Next Article in Journal
In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Phenols and Oleanolic Acid from Mango Peel and Their Cytotoxic Effect on A549 Cell Line
Next Article in Special Issue
Development of Kinase Inhibitors via Metal-Catalyzed C–H Arylation of 8-Alkyl-thiazolo[5,4-f]-quinazolin-9-ones Designed by Fragment-Growing Studies
Previous Article in Journal
Anti-Tumorigenic Activity of Chrysin from Oroxylum indicum via Non-Genotoxic p53 Activation through the ATM-Chk2 Pathway
Previous Article in Special Issue
1,2,6-Thiadiazinones as Novel Narrow Spectrum Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase 2 (CaMKK2) Inhibitors
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 23
Issue 6
10.3390/molecules23061390
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Synthesis of 2-Mercapto-(2-Oxoindolin-3-Ylidene)Acetonitriles from 3-(4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-Dithiazol-5-Ylidene)Indolin-2-ones

by
Boris Letribot
1,
Régis Delatouche
1,
Hervé Rouillard
1,
Antoine Bonnet
1,
Jean-René Chérouvrier
1,
Lisianne Domon
1,
Thierry Besson
2 and
Valérie Thiéry
1,*
1
University of La Rochelle, UMR CNRS 7266 LIENSs, 17000 La Rochelle, France
2
Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000 Rouen, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2018, 23(6), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061390
Submission received: 23 May 2018 / Revised: 4 June 2018 / Accepted: 6 June 2018 / Published: 8 June 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focusing on Sulfur in Medicinal Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Alkylidene oxindoles are important functional moieties and building blocks in pharmaceutical and synthetic chemistry. Our interest in biologically active compounds focused our studies on the synthesis of novel oxindoles, bearing on the exocyclic double bond at the C8, CN, and S groups. Extending the potential applications of Appel’s salt, we developed a new synthetic approach by investigating the reactions of C5-substituted 2-oxindoles with 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride (Appel’s salt) to give original (Z)-3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one derivatives, and new 2-mercapto-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles via a dithiazole ring-opening reaction. The work described in this article represents further applications of Appel’s salt in the conception of novel heterocyclic rings, in an effort to access original bioactive compounds. Fifteen new compounds were prepared and fully characterized.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

3-Alkenyl-2-oxindoles are an important class of heterocyclic compounds which are well established in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, and they possess a large range of pharmacological activities [1,2,3,4,5,6]. For example, oxindole derivatives recently emerged as privileged scaffolds in the modulation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) [7], and 2-oxindole-based hydrazides are potent cytotoxic agents with apoptotic induction properties [8]. Substituted oxindoles are also very interesting building blocks for their role as starting materials toward more complex oxindole-based structures such as spirooxindoles [9,10]. Original piperidinoyl spirooxindoles can be obtained in very high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities via the hetero-Diels–Alder reaction between 2-aza-3-silyloxy-butadienes and alkylidene oxindoles [11]. It was also reported that donor or acceptor substituents at the ethylenic C8 carbon atom of isatylidenes constitutes an exceptional push–pull example, in which the electronic behavior of a fixed substituent on a double bond may be reversed by the electronic nature of the substituent at the opposite side of that double bond [12]. Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination of racemic butadiene monoxide with oxindole derivatives was successfully developed using a chiral phosphoramidite–olefin hybrid ligand [13].
Conventional synthetic routes to 3-alkenyl-oxindoles (aldol condensation of unsubstituted oxindoles or Wittig reactions on isatins) exhibit poor selectivity [14,15]. During the last decade, original synthetic routes based on intramolecular metallocatalyzed cyclizations leading to the formation of the C2–C3 or C3–C3a bonds of the 3-alkenyl-indolin-2-one moiety were established [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Development of new synthetic routes to these scaffolds remains a challenging task of current interest. Palmieri recently reported the synthesis of 3-alkylidene-2-oxindoles via the oxidation of sulfonyl indoles with NCS under flow chemical conditions [24]. The occurrence of the 3-alkenyl-oxindole skeleton in various natural and synthetic products generated the interest of many groups on account of its useful biological properties, and its versatility as a valuable intermediate in the synthesis of many compounds. As part of our ongoing research on oxindole derivatives, we previously designed, synthesized, and evaluated a new series of bis-oxindoles as potent kinase inhibitors [25]. In an effort to identify new pharmacological modulators of disease-relevant protein kinases with increased potency and selectivity, we launched a research program dealing with the synthesis of rare substituted 2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile derivatives bearing a sulfur atom directly attached to the external double bond. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles with sulfur atoms are an important class of compounds in medicinal chemistry. Few 3-(thiazol-5-ylidene)indoline-2-one derivatives (Figure 1, I) were reported in the literature [26,27]. To access the required 2-oxoindolylacetonitrile derivatives (Figure 1, III), we decided to explore a new route based on the use of 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride (Appel’s salt; Scheme 1, 1) [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. We planned on functionalizing the oxindole at the C3 position using Appel’s salt and commercially available oxindoles, and then, on studying the ring opening of original 3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one (Figure 1, II) intermediates with various bases, such as sodium hydride and methyl magnesium bromide, or with triphenylphosphine as a nucleophile. In this work, we reported the synthesis of novel 3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one (Figure 1, II) and (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-2-mercaptoacetonitrile (Figure 1, III) derivatives.

