Characteristics of Milk Fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus MGA45-4 and the Profiles of Associated Volatile Compounds during Fermentation and Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Physicochemical Characteristics of Milk Fermented Using S. thermophilus
2.2. Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Fermented Milk
2.3. Evaluation of OAVs
3. Experimental
3.1. Bacterial Isolates and Reagents
3.2. Preparation of Fermented Milk
3.3. Determining Viable Cell Counts
3.4. Determination of pH and TA
3.5. Determination of Viscosity
3.6. Determination of WHC
3.7. HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis
3.8. Identification of Volatile Compounds
3.9. Determination of OAV
3.10. Sensory Evaluation
3.11. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Volatile Compound | Chemical Formula | RT 1 | RI 2 | RI 3 | Method 4 | μg/L | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 h (F) 5 | 2 h (F) | 4 h (F) | 6 h (F) | 0 d (S) 6 | 12 h (S) | 1 d (S) | 2 d (S) | 3 d (S) | 7 d (S) | 14 d (S) | |||||||
Carboxylic acid compounds | |||||||||||||||||
1 | Acetic acid | C2H4O2 | 2.71 | 630.71 | 638 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 70.07 | 24.76 | 21.08 | 24.28 | 19.80 | 18.19 | 17.21 |
2 | Hexanoic acid | C6H12O2 | 14.72 | 1021.01 | 1020 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 35.17 | 29.77 | 7.68 | 7.49 | 7.89 | 7.52 | 7.36 |
3 | Heptanoic acid | C7H14O2 | 15.80 | 1053.46 | 1062 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 8.31 | 4.34 | 3.05 | 3.47 | 3.33 | 2.15 | 3.20 |
4 | Nonanoic acid | C9H18O2 | 21.09 | 1224.43 | 1226 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.75 | 0.18 | - | - |
5 | Octanoic acid | C8H16O2 | 20.21 | 1193.85 | 1191 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.64 | - | - | - |
Aldehydes | |||||||||||||||||
1 | Methacrolein | C4H6O | 2.30 | 599.69 | 567 | MS, RI | - | - | - | 1.38 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2 | Butanal, 3-methyl- | C5H10O | 3.47 | 689.08 | 689 | MS, RI | 7.52 | 15.02 | 16.95 | 12.62 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | Butanal, 3-hydroxy- | C4H8O2 | 3.53 | 693.79 | - | MS | - | - | - | - | 4.45 | 6.83 | 3.59 | 1.79 | - | - | - |
4 | 2-Pentenal, (E)- | C5H8O | 5.52 | 765.69 | 765 | MS, RI | - | - | - | 1.93 | 1.15 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.23 | 1.25 | 1.60 | 1.88 |
5 | Hexanal | C6H12O | 6.87 | 809.39 | 809 | MS, RI | 99.08 | 91.58 | 58.12 | 52.03 | 3.96 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
6 | 2-Pentenal, 2-methyl- | C6H10O | 7.53 | 826.57 | 826 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 1.89 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
7 | 2-Hexenal, (E)- | C6H10O | 8.95 | 863.25 | 861 | MS, RI | 1.91 | 1.92 | 1.96 | 5.58 | 6.33 | 2.82 | 1.89 | 2.03 | 1.71 | 1.71 | 1.93 |
8 | Heptanal | C7H14O | 10.87 | 905.14 | 906 | MS, RI | 191.95 | 129.22 | 78.60 | 32.93 | 4.41 | 1.84 | 1.01 | 1.25 | 1.73 | 1.34 | 2.25 |
9 | 2-Heptenal, (E)- | C7H12O | 12.87 | 965.33 | 964 | MS, RI | 10.03 | 11.41 | 10.42 | 11.53 | 23.47 | 7.45 | 3.39 | 6.20 | 2.97 | 4.90 | 5.78 |
10 | Benzaldehyde | C7H6O | 12.94 | 970.87 | 971 | MS, RI | 7.14 | 6.81 | 5.65 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
11 | Octanal | C8H16O | 14.57 | 1009.21 | 1005 | MS, RI | 89.55 | 45.12 | 23.49 | 18.24 | 7.73 | 2.95 | - | - | - | - | - |
12 | 2,4-Heptadienal, (E,E)- | C7H10O | 14.81 | 1023.54 | 1023 | MS, RI | - | 1.42 | 1.85 | 1.40 | 1.15 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
