factors | −1 | 0 | 1 |
---|---|---|---|
X1: extraction time (min) | 170 | 180 | 190 |
X2: extraction temperature (°C) | 55 | 60 | 65 |
X3: solvent composition/ethanol (%) | 55 | 60 | 65 |
Run | X1 (Time/min) | X2 (Temp./°C) | X3 (Ethanol/%) | Response Values (Y) as DHM (mg/mL) | Predicted Value | Residual |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 (180) | −1 (55) | 1 (65) | 2.305 ± 0.29 | 2.230 | 0.08 |
2 | −1 (170) | 1 (65) | 0 (60) | 2.172 ± 0.32 | 2.146 | 0.03 |
3 | 1 (190) | −1 (55) | 0 (60) | 2.142 ± 0.16 | 2.270 | −0.13 |
4 | 1 (190) | 0 (60) | 1 (65) | 2.355 ± 0.22 | 2.297 | 0.06 |
5 | 0 (180) | 0 (60) | 0 (60) | 2.352 ± 0.32 | 2.340 | 0.01 |
6 | −1 (170) | 0 (60) | 1 (65) | 2.210 ± 0.11 | 2.091 | 0.12 |
7 | −1 (170) | 0 (60) | −1 (55) | 2.290 ± 0.28 | 2.117 | 0.17 |
8 | 0 (180) | 1 (65) | −1 (55) | 2.117 ± 0.21 | 2.134 | −0.02 |
9 | 0 (180) | −1 (55) | −1 (55) | 2.345 ± 0.13 | 2.234 | 0.11 |
10 | 0 (180) | 0 (60) | 0 (60) | 2.110 ± 0.23 | 2.340 | −0.23 |
11 | 0 (180) | 0 (60) | 0 (60) | 2.277 ± 0.19 | 2.340 | −0.06 |
12 | 0 (180) | 1 (65) | 1 (65) | 2.335 ± 0.25 | 2.240 | 0.09 |
13 | 0 (180) | 0 (60) | 0 (60) | 2.285 ± 0.22 | 2.340 | −0.05 |
14 | −1 (170) | −1 (55) | 0 (60) | 2.080 ± 0.14 | 2.146 | −0.07 |
15 | 0 (180) | 0 (60) | 0 (60) | 2.147 ± 0.18 | 2.340 | −0.19 |
16 | 1 (190) | 0 (60) | −1 (55) | 2.140 ± 0.22 | 2.159 | −0.02 |
17 | 1 (190) | 1 (65) | 0 (60) | 2.177 ± 0.32 | 2.270 | −0.09 |
Parameters | Response | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated Coefficients | F-Value | Prob > F | Status | |
Intercept | ||||
Model | 20.13 | 0.0003 | Significant | |
Linear effect | ||||
A (time) | 0.062 | 38.63 | 0.0004 | Significant |
B (temperature) | 0.011 | 1.29 | 0.2934 | NS** |
C (solvent) | 0.028 | 8.24 | 0.0240 | Significant |
Interactive effect | ||||
AB | −0.024 | 3.03 | 0.1254 | NS |
AC | 0.041 | 8.67 | 0.0216 | Significant |
BC | 0.016 | 1.24 | 0.3015 | NS |
Quadratic effect | ||||
A2 | −0.064 | 21.72 | 0.0023 | Significant |
B2 | −0.068 | 24.81 | 0.0016 | Significant |
C2 | −0.11 | 61.86 | 0.0001 | Significant |
The statistical parameters for fitting analysis | ||||
Lack of Fit | - | 3.12 | 0.1503 | NS |
R2 | - | - | 0.9600 | - |
Adj. R2 | - | - | 0.9100 | - |
C.V. % | - | - | 1.2600 | - |
Adequate precision | - | - | 11.420 | - |
Extraction Times (min) | Extraction Temp. (°C) | Ethanol (%) | DHM (mg/mL) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Predicated | 180 | 60 | 60 | 2.33 |
Experimental | 180 | 60 | 60 | 2.31 |
RE (%) | - | - | - | 0.87 |
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Muhammad, U.; Lu, H.; Wang, J.; Han, J.; Zhu, X.; Lu, Z.; Tayyaba, S.; Hassan, Y.I. Optimizing the Maximum Recovery of Dihydromyricetin from Chinese Vine Tea, Ampelopsis grossedentata, Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2017, 22, 2250. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122250
Muhammad U, Lu H, Wang J, Han J, Zhu X, Lu Z, Tayyaba S, Hassan YI. Optimizing the Maximum Recovery of Dihydromyricetin from Chinese Vine Tea, Ampelopsis grossedentata, Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules. 2017; 22(12):2250. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122250
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad, Umair, Hedong Lu, Juan Wang, Jinzhi Han, Xiaoyu Zhu, Zhaoxin Lu, Sultana Tayyaba, and Yousef I. Hassan. 2017. "Optimizing the Maximum Recovery of Dihydromyricetin from Chinese Vine Tea, Ampelopsis grossedentata, Using Response Surface Methodology" Molecules 22, no. 12: 2250. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122250