2. Results and Discussion

It is well known that the reactive 5-chlorine atom of 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride (Scheme 1, 1) can be displaced by a variety of nucleophiles, such as primary aromatic amines, or phenols, allowing access to N-heteroimino-1,2,3-dithiazole derivatives (Scheme 1, Path a) [36,37,38,39,40]. Several studies described the reactivity of Appel’s salt with active methylene compounds, using mainly malononitrile, tetracyanoethylene oxide (TCNEO), halo-substituted malononitriles and dimethylsulfonium dicyano-methylide, and malonate to afford 5-alkylidene-4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazole derivatives (Scheme 1, Path b) [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49].
To generate the external double bond of the desired 3-alkenyl-indolin-2-one derivatives, we considered the electrophilic reactivity at the C1 position of Appel’s salt toward the active methylene at the C3 position of indolin-2-one derivatives (Figure 2, 2).
Performed at room temperature, the reactions between indolin-2-one derivatives (Scheme 2, 2a–d) with a 1.1 equivalent of Appel’s salt (Scheme 2, 1) in dichloromethane led to the corresponding (Z)-3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indololin-2-ones (Scheme 2, 3a–d) in excellent yields (85–99%) (Scheme 2; Table 1).
From the 1H-NMR spectral data displayed, with only one set of aromatic signals in each case, it appeared that only one stereoisomer of each 3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indololin-2-one derivative (Table 1, 3a–3d) was obtained. According to the work of Jeon et al. on several alpha-carbonylated 5-alkylidene-1,2,3-dithiazoles, we assumed that the (Z)-stereoisomers were obtained [45,46,47,48,49,50]. The stereoselectivity depends on steric hindrance between the chlorine atom at the C4 position of the dithiazole ring, and the oxygen atom on the carbonyl lactame of the indolin-2-one moiety. Additionally, an attractive interaction, already described by Rees et al., could also be established between this oxygen atom and the sulfur atom at the S1 position of the dithiazole moiety, in light of the mesomer forms (Figure 3) [45,46,47,48,49,50].
We noticed that the one-dimensional (1D) NMR spectra of 3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one (Table 1, 3a–3d) displayed a strong downfield shift of the proton at the C4 position of the indolin-2-one core (8.19–9.13 ppm). Comparisons of the spectral data with those of the corresponding indolin-2-ones confirmed that the chemical shifts of this proton (H4) were displaced downfield by ~1 ppm, whereas the chemical shifts of the other aromatic protons were sensibly identical. This could be assigned to the proximity of the chlorine atom at the C4 position of the dithiazole ring. Similar observations were mentioned in the literature for (Z)-5-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)thiazolidin-4-ones (Figure 1, I) [26]. In these cases, X-ray diffraction analysis probed that the C=O of the thiazolidinone moiety interacted with the proton at the C4 position of the indolin-2-one core, causing a strong downfield shift of the proton in proximity [26,27].