13 | 2-Octenal, (E)- | C8H14O | 16.41 | 1069.45 | 1067 | MS, RI | 13.29 | 13.86 | 15.07 | 15.66 | 20.48 | 10.21 | 4.74 | 4.44 | 3.58 | 3.49 | 4.28 |
14 | Nonanal | C9H18O | 17.92 | 1118.91 | 1119 | MS, RI | 52.04 | 35.95 | 28.60 | 9.58 | 4.01 | 1.52 | 1.43 | 1.03 | 1.50 | 1.12 | 1.13 |
15 | 2-Nonenal, (E)- | C9H16O | 19.62 | 1172.50 | 1172 | MS, RI | 26.20 | 30.44 | 22.48 | 25.42 | 31.14 | 18.42 | 6.26 | 12.15 | 4.62 | 6.46 | 6.58 |
16 | Decanal | C10H20O | 21.02 | 1216.62 | 1214 | MS, RI | 3.63 | 2.83 | 2.59 | 1.87 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
17 | 2-Decenal, (Z)- | C10H18O | 22.61 | 1277.90 | 1280 | MS, RI | 12.13 | 15.01 | 19.53 | 22.75 | 28.22 | 16.54 | 7.93 | 7.64 | 7.42 | 6.07 | 7.02 |
18 | 2-Decenal, (E)- | C10H18O | 22.75 | 1281.57 | 1279 | MS, RI | 3.80 | 6.69 | 19.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
19 | Undecanal | C11H22O | 23.51 | 1310.47 | 1300 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 1.94 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
20 | 2-Undecenal, E- | C11H20O | 24.55 | 1349.47 | 1340.00 | MS, RI | - | - | - | 1.56 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
21 | 2-Undecenal | C11H20O | 24.81 | 1359.26 | 1359 | MS, RI | 2.12 | 3.50 | 6.48 | 6.25 | 8.91 | 4.28 | 3.65 | 3.53 | 2.44 | 2.02 | 2.22 |
Ketones | |||||||||||||||||
1 | 2,3-Butanedione | C4H6O2 | 2.16 | STD | MS. STD | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 16.08 | 16.49 | 15.25 | 16.07 | 9.03 | - | - |
2 | 2-Butanone, 3-methyl- | C5H10O | 2.26 | STD | MS. STD | MS, RI | - | 3.34 | 5.89 | 18.97 | 16.91 | 16.13 | 10.85 | 10.25 | 8.54 | 7.84 | 7.01 |
3 | 2-Pentanone | C5H10O | 3.42 | 685.33 | 687 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.78 | - | - | - |
4 | Acetoin | C4H8O2 | 4.22 | 720.87 | MS. STD | MS | - | - | 3.22 | 20.24 | 58.48 | 27.30 | 29.87 | 24.10 | 21.12 | 24.38 | 23.98 |
5 | 3-Pentanone, 2-methyl- | C6H12O | 5.23 | 755.70 | 752 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.88 | - | - | - |
6 | 3-Hexen-2-one | C6H10O | 8.51 | 852.38 | 845 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 3.07 | 1.40 | 1.54 | 1.49 | 0.80 | 0.98 | 1.19 |
7 | 2-Hexanone, 5-methyl- | C7H14O | 8.97 | 864.56 | 857 | MS, RI | - | - | - | 14.49 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
8 | 2-Heptanone | C7H14O | 10.43 | 891.82 | 891 | MS, RI | 31.60 | 32.13 | 32.41 | 31.62 | 53.88 | 26.19 | 19.54 | 17.78 | 18.53 | 17.43 | 17.66 |
9 | 3-Heptanone, 5-methyl- | C8H16O | 12.87 | 968.76 | 962 | MS, RI | 2.60 | 2.79 | 3.12 | 3.09 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
10 | 2-Octanone | C8H16O | 14.15 | 1003.70 | 1003 | MS, RI | 14.44 | 15.14 | 15.44 | 15.34 | 17.96 | 9.16 | 7.58 | 7.34 | 7.55 | 7.19 | 7.22 |
11 | 3-Octen-2-one | C8H14O | 15.79 | 1049.21 | 1046 | MS, RI | 7.55 | 7.83 | 7.85 | 7.52 | 9.88 | 5.00 | 4.98 | 4.53 | 1.18 | - | - |
12 | 2-Nonanone | C9H18O | 17.54 | 1098.98 | 1096 | MS, RI | 26.03 | 28.38 | 32.78 | 28.02 | 26.66 | 13.78 | 7.39 | 5.95 | - | - | - |
13 | 2-Undecanone | C11H22O | 23.52 | 1310.70 | 1305 | MS, RI | 3.41 | 3.48 | 3.89 | 3.33 | 3.90 | 2.18 | 1.78 | 1.45 | 1.70 | 1.10 | 1.43 |
Alcohols | |||||||||||||||||
1 | Butanol, 3-methyl- | C5H12O | 5.71 | 772.37 | 767 | MS, RI | 5.17 | 4.28 | 5.03 | 18.39 | 23.37 | 10.80 | 10.76 | 10.83 | 10.39 | 11.29 | 11.09 |
2 | 1-Pentanol | C5H12O | 5.71 | 772.37 | 772 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10.95 |
3 | 2-Heptanol, 3-methyl- | C8H18O | 7.23 | 818.65 | - | MS | - | - | - | - | 2.88 | 2.56 | 2.69 | 2.06 | - | - | - |
