In Vitro Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Vietnamese Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plants Collection
4.2. Essential Oils Extraction
4.3. Culture Maintenance
4.4. Anti-leishmanial Assay
4.5. Cytotoxicity Assay
4.6. Essential Oil Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of essential oils are available from the authors. |
Plant Species | EO Obtained From | Viability of Lmm promastigotes (%) (Average ± Standard Deviation) |
---|---|---|
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. | leaves | 89.84 ± 1.58 |
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. | rhizomes | 93.02 ± 4.90 |
Amomum aromaticum Roxb. | fruits | 0.27 ± 0.05 |
Amomum schmidtii (K. Schum.) Gagnep. | rhizomes | 96.82 ± 1.13 |
Anethum graveolens L. | fruits | 96.53 ± 1.26 |
Artemisia annua L. | leaves | 92.32 ± 1.55 |
Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce | leaves | 93.59 ± 1.24 |
Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl | stem barks | 0.48 ± 0.01 |
Clausena indica (Dalzell) Oliv. | leaves | 95.07 ± 7.40 |
Coriandrum sativum L. | fruits | 94.47 ± 2.38 |
Curcuma longa L. | rhizomes | 92.90 ± 1.61 |
Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | rhizomes | 99.53 ± 0.23 |
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemant | leaves, fruits | 92.69 ± 1.93 |
Elsholtzia blanda (Benth.) Benth. | leaves | 94.70 ± 6.12 |
Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. | leaves | 0.38 ± 0.00 |
Elsholtzia communis (Collett & Hemsl.) Diels | leaves | 97.24 ± 2.19 |
Elsholtzia penduliflora W. W. Sm. | leaves | 97.88 ± 0.37 |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. | leaves | 101.13 ± 0.54 |
Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig | rhizomes | 91.79 ± 4.60 |
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. | leaves | 67.32 ± 1.97 |
Illicium verum Hook. f. | fruits | 93.35 ± 5.29 |
Kaempferia galanga L. | rhizomes | 100.00 ± 7.47 |
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. | fruits | 96.00 ± 5.18 |
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. | leaves | 94.67 ± 2.99 |
Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betch) Cheel | leaves | 87.61 ± 4.93 |
Melaleuca cajuputi Powell | leaves | 92.53 ± 3.17 |
Ocimum gratissimum L. | leaves | 0.13 ± 0.01 |
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. | leaves | 89.08 ± 5.23 |
Piper sarmentosum Roxb. | leaves | 81.43 ± 14.12 |
Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco | leaves | 92.41 ± 16.49 |
Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. | leaves | 82.06 ± 1.50 |
Pluchea indica (L.) Less. | leaves | 88.07 ± 4.37 |
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. | leaves | 93.64 ± 1.51 |
Vitex trifolia L. | leaves | 88.70 ± 3.34 |
Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A.Dietr. | rhizomes | 88.36 ± 1.59 |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | rhizomes | 94.29 ± 3.83 |
Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. | rhizomes | 0.19 ± 0.05 |
Plant Species | Anti-Leishmanial Activity (IC50 nL/mL) Average ± Standard Deviation | Cytotoxicity (IC50 nL/mL) Average ± Standard Deviation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WI38 | SI (WI38) | J774 | SI (J774) | ||