Dithiazole Ring Opening

The ring-opening chemical property of the dithiazole moiety relies on its ability to undergo nucleophilic attacks, thanks to the latent cyano group within the dithiazole moiety. This was widely exploited with N-arylimino-1,2,3-dithiazoles to generate heterocycles functionalized with sulfur atoms and a carbonitrile [51,52,53,54,55,56,57]. To date, the reactivity of 5-alkylidene-1,2,3-dithiazoles is rarely explored with triphenylphosphine [58], and is never described with strong bases. By analogy with our previous work on N-arylimino-1,2,3-dithiazole ring opening via nucleophilic attack at S1 and/or S2, we expected to obtain 3-alkenyl-oxindoles functionalized by a thiol and a carbonitrile function (Figure 1, III) [59,60].
We previously showed that attack of some N-arylimino-1,2,3-dithiazoles with sodium hydride or methyl magnesium bromide led, in each case, to one product: N-aryl isothiocyanate and cyanothioformamide [59,60]. Treatment of 3-(1,2,3-dithiazolylidene)indololin-2-ones (Scheme 3, 3a–3d) by two equivalents of sodium hydride or methyl magnesium bromide in tetrahydrofuran led to the expected 2-mercapto-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile derivatives (Scheme 3, 4a–4d) with modest to good yields (23–88%) (Scheme 3; Table 2 and Table 3). It must be noted that sodium hydride (49–88%) was more efficient than methyl magnesium bromide (0–33%).
The ring opening of dithiazoles (Scheme 3, 3a–3c) with NaH afforded the expected dithiazoles (Scheme 3, 4a–4c), accompanied by a disulfur dimer as a side product (Scheme 3, 5a–5c). The reaction with methyl magnesium bromide led only to dimers 5a and 5b (Table 2 and Table 3). Whatever the base, no traces of the nitro dimer (Table 2 and Table 3, 3d) were detected. The formation of these dimers seemed to be independent of the nature of the base used, suggesting a preponderant role of substituents on the aromatic ring.
The assignment of stereochemistry to the dithiazoles, and the comparison of chemical shifts of 1H-NMR of H4 of the dithiazole precusors (Table 2, 3a–3d) and mercaptoacetonitrile derivatives (Table 2, 4a–4d) showed that the (Z) isomer was obtained (Table 3).
According to the nature of the base used, it seems probable that, with sodium hydride, the reduction started via an attack on sulfur S1, leading to dithiazole ring opening followed by the release of sulfur (1/8 S8) and the formation of the latent cyano group (Scheme 4, Path A). In Path B of Scheme 4, with methyl magnesium bromide, the products obtained could only be formed via an attack of the carbanion on the sulfur atom S2. This attack was followed by the generation of the carbonitrile. The 2-mercapto-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles (Table 3, 4a–d) were finally obtained after the attack of a second carbanion on the sulfur atom S2, accompanied by the release of dimethyl sulfide (Scheme 4, Path B).
5-Alkylidene-1,2,3-dithiazoles (Scheme 5, Table 4, 3a–3d) were then treated with two equivalents of supported triphenylphosphine as a nucleophile in dichloromethane. Dithiazoles (Scheme 5, Table 4, 3a–3d) were directly converted into 2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles (Scheme 5, Table 4, 6a–6d). Whatever the experimental conditions, unexpected open products bearing no sulfur atoms were always obtained in modest to good yields (27–82%), with no trace of mercaptoacetonitriles being isolated (Scheme 4). A mixture of the two stereoisomers was obtained with the (E) isomer as the main compound for 6b–6d (Table 4). A substituent effect can be supposed since the 5-substituted oxindole-dithiazoles (Table 4, 3b–3d) afforded mainly the (E) isomer and the nude isomer, while 6a (Table 4) afforded mainly the (Z) isomer.
The stereochemistry of the products (Table 4, 6b–6d) was unambiguously determined using 1H-NMR, and through comparison with data from the literature [60,61]. Osman et al. previously reported the synthesis and the stereochemistry of 2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile isomers (Table 4, 6a) via a Wittig reaction between an isatin and a phosphorus ylide [61]. The stereochemistry of a number of functionally substituted 2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene derivatives and substituted acetonitriles was established by Ross [60].
It is interesting to note that these derivatives are analogues of the natural product (E)-2-(4-hydroxy-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile, extracted from the plant Isatis indigotica (Scheme 5) [62].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Information

All commercially available chemicals and solvents were purchased from commercial sources, and used without further purification. 2-Oxindoles (Table 1, 2-oxindole 2a, 5-bromo-2-oxindole 2b, 5-chloro-2-oxindole 2c, and 5-nitro-2-oxindole 2d) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Quentin Fallavier, France). Anhydrous THF was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and was stored over 4 Å molecular sieves. All other solvents used were analytical grade purity. All reactions were carried in an inert atmosphere of argon, and were monitored by thin layer chromatography using Merck silica gel plates (60 F254/0.2 mm thickness). Purification through flash chromatography was performed using Merck silica gel 60 (63–200 μm; 70–230 mesh). 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL JNM-LA400 (Croissy Sur Seine, France) operating at 400 MHz (13C 100 MHz) with tetramethylsilane as an internal standard in CDCl3, acetone-d6, or DMSO-d6 solvent. Chemical shifts were given in ppm (δ), and coupling constants (J) were reported in Hertz. Proton-coupling patterns were described as singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), or multiplet (m). High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were recorded on a Waters Q-TOF 2 (CRMPO, University of Rennes) or Waters Q-TOF instrument (CCA, University of La Rochelle). Melting points were determined in open capillaries on a Stuart melting point SMP3 digital melting point apparatus, and were uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 100 IRTF instrument (Courtaboeuf-Les Ulis, France), and values were expressed in cm−1.