4 | Hexanol | C6H14O | 9.66 | 882.39 | 880 | MS, RI | 40.75 | 42.70 | 49.69 | 53.72 | 152.25 | 74.39 | 44.01 | 38.35 | 43.49 | 43.49 | 41.13 |
5 | Heptanol | C7H16O | 13.26 | 979.30 | 974 | MS, RI | 58.68 | 121.58 | 142.23 | 196.00 | 244.29 | 121.75 | 82.17 | 71.20 | 70.59 | 72.54 | 68.06 |
6 | cis-Hept-4-enol | C7H14O | 13.26 | 979.36 | - | MS | - | 2.54 | 2.21 | 3.79 | 7.84 | 4.11 | 1.75 | 1.47 | 1.47 | 1.52 | 0.96 |
7 | 1-Octen-3-ol | C8H16O | 13.75 | 991.78 | 986 | MS, RI | 4.93 | 7.35 | 4.47 | 5.78 | 9.88 | 4.16 | 2.21 | 1.66 | 1.10 | 1.87 | 1.09 |
8 | 3,5-Octadien-2-ol | C8H14O | 15.32 | 1039.01 | 1037 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 10.36 | 6.66 | 1.67 | 1.78 | 1.88 | 1.89 | 1.19 |
9 | 2-Octen-1-ol, (E)- | C8H16O | 15.41 | 1041.72 | 1059 | MS, RI | - | 3.21 | 2.81 | 1.87 | 1.69 | 1.65 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.34 |
10 | 3,5-Octadien-2-ol | C8H14O | 15.80 | 1053.31 | 1039 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.67 | - | - | - |
11 | 1-Octanol | C8H18O | 16.88 | 1086.07 | 1087 | MS, RI | - | 78.97 | 95.89 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
12 | 5-Octen-2-ol, 5-methyl- | C9H18O | 17.54 | 1106.30 | - | MS | - | 30.29 | 24.30 | 19.03 | 17.98 | 17.88 | 14.98 | 15.08 | 13.68 | 9.62 | 9.80 |
13 | 3-Decyn-2-ol | C10H18O | 17.70 | 1111.55 | 1101 | MS, RI | - | 3.05 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
14 | 2-Nonen-1-ol, (E)- | C9H18O | 19.91 | 1183.74 | 1171 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 3.97 | 3.22 | 1.82 | 1.34 | 1.13 | 1.23 | 1.50 |
15 | 1-Nonanol | C9H20O | 19.99 | 1186.58 | 1186 | MS, RI | - | 13.28 | 23.21 | 22.71 | 45.23 | 25.13 | 17.42 | 14.07 | 12.11 | 12.34 | 13.38 |
16 | 1-Decanol | C10H22O | 22.90 | 1288.14 | 1279 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.96 | - | - | - |
Esters | |||||||||||||||||
1 | Formic acid, hexyl ester | C7H14O2 | 11.87 | 941.92 | 927 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 2.54 | 2.09 | 2.66 | 1.98 | 1.07 | 1.27 | 1.01 |
2 | Formic acid, octyl ester | C9H18O2 | 16.90 | 1086.66 | - | MS | - | - | 87.96 | 77.06 | 132.20 | 68.07 | 62.10 | 55.59 | 43.15 | 39.37 | 32.29 |
3 | 1-Octen-3-yl-acetate | C10H18O2 | 17.25 | 1097.11 | 1097 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | - | 1.20 | 1.09 | 1.34 | 1.32 | 1.02 | 1.21 |
4 | Acetic acid, octyl ester | C10H20O2 | 20.34 | 1197.97 | 1200 | MS, RI | - | - | - | - | 7.83 | 3.29 | 2.44 | 2.09 | 1.79 | 1.23 | 1.24 |
5 | Oxirane, decyl- | C12H24O | 23.51 | 1310.47 | 1307 | MS, RI | - | 2.43 | 2.48 | 2.07 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Aromatic hydrocarbons | |||||||||||||||||
1 | Cyclopentane, methyl- | C6H12 | 2.65 | 626.43 | 624 | MS, RI | - | 1.86 | 1.65 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2 | n-Hexane | C6H14 | 3.46 | 687.93 | - | MS | - | - | - | 2.52 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
3 | Heptane | C7H16 | 3.58 | 697.48 | - | MS | - | - | - | - | 8.38 | 5.40 | 2.30 | 1.83 | 1.99 | 2.28 | 2.21 |
4 | 1-Octene | C8H16 | 6.53 | 797.74 | 794 | MS, RI | 3.94 | 4.93 | 4.33 | 5.91 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5 | Hexane, 2,4-dimethyl- | C8H18 | 6.81 | 807.75 | - | MS | - | - | - | - | - | 15.65 | 7.43 | 7.78 | 1.62 | - | - |
6 | 1-Nonene | C9H18 | 9.70 | 883.77 | 893 | MS, RI | 46.10 | 15.82 | 11.12 | 5.48 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
7 | Octane, 2,7-dimethyl- | C10H22 | 11.55 | 933.18 | 934 | MS, RI | 3.33 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