Amomum aromaticum | 9.25 ± 0.64 | 47.31 ± 0.30 | 5.11 | 22.68 ± 3.22 | 2.45 |
Cinnamomum cassia | 2.92 ± 0.08 | 14.19 ± 0.54 | 4.85 | 6.26 ± 0.80 | 2.14 |
Elsholtzia ciliata | 8.49 ± 0.32 | 47.38 ± 1.64 | 5.58 | 13.21 ± 1.48 | 1.56 |
Ocimum gratissimum | 4.85 ± 1.65 | >50 | >10.3 | >50 | >10.3 |
Zingiber zerumbet | 3.34 ± 0.34 | 3.68 ± 0.34 | 1.10 | 2.41 ± 0.04 | 0.72 |
Pentamidine | 0.04 ± 0.006 * | ||||
Camptothecin | 0.13 ± 0.02 * | 0.01 ± 0.01 * |
No. | Compounds | RI | Relative Percentages (%) | Identification | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. aromaticum | C. cassia | E. ciliata | O. gratissimum | Z. zerumbet | ||||
1 | α-Pinene | 535 | 2.1 | - | - | - | 2.3 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
2 | Camphene | 573−576 | t | - | - | - | 8.0 | MS, [10] |
3 | β-Pinene | 619−621 | 2.6 | - | 0.1 | - | 0.2 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
4 | Sabinene | 634−635 | t | - | t | 0.2 | - | MS, [10] |
5 | 3-Carene | 664−665 | 0.1 | - | - | - | 1.1 | MS |
6 | α-Phellandrene | 682 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | MS, Co-GC |
7 | Myrcene | 684 | - | - | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | MS, [10] |
8 | α-Terpinene | 697 | - | - | - | t | - | MS, [10], Co-GC |
9 | Limonene | 719−720 | 0.8 | - | 4.1 | - | 1.0 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
10 | Eucalyptol | 730-740 | 55.2 | - | - | - | 1.6 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
11 | (Z)-β-Ocimene | 758−760 | - | - | 0.7 | 5.4 | - | MS |
12 | γ-Terpinene | 765−766 | - | - | t | 0.1 | t | MS, [10], Co-GC |
13 | (E)-β-Ocimene | 773−778 | - | - | 14.0 | 0.2 | - | MS |
14 | p-Cymene | 787−792 | 0.6 | t | t | t | 0.2 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
15 | Terpinolene | 800−801 | - | - | t | t | 0.1 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
16 | Octanal | 812 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | MS |
17 | (E)-3-Hexen-1-ol acetate | 837 | - | - | t | - | - | MS |
18 | 5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- | 855−858 | 0.2 | - | 1.1 | - | - | MS, Co-GC |
19 | α-Pinene oxide | 875 | - | - | 0.1 | - | - | MS |
20 | allo-Ocimene | 887 | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | MS, Co-GC |
21 | 1-Octen-1-yl acetate | 897 | - | - | 1.0 | - | - | MS |
22 | (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol | 902−904 | - | - | 0.5 | t | - | MS, Co-GC |
23 | Fenchone | 907 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | MS, Co-GC |
24 | 3-Octanol | 915 | - | - | 0.3 | - | - | MS, [10] |
25 | (E)-2-Octenal | 945 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | MS |
26 | cis-Linalool oxide (furanoid) | 961 | t | - | - | - | - | MS, Co-GC |
27 | 1-Octen-3-ol | 971 | - | - | 7.1 | - | - | MS, [10] |
28 | cis-Sabinene hydrate | 980 | - | - | - | 0.3 | - | MS |
29 | Cyclosativene | 987 | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | MS |
30 | trans-Linalool oxide (furanoid) | 988 | t | - | - | - | - | MS, Co-GC |
31 | Citronellal | 990 | - | - | t | - | - | MS, [10], Co-GC |
32 | α-Copaene | 998−1003 | - | 4.2 | - | 0.2 | - | MS |
33 | Camphor | 1020−1021 | - | - | 0.4 | - | 2.1 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
34 | β-Bourbonene | 1023 | - | - | - | 0.2 | - | MS |