3.2. Synthesis

3.2.1. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 3-(4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-Dithiazol-5-Ylidene)Indolin-2-one Derivatives (Table 2, 3a–d).

Appel’s salt (Scheme 2, 1; 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride; 15.76 mmol) was added to a solution of each appropriate 2-oxindole derivative (Scheme 2, 2a–d; 14.33 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (20 mL). After a few minutes, the uncolored mixture turned to a dark red color, and was stirred at room temperature for 18 h. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the crude product was dissolved with acetone (a minimum of 30 mL), and then precipitated with water (300 mL). The heterogeneous mixture was filtered in a vacuum, and the red solid was washed three times with water (25 mL). This solid was finally dried over phosphorus pentoxide in a vacuum in a desiccator.
(Z)-3-(4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one (Table 2, 3a). Yield: 96%. Red solid; melting point (m.p.): 271–273 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3244, 1693, 1613, 1462, 1336, 1221, 1203, 1080, 743. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 11.22 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.91–6.97 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 169.5, 149.0, 143.8, 139.8, 127.4, 126.5, 120.8, 120.1, 115.7, 110.2. HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H5ClN2OS2 [M + H]+ 267.9538, found 267.9545.
(Z)-5-Bromo-3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one (Table 2, 3b). Yield: 96%. Red solid; m.p.: 222–224°C. νmax (cm−1): 3147, 1665, 1641, 1612, 1485, 1454, 1427, 1317, 1246, 1092, 915, 803. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 11.40 (s, 1H), 8.36 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 169.4, 151.1, 143.9, 138.7, 129.5, 128.4, 122.1, 113.9, 112.6, 112.0. HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H4BrClN2OS2 [M + H]+ 346.8715, found 346.8715.
(Z)-5-Chloro-3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one (Table 2, 3c). Yield: 99%. Red solid; m.p.: 220–222 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3148, 1658, 1639, 1614, 1456, 1427, 1318, 1244, 923, 812, 804. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 11.40 (s, 1H), 8.24 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 169.5, 151.1, 143.9, 138.4, 126.7, 125.7, 124.8, 121.6, 114.1, 111.5. HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H4Cl2N2OS2 [M − H]− 300.9064, found 300.9063.
(Z)-3-(4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)-5-nitroindolin-2-one (Table 2, 3d). Yield: 85%. Red solid; m.p.: 252–254 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3381, 3165, 3085, 3024, 1653, 1616, 1515, 1441, 1333, 1301, 1240, 1133, 830, 692, 686, 645. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 11.92 (s, 1H), 9.13 (s, 1H), 8.16 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 167.0, 152.8, 144.5, 143.7, 141.3, 122.9, 121.3, 120.1, 112.7, 110.1. HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H4ClN3O3S2 [M − H]− 311.9304 found 311.9304.

3.2.2. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 2-Mercapto-2-(2-Oxoindolin-3-Ylidene)Acetonitrile Derivatives (Table 3, 4a–4d)

Path A with NaH

Sodium hydride at 60% in mineral oil (12 mmol) was added portionwise to a solution of each appropriate 5-alkylidene-1,2,3-dithiazole (Scheme 3, 3a–d; 6 mmol) in dry THF (15 mL). The dark red solution turned to dark yellow color after total consumption of the starting material. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the crude product was quenched with brine (75 mL) and ethyl acetate (20 mL), before being extracted three times with ethyl acetate (200 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified through flash chromatography on a silica gel column (100% ethyl acetate).