8 | 4,6-Decadiene | C10H18 | 18.53 | 1133.78 | 1145 | MS, RI | 4.02 | 3.96 | 4.23 | 4.29 | 4.33 | 3.02 | 2.78 | 1.40 | 1.40 | - | - |
9 | 4-Dodecyne | C12H22 | 20.45 | 1201.69 | 1203.00 | MS, RI | - | - | - | 1.76 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
10 | 3-Dodecyne | C12H22 | 20.78 | 1213.20 | 1210 | MS, RI | 3.37 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
11 | 1-Octadecyne | C18H34 | 21.56 | 1240.88 | 1238 | MS, RI | 3.12 | 3.13 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
12 | 5-Tridecene, (Z)- | C13H26 | 22.48 | 1273.35 | 1272.8 | MS, RI | 2.21 | 1.98 | 1.60 | 1.18 | 1.13 | 1.23 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.96 | 1.38 |
13 | 2-Dodecenal, (E)- | C12H22O | 27.56 | 1457.11 | 1452 | MS, RI | - | 1.24 | 1.45 | 1.52 | 1.23 | 1.06 | 0.22 | - | - | - | - |
Internal standard | |||||||||||||||||
1 | 1,2-Dichloro-benzene | C6H4Cl2 | 14.89 | 1018 | 1014 | MS, RI | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Volatile Compound | Chemical Formula | Odor threshold (μg/L) | References | OAV | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 h (F) 1 | 2 h (F) | 4 h (F) | 6 h (F) | 0 d (S) 2 | 12 h (S) | 1 d (S) | 2 d (S) | 3 d (S) | 7 d (S) | 14 d (S) | ||||
Butanal, 3-methyl- | C5H10O | 5.4 | [42] | 1.39 | 2.78 | 3.14 | 2.34 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2-Pentenal, (E)- | C5H8O | 1.2 | [38] | - | - | - | 1.61 | 0.96 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.33 | 1.57 |
Hexanal | C6H12O | 3 | [38] | 33.03 | 30.53 | 19.37 | 17.34 | 1.32 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
2-Heptenal, (E)- | C7H12O | 13 | [43] | 0.77 | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.89 | 1.81 | 0.57 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.44 |
Octanal | C8H16O | 0.7 | [38] | 127.93 | 64.46 | 33.56 | 26.06 | 11.04 | 4.21 | - | - | - | - | - |
2-Octenal, (E)- | C8H14O | 3 | [44] | 4.43 | 4.62 | 5.02 | 5.22 | 6.83 | 3.40 | 1.58 | 1.48 | 1.19 | 1.16 | 1.43 |
Nonanal | C9H18O | 1 | [45] | 52.04 | 35.95 | 28.60 | 9.58 | 4.01 | 1.52 | 1.43 | 1.03 | 1.50 | 1.12 | 1.13 |
2,3-Butanedione | C4H6O2 | 10 | [42] | - | - | - | - | 1.61 | 1.65 | 1.53 | 1.61 | 0.90 | - | - |
Acetoin | C4H8O2 | 55 | [44] | - | - | 0.06 | 0.37 | 1.06 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
Hexanol | C6H14O | 120 | [42] | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.45 | 1.27 | 0.62 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.34 |
1-Octen-3-ol | C8H16O | 10 | [23] | 0.49 | 0.74 | 0.45 | 0.58 | 0.99 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.11 |
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Dan, T.; Jin, R.; Ren, W.; Li, T.; Chen, H.; Sun, T. Characteristics of Milk Fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus MGA45-4 and the Profiles of Associated Volatile Compounds during Fermentation and Storage. Molecules 2018, 23, 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040878
Dan T, Jin R, Ren W, Li T, Chen H, Sun T. Characteristics of Milk Fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus MGA45-4 and the Profiles of Associated Volatile Compounds during Fermentation and Storage. Molecules. 2018; 23(4):878. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040878
Chicago/Turabian StyleDan, Tong, Rulin Jin, Weiyi Ren, Ting Li, Haiyan Chen, and Tiansong Sun. 2018. "Characteristics of Milk Fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus MGA45-4 and the Profiles of Associated Volatile Compounds during Fermentation and Storage" Molecules 23, no. 4: 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040878