35 | Benzaldehyde | 1027 | - | 1.0 | t | - | - | MS |
36 | β-Cubebene | 1044 | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | MS |
37 | Linalool | 1060−1065 | 0.7 | - | 8.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
38 | Terpinen-1-ol | 1077 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | MS |
39 | Bornyl acetate | 1086 | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | MS, Co-GC |
40 | trans-α-Bergamotene | 1091−1092 | - | t | t | - | - | MS, [10] |
41 | β-Elemene | 1093−1094 | - | 0.2 | - | 0.1 | - | MS |
42 | β-Caryophyllene | 1098−1101 | - | 0.1 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 0.7 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
43 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1108−1113 | 0.9 | t | t | 0.2 | 0.2 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
44 | Acetophenone | 1149 | - | - | 0.7 | - | - | MS |
45 | (E)-2- Decenal | 1153 | 5.3 | - | - | - | - | MS |
46 | α-Humulene | 1166−1173 | - | t | t | t | 9.2 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
47 | (E)-β-Farnesene | 1178 | - | - | 6.2 | - | - | MS |
48 | γ-Muurolene | 1187−1188 | - | 0.5 | - | t | - | MS |
49 | Neral | 1187−1188 | 3.2 | - | 16.8 | - | - | MS, Co-GC |
50 | Methyl geranate | 1197 | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | MS |
51 | α-Terpineol | 1201−1207 | 2.8 | - | 0.4 | - | 0.2 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
52 | Borneol | 1205 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
53 | Germacrene D | 1207 | - | - | - | 3.4 | - | MS, [10] |
54 | Geranyl formate | 1212 | 0.6 | - | - | - | - | MS |
55 | β-Selinene | 1214 | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | MS |
56 | Neryl acetate | 1218 | - | - | t | - | - | MS, [10], Co-GC |
57 | α-Muurolene | 1224 | - | 0.8 | - | - | - | MS |
58 | Geranial | 1238 | 6.4 | - | 23.4 | - | - | MS |
59 | β-Cadinene | 1253−1254 | - | - | - | 0.2 | 0.1 | MS |
60 | δ-Cadinene | 1257 | - | 2.0 | - | - | - | MS |
61 | Geranyl acetate | 1259−1263 | 0.9 | - | 0.7 | - | - | MS, [10], Co-GC |
62 | Citronellol | 1272 | - | - | 0.5 | - | - | MS, [10], Co-GC |
63 | Benzenepropanal | 1273 | - | 1.7 | - | - | - | MS |
64 | cis-Cadina-1,4-diene | 1278 | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | MS |
65 | Isogeraniol | 1289 | - | - | 0.2 | - | - | MS |
66 | Nerol | 1304 | - | - | 3.5 | - | - | MS, [10], Co-GC |
67 | cis-Isogeraniol | 1311 | - | - | 0.4 | - | - | MS |
68 | (E)-2,6-dimethyl-3,5,7-octatriene-2-ol | 1323−1324 | - | - | t | 0.1 | - | MS |
69 | cis-Calamenene | 1325 | - | 0.5 | - | - | - | MS |
70 | Geraniol | 1350−1354 | 2.4 | - | 3.1 | - | - | MS, [10], Co-GC |
71 | (E)-2-Dodecenal | 1359 | 1.5 | - | - | - | - | MS |
72 | cis-Cinnamaldehyde | 1382 | - | 2.4 | - | - | - | MS |
73 | Indane-4-carboxalde-hyde | 1466 | 1.7 | - | - | - | - | MS |
74 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1466−1501 | - | - | 0.6 | 0.2 | 3.6 | MS, [10], Co-GC |
75 | Humulene epoxide II | 1522 | - | - | - | - | 2.2 | MS |
76 | trans-Cinnamaldehyde | 1534 | - | 83.6 | - | - | - | MS, Co-GC |
77 | (E)-Nerolidol | 1533−1538 | 1.2 | - | 0.5 | - | - | MS, [10], Co-GC |
78 | Cubenol | 1552 | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | MS |