Path B with CH3MgBr

Methyl magnesium bromine at 3 mol·L−1 (1.2 mmol) was added portionwise to a solution of each appropriate 5-alkylidene-1,2,3-dithiazole (Scheme 3, 3a–d; 0.6 mmol) in dry THF (4 mL). The dark red solution turned to a dark yellow color after total consumption of the starting material. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the crude product was quenched with brine (15 mL) and ethyl acetate (10 mL), before being extracted three times with ethyl acetate (100 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified through flash chromatography on a silica gel column (100% ethyl acetate).
(Z)-2-Mercapto-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile (Table 3, 4a). Yield: 49% (Path A), 33% (Path B). Dark Solid; m.p.: 295–297 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3239, 2207 (CN), 1647, 1616, 1509, 1458, 1332, 1185, 1086, 777, 724. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ = 9.09 (s, 1H), 8.99 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ = 168.0, 158.0, 138.7, 134.1, 126.1, 123.6, 121.2, 120.9, 118.0, 108.7. HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H6N2OS [M + Na]+ 225.0098, found 225.0098.
(Z)-2-(5-Bromo-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-2-mercaptoacetonitrile (Table 3, 4b). Yield: 66% (Path A), 25% (Path B). Dark solid; m.p.: 330–332 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3275, 2217 (CN), 1646, 1610, 1508, 1457, 1443, 1303, 1192, 1175, 1089, 800. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ = 9.30 (s, 1H), 9.23 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ = 167.7, 151.6, 139.3, 137.3, 133.3, 129.4, 128.3, 125.4, 124.9, 110.6. HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H5BrN2OS [M + Na]+ 302.9204, found 302.9205.
(Z)-2-(5-Chloro-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-2-mercaptoacetonitrile (Table 3, 4c). Yield: 68% (Path A). Dark solid; m.p. > 350 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3276, 2209 (CN), 1642, 1616, 1517, 1449, 1302, 1193, 1177, 1091, 800. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ = 9.69 (s, 1H), 9.55 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J = 8.1, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ = 167.8, 152.0, 137.0, 129.5, 126.4, 125.4, 125.0, 122.5, 120.3, 110.0. HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H5ClN2OS [M − H]− 234.9733, found 234.9733.
(Z)-2-Mercapto-2-(5-nitro-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile (Table 3, 4d). Yield: 88% (Path A). Dark solid; m.p. > 350 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3310, 2211 (CN), 1655, 1617, 1586, 1508, 1447, 1406, 1332, 1288, 1057, 986, 877, 748. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ = 9.91 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 9.82 (s, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J = 8.5, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ = 168.0, 153.9, 143.8, 143.1, 128.2, 124.0, 122.5, 119.8, 117.6, 108.4. HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H5N3O3S [M + H]+ 248.0130, found 248.0128.
2,2′-Disulfanediylbis(2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile) (Table 3, 5a). Yield: 46% (Path A), 30% (Path B). Dark Solid; m.p.: 295–297 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3239, 2207 (CN), 1647, 1616, 1509, 1458, 1332, 1185, 1086, 777, 724. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ = 9.15 (s, 2H), 8.10 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H). HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C20H10N4O2S2 [M + Na]+ 425.0143, found 425.0142.
2,2′-Disulfanediylbis(2-(5-bromo-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile) (Table 3, 5b). Yield: 33% (Path A), 5% (Path B). Dark solid; m.p. > 350°C. νmax (cm−1): 3275, 2217 (CN), 1646, 1610, 1508, 1457, 1443, 1303, 1192, 1175, 1089, 800. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 10.06 (s, 2H), 9.00 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ = 165.79, 147.28, 137.57, 128.59, 127.68, 124.54, 123.89, 118.79, 111.88, 109.50. HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C20H8Br2N4O2S2 [M + Na]+ 580.8353, found 580.8343.
2,2′-Disulfanediylbis(2-(5-chloro-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile) (Table 3, 5c). Yield: 30% (Path A). Dark solid; m.p. > 350 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3276, 2209 (CN), 1642, 1616, 1517, 1449, 1302, 1193, 1177, 1091, 800. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm): 10.05 (s, 2H), 8.86 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (dd, J = 8.1, 2.2 Hz, 2H), 6.69 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H). HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C20H8Cl2N4O2S2 [M + Na]+ 492.9363, found 492.9357.

