Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) Relieves Immunosuppression in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Geese by Maintaining a Humoral and Cellular Immune Balance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. PAMK Alleviated CTX-Induced Spleen Damage
2.2. PAMK Alleviated the CTX-Induced Leukocyte Ratio Imbalance
2.3. PAMK Alleviated CTX-Induced Humoral-Immunity Dysfunction
2.4. PAMK Alleviates CTX-Induced Cellular-Immunity Dysfunction
2.5. Principal Component Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Grouping and Treatments
4.2. The Spleen Index Assay
4.3. Spleen Histology and Ultramicroscopic Morphology Observation
4.4. Leukocyte Counting
4.5. T-Cell and B-Cell Proliferation Assays
4.6. Assays of Serum Cytokines and Immunoglobulins
4.7. The Serum Hemolysin Assay
4.8. Quantitative Reverse-Transcription PCR Analysis
4.9. Principal Component Analysis
4.10. Statistics
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Component | Eigenvalue | % of Variance | Cumulative % |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 13.119 | 48.589 | 48.589 |
2 | 3.888 | 14.398 | 62.988 |
3 | 3.222 | 11.934 | 74.922 |
Indicators | Abbreviation | Component 1 | Component 2 | Component 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spleen index | SI | 0.002 | 0.071 | 0.034 |
Percentage of neutrophil | PN | 0.072 | 0.020 | −0.020 |
Percentage of eosinophils | PE | −0.009 | 0.222 | 0.205 |
Percentage of basophils | PB | 0.159 | −0.079 | −0.037 |
Percentage of monocytes | PM | −0.024 | 0.081 | −0.044 |
Percentage of medium and large lymphocytes | PMLL | 0.168 | 0.008 | 0.149 |
Percentage of total lymphocytes | PTL | 0.149 | −0.081 | 0.024 |
Percentage of atypical lymphocytes | PAL | −0.032 | 0.236 | 0.251 |
Serum hemolysin level | SHL | −0.103 | 0.032 | 0.066 |
Serum IgM level | SIgM | 0.089 | −0.067 | −0.021 |
Serum IgA level | SIgA | −0.008 | 0.019 | −0.160 |
Serum IgG level | SIgG | 0.036 | 0.004 | −0.142 |
B-cell proliferation rate | BCPR | −0.039 | 0.035 | 0.161 |
T-cell proliferation rate | TCPR | 0.028 | −0.107 | 0.046 |
Serum TNF-α level | STNFα | −0.031 | −0.035 | −0.250 |
Serum TGF-β level | STGFβ | −0.109 | 0.116 | −0.057 |
Serum IL-6 level | SIL6 | 0.005 | −0.058 | 0.041 |
Serum IL-4 level | SIL4 | 0.021 | −0.086 | −0.093 |
Serum IL-10 level | SIL10 | 0.105 | −0.176 | −0.037 |
Serum IFN-γ level | SIFNγ | 0.058 | 0.134 | 0.391 |
Serum IL-1β level | SIL1β | 0.010 | −0.158 | −0.050 |
Relative mRNA expression of TGF-β | RTGFβ | −0.110 | −0.051 | −0.071 |
Relative mRNA expression of IL-6 | RIL6 | 0.140 | −0.088 | −0.038 |
Relative mRNA expression of IL-4 | RIL4 | −0.158 | 0.068 | −0.015 |
Relative mRNA expression of IL-10 | RIL10 | 0.003 | −0.134 | −0.007 |
Relative mRNA expression of IFN-γ | RIFNγ | 0.023 | −0.053 | 0.116 |
Relative mRNA expression of IL-1β | RILIβ | −0.060 | −0.042 | −0.100 |
Groups | Component 1 | Component 2 | Component 3 | Total | Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | −0.177 | 0.942 | 0.461 | 1.226 | 2 |
PAMK | 0.513 | 0.374 | −1.348 | −0.462 | 3 |
CTX | −1.385 | −1.249 | 0.117 | −2.516 | 4 |
CTX+PAMK | 0.965 | −0.116 | 0.746 | 1.594 | 1 |
Indicators | Component 1 (48.59%) | Component 2 (14.40%) | Component 3 (11.93%) |
---|---|---|---|
SI | 0.319 | 0.644 | −0.284 |
SHL | 0.563 | 0.457 | −0.125 |
SIgM | 0.37 | 0.814 | −0.03 |
SIgA | 0.856 | 0.062 | −0.055 |
SIgG | 0.184 | 0.627 | −0.275 |
TCPR | 0.916 | 0.175 | 0.198 |
BCPR | 0.82 | 0.042 | −0.131 |
STNFα | 0.191 | 0.815 | 0.097 |
STGFβ | −0.781 | −0.351 | 0.383 |
SIL6 | 0.581 | 0.08 | −0.314 |
SIL4 | 0.323 | 0.342 | −0.614 |
SIL10 | 0.538 | 0.518 | −0.531 |
SIFNγ | −0.529 | −0.468 | 0.616 |
SIL1β | −0.265 | −0.819 | 0.379 |
PN | 0.214 | 0.379 | −0.819 |
PE | −0.291 | 0.722 | −0.207 |
PB | 0.022 | 0.249 | −0.138 |
PM | −0.109 | −0.133 | 0.192 |
PMLL | 0.138 | −0.777 | 0.275 |
PTL | 0.057 | −0.158 | 0.929 |
PAL | −0.36 | −0.819 | 0.192 |
RTGFβ | −0.809 | −0.365 | 0.103 |
RIL6 | 0.857 | 0.198 | −0.306 |
RIL4 | −0.893 | −0.188 | 0.099 |
RIL10 | −0.418 | −0.809 | 0.307 |
RIFNγ | −0.285 | −0.69 | 0.54 |
RILIβ | −0.325 | −0.447 | −0.265 |
cDNA | Primer Sequence (5′→3′) |
---|---|
IFNG-F | CCAGATTGTTTCCCTGTACTTG |
IFNG-R | CATCAGAAAGGGTGTCTCTCA |
IL1β-F | ACGGTGTGGGGACATTCATC |
IL1β-R | AGGCGAAGCTTCTTCTGTGG |
IL4-F | GGCATCTACCTCAACTTGCT |
IL4-R | CTCTTTCGCTACTCGTTGGA |
IL6-F | ACGATAAGGCAGATGGTGAT |
IL6-R | TCCAGGTCTTATCCGACTTC |
IL10-F | ATCATGACATGGACCCGGTA |
IL10-R | ATTGCTCCATGACAGTTGCT |
TGF-β-F | CATCACAGAGACAGGAACCTT |
TGF-β-R | CTTTCACATCACCACTGGAA |
β-actin-F | GCACCCAGCACGATGAAAAT |
β-actin-R | GACAATGGAGGGTCCGGATT |
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Li, W.; Guo, S.; Xu, D.; Li, B.; Cao, N.; Tian, Y.; Jiang, Q. Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) Relieves Immunosuppression in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Geese by Maintaining a Humoral and Cellular Immune Balance. Molecules 2018, 23, 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040932
Li W, Guo S, Xu D, Li B, Cao N, Tian Y, Jiang Q. Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) Relieves Immunosuppression in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Geese by Maintaining a Humoral and Cellular Immune Balance. Molecules. 2018; 23(4):932. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040932
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Wanyan, Sixuan Guo, Danning Xu, Bingxin Li, Nan Cao, Yunbo Tian, and Qingyan Jiang. 2018. "Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) Relieves Immunosuppression in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Geese by Maintaining a Humoral and Cellular Immune Balance" Molecules 23, no. 4: 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040932