Soybean-Hop Alleviates Estrogen Deficiency-Related Bone Loss and Metabolic Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Soy-Hop on Food Intake, Body Weight, and Metabolic Parameters
2.2. Effects of Soy-Hop on Dynamics of Bone Formation and Bone Resorption
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Animals and Treatments
4.3. Biochemical Assays
4.4. Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis
4.5. Immunohistochemical Staining
4.6. Microcomputed Tomography (Micro-CT) Scanning
4.7. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Not available. |
Variables | Sham/HFD | OVX/HFD | p-Values | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Low | Medium | High | |||
Total food intake (g) | 520.2 ± 15.9 bc | 587.3 ± 18.0 a | 538.5 ± 12.7 bc | 554.9 ± 16.3 ab | 502.0 ± 14.9 c | 0.0045 |
Total body weight gain (g) | 118.1 ± 11.1 cd | 181.0 ± 12.5 a | 146.6 ± 7.5 bc | 151.2 ± 8.6 b | 110.0 ± 9.7 d | <0.0001 |
Total fat pad (g) | 30.4 ± 3.3 b | 41.3 ± 3.2 a | 34.6 ± 2.1 ab | 31.7 ± 2.3 b | 27.6 ± 2.1 b | 0.0081 |
Soleus muscle weight (mg) | 236.0 ± 12.5 | 266.0 ± 12.7 | 260.0 ± 8.4 | 262.0 ± 7.9 | 238.0 ± 8.8 | 0.1226 |
Femur weight (mg) | 905.5 ± 16.3 | 882.0 ± 22.7 | 878.5 ± 14.9 | 865.0 ± 19.7 | 880.0 ± 24.6 | 0.4770 |
Uterus weight (mg) | 514.0 ± 35.2 a | 122.0 ± 8.4 b | 138.0 ± 24.4 b | 101.0 ± 9.8 b | 151.0 ± 21.2 b | <0.0001 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 9.3 ± 1.7 b | 17.9 ± 2.2 a | 14.2 ± 2.5 ab | 10.9 ± 1.5 b | 9.3 ± 1.5 b | 0.0106 |
Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 7.3 ± 0.3 c | 11.7 ± 0.8 a | 10.7 ± 1.3 ab | 12.3 ± 0.8 a | 8.8 ± 0.5 bc | 0.0001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 29.3 ± 3.9 c | 62.4 ± 9.3 a | 47.9 ± 6.9 abc | 50.9 ± 5.3 ab | 31.4 ± 6.1 bc | 0.0034 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 61.5 ± 6.2 | 58.4 ± 6.4 | 62.0 ± 8.2 | 47.3 ± 2.1 | 44.8 ± 5.0 | 0.1178 |
TC (mg/dL) | 113.0 ± 6.3 ab | 139.5 ± 13.0 a | 129.6 ± 9.0 a | 113.2 ± 6.7 ab | 88.9 ± 8.5 b | 0.0035 |
TG (mg/dL) | 96.6 ± 9.8 a | 93.7 ± 13.0 a | 86.3 ± 7.6 a | 74.9 ± 6.0 ab | 59.1 ± 3.0 b | 0.0283 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 15.8 ± 0.9 c | 22.2 ± 1.4 a | 19.6 ± 1.5 ab | 19.2 ± 1.1 abc | 17.2 ± 1.0 bc | 0.0050 |
Insulin (μg/L) | 34.4 ± 4.7 ab | 34.9 ± 3.1 ab | 46.7 ± 6.8 a | 31.3 ± 4.6 b | 25.7 ± 3.7 b | 0.0486 |
C-peptide (nmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.2 b | 1.5 ± 0.1 b | 2.0 ± 0.3 a | 1.3 ± 0.1 b | 1.1 ± 0.1 b | 0.0126 |
HOMA-IR | 24.5 ± 3.9 b | 34.8 ± 5.0 ab | 42.8 ± 7.0 a | 26.3 ± 5.0 b | 20.3 ± 3.6 b | 0.0179 |
Estradiol (ng/L) | 26.4 ± 4.2 | 23.7 ± 3.9 | 23.3 ± 3.3 | 24.0 ± 3.4 | 20.9 ± 3.3 | 0.8780 |