3.2.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of 2-(2-Oxoindolin-3-Ylidene)Acetonitrile Derivatives (Table 4, 6a–d)

Supported triphenylphosphine at 2 mmol·g−1 (1.04 mmol) was added to a solution of each appropriate 5-alkylidene-1,2,3-dithiazole (Scheme 5, 3a–d; 0.52 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h, and filtered in a vacuum. The resin was washed three times with ethyl acetate (20 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified through flash chromatography on a silica gel column (ethyl acetate/petroleum ether).
2-(2-Oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile (Table 4, 6a) [61]. Yield: 88%. Orange solid; m.p.: 173–175 °C. (E): νmax (cm−1): 3192, 2218 (CN), 1715, 1610, 1463, 1353, 1318, 1216, 1150, 778. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 8.08 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.40 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.31 (s, 1H). (Z): νmax (cm−1): 3220, 2212, 1720, 1618. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ = 7.72 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 7.41 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H). HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H6N2O [M + H]+ 171.0558, found 171.0556.
2-(5-Bromo-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile (Table 4, 6b). Yield: 26%. Orange solid; m.p.: 254–256 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3193, 2213 (CN), 1721, 1605, 1455, 1445, 1300, 1219, 1115, 1059, 876, 821. 1H-NMR 1H (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ (E + Z) = 9.96 (s, 1H, E), 9.92 (s, 1H, Z), 8.07 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H, E), 7.93 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H, Z), 7.62 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H, E), 7.57 (dd, J = 8.3, 2.0 Hz, 1H, Z), 7.01 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, E), 6.96 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Z), 6.82 (s, 1H, Z), 6.54 (s, 1H, E). HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H5N2OBr [M + H]+ 248.9664, found 248.9661.
2-(5-Chloro-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile (Table 4, 6c). Yield: 27%. Orange solid; m.p.: 241–243 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3186, 2214 (CN), 1730, 1609, 1457, 1450, 1298, 1217, 1116, 1069, 822. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ (E + Z) = 9.95 (s, 2H, E + Z), 7.93 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, E), 7.81 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H, Z), 7.49 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.1 Hz, 1H, E), 7.43 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.2 Hz, 1H, Z), 7.06 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H, E), 7.00 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H, Z), 6.83 (s, 1H, Z), 6.55 (s, 1H, E). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, acetone-d6) δ (E + Z) = 166.52 (E), 165.26 (Z), 144.44 (E), 144.29 (Z), 143.98 (E), 143.10 (Z), 134.28 (E), 133.97 (Z), 128.03 (E), 127.91 (Z), 124.88 (E), 123.81 (Z), 123.57 (Z), 122.24 (E), 117.00 (E), 115.76 (Z), 113.33 (E), 112.97 (Z), 99.98 (Z), 99.93 (E). HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H5ClN2O [M + Na]+ 226.9988, found 226.9989.
2-(5-Nitro-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile (Table 4, 6d). Yield: 56%. Orange solid; m.p. > 300 °C. νmax (cm−1): 3179, 2218 (CN), 1729, 1702, 1619, 1533, 1465, 1345, 1310, 1207, 1150, 1070, 844, 745. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (E + Z) = 11.60 (s, 1H, E), 11.56 (s, 1H, Z), 8.72 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H, E), 8.61 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H, Z), 8.34 (dd, J = 8.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H, E), 8.28 (dd, J = 8.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H, Z), 7.34 (s, 1H, Z), 7.11 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H, E), 7.04 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H, Z). 6.80 (s, 1H, E). 13C-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (E + Z) = 166.39 (E), 165.17 (Z), 150.20 (E), 148.84 (Z), 142.85 (E), 142.48 (Z), 142.36 (Z), 142.10 (E), 129.83 (E), 129.47 (Z), 121.37(Z), 119.82 (E), 119.28 (Z), 119.09 (E), 116.46 (Z), 115.40 (E), 111.25 (E), 110.82 (Z), 101.22(E + Z). HRMS (ES) m/z calculated for C10H5N3O3 [M + Na]+ 238.0228, found 238.0231.

4. Conclusions

This work described novel examples of the importance of the 1,2,3-dithiazole skeleton in chemistry. It also confirmed the utility of Appel’s salt in the conception of novel heterocyclic rings to access original potential bioactive compounds. The addition of Appel’s salt to 2-oxindoles could be performed efficiently and stereoselectively. The corresponding 3-substituted oxindole derivatives could be subjected to selective ring opening, giving fast access to diversely functionalized oxindoles at position 3. Thanks to these methods, we easily generated two families of compounds—3-(1,2,3-dithiazolylidene)indololin-2-ones (Table 2, 3a–d) and 2-mercapto-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles (Table 3, 4a–d)—that could have interesting biological properties, such as protein kinase inhibition or antimicrobial properties. Optimization of the reaction conditions with triphenylphosphine should be performed in an effort to increase yields, and to learn more about stereoselectivity, since it seemed that most 2-(oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitrile products (Table 4, 6b–6d) were (E) isomers.