79 | Elemol | 1571 | 0.2 | - | - | - | - | MS |
80 | Cinnamyl acetate | 1633 | - | 0.9 | - | - | - | MS |
81 | Eugenol | 1657 | - | - | - | 86.5 | - | MS, Co-GC |
82 | α-Muurolol | 1669 | - | 0.1 | - | - | - | MS |
83 | β-Eudesmol | 1706 | - | - | - | - | 0.2 | MS |
84 | α-Cadinol | 1710 | - | - | - | 0.1 | - | MS |
85 | Cinnamyl alcohol | 1761 | - | 0.2 | - | - | - | MS, Co-GC |
86 | Zerumbone | 1831 | - | - | - | - | 60.3 | MS |
87 | o-Methoxy-cinnamaldehyde | 1902 | - | 0.3 | - | - | - | MS |
88 | trans-Phytol | 2085 | - | - | 0.16 | - | - | MS, Co-GC |
Total identified | 90.3 | 99.4 | 98.3 | 99.2 | 94.5 |
Plants/Compounds | Anti-Leishmanial Activity | Cytotoxicity | Refs. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L. Species-Form | IC50 (µg/mL) | Cell Line | IC50 (µg/mL) | ||
A. aromaticum | ND | ND | |||
C. cassia | ND | ND | |||
E. ciliata | ND | PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells | >50 | [12] | |
O. gratissimum | L. amazonensis-proma. | 135 | CHO | 125.00 ± 1.68 | [13,14] |
L. amazonensis-ama. | 100 | WI38 | 165.51 ± 6.81 | [13,14] | |
L. chagasi-proma. | 80 | [15] | |||
Z. zerumbet | L. donovani-proma. | 4.62 | ND | [16] | |
Eucalyptol | L. infantum-proma. | >100 | Vero cell | 63.49 | [17] |
L. infantum-ama. | >100 | [17] | |||
L. infantum-proma. | >400 | [18] | |||
L. tropica-proma. | >400 | [18] | |||
L. major-proma. | >400 | [18] | |||
Cinnamal-dehyde | ND | human embryonic stem cells | 4.88 | [19] | |
human pulmonary fibroblasts | 5.28 | [19] | |||
Citral | L. donovani-proma. | 19 | kidney epithelial cell | 22.4 | [20] |
L. amazonensis-proma. | 8.0 ± 0.06 | J774 | 50.0 ± 0.10 | [21] | |
L. amazonensis-ama. | 25 ± 0.29 | [21] | |||
L. infantum-proma. | 42 | [22] | |||
L. tropica-proma. | 34 | [22] | |||
L. major-proma. | 36 | [22] | |||
Eugenol | L. amazonensis-proma. | 12.65 | red blood cell | >65.6 | [23] |
L. infantum chagasi-proma. | 500 | BALB/c peritoneal macrophages | 300 | [24] | |
L. infantum chagasi-axe. ama. | 220 | [24] | |||
L. infantum chagasi infected macrophages | 100 | [24] | |||
L. infantum chagasi-proma. | 56.13 ± 2.09 | [25] | |||
L. infantum chagasi-ama. | 20.81 ± 1.59 | [25] | |||
Eugenol (emulsified) | L. donovani-proma. | 8.43 ± 0.96 | murine macrophages | >200 | [26] |
L. donovani-ama. | 5.05 ± 1.72 | [26] | |||
Zerumbone | L. donovani-proma. | 2.04 | HL-60 | 2.27 | [27,28] |
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Le, T.B.; Beaufay, C.; Nghiem, D.T.; Mingeot-Leclercq, M.-P.; Quetin-Leclercq, J. In Vitro Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Vietnamese Plants. Molecules 2017, 22, 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071071
Le TB, Beaufay C, Nghiem DT, Mingeot-Leclercq M-P, Quetin-Leclercq J. In Vitro Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Vietnamese Plants. Molecules. 2017; 22(7):1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071071
Chicago/Turabian StyleLe, Thanh Binh, Claire Beaufay, Duc Trong Nghiem, Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq, and Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq. 2017. "In Vitro Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Essential Oils Extracted from Vietnamese Plants" Molecules 22, no. 7: 1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071071