Variables | Sham/HFD | OVX/HFD | p-Values | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Low | Medium | High | |||
Osteocalcin (pg/mL) | 2824.8 ± 114.1 b | 3749.0 ± 372.8 a | 2388.4 ± 124.3 bc | 2938.7 ± 266.3 b | 1919.9 ± 87.1 c | <0.0001 |
ALP (ng/mL) | 446.2 ± 87.8 ab | 717.2 ± 208.2 a | 377.9 ± 103.1 ab | 266.6 ± 64.2 b | 198.8 ± 107.9 b | 0.0474 |
CTX (ng/mL) | 11.4 ± 0.4 c | 15.9 ± 0.8 a | 14.7 ± 0.6 ab | 15.4 ± 1.1 a | 12.3 ± 1.6 bc | 0.0122 |
NTX (nM BCE) | 59.8 ± 3.2 | 73.2 ± 4.3 | 71.7 ± 6.1 | 62.6 ± 3.7 | 68.1 ± 5.9 | 0.2493 |
RANKL | 1.0 ± 0.2 b | 1.5 ± 0.2 a | 1.3 ± 0.1 ab | 1.2 ± 0.1 ab | 1.2 ± 0.1 ab | 0.0671 |
OPG | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.6675 |
RANKL/OPG | 1.0 ± 0.2 ab | 1.4 ± 0.4 a | 0.6 ± 0.3 b | 0.5 ± 0.2 b | 0.4 ± 0.2 b | 0.0610 |
Formulation | g % | kcal % |
Protein | 24 | 20 |
Carbohydrate | 41 | 35 |
Fat | 24 | 45 |
kcal/kg | 4776 | |
Ingredients | g | kcal |
Casein (from milk) | 238.8 | 800 |
Corn starch | 185.1 | 620 |
Sucrose | 59.7 | 200 |
Dextrose | 157.6 | 528 |
Cellulose | 59.7 | 0 |
Soybean oil | 29.9 | 225 |
Lard | 208.9 | 1575 |
Mineral mixture | 41.8 | 0 |
Vitamin mixture | 11.9 | 40 |
tert-Butylhydroquinone | 0.02 | 0 |
l-Cysteine | 3.6 | 12 |
Choline bitartrate | 3.0 | 0 |
Total | 1000.02 | 4000 |
Name | GenBank No. | Sequence (5′-3′) | Amplicon Size (bp) |
---|---|---|---|
RANKL | NM057149 | F: 5′-GCA GCA TCG CTC TGT TCC TGT A-3′ | 164 |
R: 5′-GCA TGA GRC AGG TAG TGC TTC TGT G-3′ | |||
OPG | NM012870 | F: 5′-GGC AGG GCA TAC TTC CTG TT-3′ | 109 |
R: 5′-GCC ACT TGT TCA TTG TGG TCC-3′ | |||
β-actin | NM031144 | F: 5′-CTC TGT GTG GAT TGG TGG CT-3′ | 150 |
R: 5′-GGG TGT AAA ACG CAG CTC AG-3′ |
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Noh, D.; Lim, Y.; Lee, H.; Kim, H.; Kwon, O. Soybean-Hop Alleviates Estrogen Deficiency-Related Bone Loss and Metabolic Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. Molecules 2018, 23, 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051205
Noh D, Lim Y, Lee H, Kim H, Kwon O. Soybean-Hop Alleviates Estrogen Deficiency-Related Bone Loss and Metabolic Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. Molecules. 2018; 23(5):1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051205
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoh, Dasom, Yeni Lim, Hansol Lee, Hyejin Kim, and Oran Kwon. 2018. "Soybean-Hop Alleviates Estrogen Deficiency-Related Bone Loss and Metabolic Dysfunction in Ovariectomized Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet" Molecules 23, no. 5: 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051205