Author Contributions

V.T. and T.B. designed the research; B.L. and R.D. performed the experimental work, and participated equally to this work, and should be considered as primary co-authors. A.B. performed spectroscopic analysis. V.T. wrote the manuscript with the cooperation of T.B. and B.L. All authors discussed, edited, and approved the submitted version.

Funding

This research was funded by “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, comité 17”, grant number [AO2017-17-VT].

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank la “Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, comité 17” for financial supports, and the “Conseil Départemental de Charente-Maritime” for a PhD grant (B.L.). T.B. thanks LABEX SynOrg (ANR-11-LABX-0029) for financial support.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

References

  1. Weniger, B.; Jiang, Y.; Anton, R.; Bastida, J.; Varea, T.; Quirion, J.-C. Oxindole Alkaloids from Neolaugeria Resinosa. Phytochemistry 1993, 32, 1587–1590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Hosoe, T.; Nozawa, K.; Kawahara, N.; Fukushima, K.; Nishimura, K.; Miyaji, M.; Kawai, K. Isolation of a New Potent Cytotoxic Pigment along with Indigotin from the Pathogenic Basidiomycetous Fungus Schizophyllum commune. Mycopathologia 1999, 146, 9–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Zhu, Q.; Tang, C.-P.; Ke, C.-Q.; Li, X.-Q.; Liu, J.; Gan, L.-S.; Weiss, H.-C.; Gesing, E.-R.; Ye, Y. Constituents of Trigonostemon chinensis. J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 73, 40–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Millemaggi, A.; Perry, A.; Whitwood, A.C.; Taylor, R.J.K. Telescoped Enolate Arylation/HWE Procedure for the Preparation of 3-Alkenyl-Oxindoles: The First Synthesis of Soulieotine. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 18, 2947–2952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Uehata, K.; Kimura, N.; Hasegawa, K.; Arai, S.; Nishida, M.; Hosoe, T.; Kawai, K.; Nishida, A. Total Synthesis of Schizocommunin and Revision of Its Structure. J. Nat. Prod. 2013, 76, 2034–2039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Kaur, M.; Singh, M.; Chadha, N.; Silakari, O. Oxindole: A chemical prism carrying plethora of therapeutic benefits. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 123, 858–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Bort, A.; Quesada, S.; Ramos-Torres, Á.; Gargantilla, M.; Priego, E.M.; Raynal, S.; Lepifre, F.; Gasalla, J.M.; Rodriguez-Henche, N.; Castro, A.; et al. Identification of a novel 2-oxindole fluorinated derivative as in vivo antitumor agent for prostate cancer acting via AMPK activation. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 4370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Riham, F.G. Facile synthesis of simple 2-oxindole-based compounds with promising antiproliferative activity. Future Med. Chem. 2018, 10, 269–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Davis, H.J.; Kavanagh, M.E.; Balan, T.; Abell, C.; Coyne, A.G. Spirooxindoles as novel 3D-fragment scaffolds: Synthesis and screening against CYP121 from M. tuberculosis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2016, 26, 3735–3740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Ren, J.-W.; Wang, J.; Xiao, J.-A.; Li, J.; Xiang, H.-Y.; Chen, X.-Q.; Yang, H. l-Pyroglutamic sulphonamide as hydrogen-bonding organocatalyst: Enantioselective Diels-Alder cyclization to construct carbazolespirooxindoles. J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 6441–6449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Jayakmar, S.; Louven, K.; Strohmann, C.; Kumar, K. A tunable and enantioselective hetero-Diels–Alder reaction provides access to distinct piperidinoyl spirooxindoles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 15945–15949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Morales-Ríos, M.S.; García-Velgara, M.; Cervantes-Cuevas, H.; Alvarez-Cisneros, C.; Joseph-Nathan, P. Push–pull and pull–push effects in isatylidenes. Magn. Reson. Chem. 2000, 38, 172–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Li, G.; Feng, X.; Du, H. Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination of racemic butadiene monoxide with isatin derivatives. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015, 13, 5826–5830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Millemaggi, A.; Taylor, R.J.K. 3-Alkenyl-oxindoles: Natural products, pharmaceuticals, and recent synthetic advances in tandem/telescoped approaches. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2010, 4527–4547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Lubkoll, J.; Millemaggi, A.; Perry, A.; Taylor, R.J.K. Tandem Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons/Heck procedures for the preparation of 3-alkenyl-oxindoles: The synthesis of Semaxanib and GW441756. Tetrahedron 2010, 66, 6606–6612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Miura, T.; Toyoshima, T.; Ito, Y.; Murakami, M. Synthesis of stereodefined 3-alkylideneoxindoles by palladium-catalyzed reactions of 2-(alkynyl)aryl isocyanates with thiols and alcohols. Chem. Lett. 2009, 38, 1174–1175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Tang, S.; Yu, Q.