Betulinic Acid-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells Involves p53 and Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Cytotoxic Effect of BA in Prostate Cancer Cells
2.2. BA Induces p21/Waf1 in a p53-Dependent and Independent Manner to Cause G1 Cell Cycle Arrest in Prostate Cancer Cells
2.3. BA Induces Apoptosis by Altering Bax/Bcl-2 Ratio and Causing Cyctochrome C Release in Prostate Cancer Cells
2.4. BA-Mediated Inhibition of NF-κB Pathway in Prostate Cancer Cells
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Cells and Reagents
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Cell Survival Assay
4.4. Cell Microscopy
4.5. DNA Fragmentation Assay
4.6. Cell Cycle Analysis
4.7. Western Blotting
4.8. Apoptosis by ELISA
4.9. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANOVA | analysis of variance |
BA | Betulinic acid |
DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
EMSA | Electrophoretic; mobility shift assay |
IκBα | I-kappa-B-alpha |
IKK | IκB kinase |
NF-κB | Nuclear Factor-kappa B |
PARP | poly(ADP)ribose polymerase |
RAID | Rapid Access to Intervention in Development program |
Sp | Specificity Protein |
TRAIL | Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand |
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Shankar, E.; Zhang, A.; Franco, D.; Gupta, S. Betulinic Acid-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells Involves p53 and Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) Pathways. Molecules 2017, 22, 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020264
Shankar E, Zhang A, Franco D, Gupta S. Betulinic Acid-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells Involves p53 and Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) Pathways. Molecules. 2017; 22(2):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020264
Chicago/Turabian StyleShankar, Eswar, Ailin Zhang, Daniel Franco, and Sanjay Gupta. 2017. "Betulinic Acid-Mediated Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells Involves p53 and Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) Pathways" Molecules 22, no. 2: 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020264