-F.; Peng, P.; Li, J.-H.; Zhong, P.; Tang, R.-Y. Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative annulation reaction of 2-(1-alkynyl)benzenamines: Selective synthesis of 3-(halomethylene)indolin-2-ones. Org. Lett. 2007, 9, 3413–3416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Ueda, S.; Okada, T.; Nagasawa, H. Oxindole Synthesis by Palladium-catalysed aromatic C–H alkenylation. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 2462–2464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Cao, S.-H.; Zhang, X.-C.; Wei, Y.; Shi, M. Chemoselective reduction of isatin-derived electron-deficient alkenes using alkylphosphanes as reduction reagents. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2011, 14, 2668–2672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Rassu, G.; Zambrano, V.; Pinna, L.; Curti, C.; Battistini, L.; Sartori, A.; Pelosi, G.; Zanardi, F.; Casiraghi, G. Direct regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective vinylogous Michael Addition of prochiral 3-alkylideneoxindoles to nitroolefins. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2013, 355, 1881–1886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Yang, X.-H.; Li, K.; Song, R.-J.; Li, J.-H. Room-temperature Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular oxidative aminocarbonylation of vinylic C(sp2)–H Bonds with amines and CO. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 3, 616–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Amol, P.J.; Amjad, A.; Ravi, P.S. Vinylogous nucleophilic substitution of the hydroxy group in diarylmethanols with 3-propenyl-2-silyloxyindoles: Towards the synthesis of α-alkylidene-δ-diaryl-2-oxindoles. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2017, 359, 1508–1510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Craig, R.; Sorrentino, E.; Connon, S.J. Enantioselective alkylation of 2-oxindoles catalyzed by a bifunctional phase-transfer catalyst: Synthesis of (−)-Debromoflustramine B. Chem. Eur. J. 2018, 24, 4528–4531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Petrini, M.; Chiurchiù, E.; Rossi, F.V.; Palmieri, A. Oxidative conversion of sulfonyl indoles into 3-alkylidene-2-oxindoles under flow chemical conditions. Synthesis 2018, 50, 371–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Beauchard, A.; Ferandin, Y.; Frère, S.; Lozach, O.; Blairvacq, M.; Meijer, L.; Thiéry, V.; Besson, T. Synthesis of novel 5-substituted Indirubins as protein kinases inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2006, 14, 6434–6443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Havrylyuk, D.; Zimenkovsky, B.; Vasylenko, O.; Gzella, A.; Lesyk, R. Synthesis of new 4-thiazolidinone-, pyrazoline-, and Isatin-based conjugates with promising antitumor Activity. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 8630–8641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Erben, F.; Michalik, D.; Feist, H.; Kleeblatt, D.; Hein, M.; Matin, A.; Iqbal, J.; Langer, P. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of (Z)-1-Glycosyl-3-(5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-ylidene)indolin-2-ones and (Z)-3-(2-glycosylsulfanyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-thiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-Ones. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 10879–10893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Appel, R.; Janssen, H.; Siray, M.; Knoch, F. Synthese und reaktionen des 4,5-dichlor-1,2,3-dithiazolium-chlorids. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1985, 118, 1632–1643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Rees, C.W. Polysulfur-nitrogen heterocyclic chemistry. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1992, 29, 639–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Rakitin, O.A. Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II I; Katritzky, A.R., Ramsden, C.A., Scriven, E.F.V., Taylor, R.J.K., Eds.; Elsevier: Oxford, UK, 2008; Volume 6, p. 1. [Google Scholar]
  31. Konstantinova, L.S.; Rakitin, O. Synthesis and properties of 1,2,3-dithiazoles. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2008, 77, 521–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Foucourt, A.; Chosson, E.; Besson, T. 4,5-Dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazol-1-ium chloride. e-EROS 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Koutentis, P.A. The preparation and characterization of 5-substituted-4-chloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium salts and their conversion into 4-substituted-3-chloro-1,2,5-thiadiazoles. Molecules 2005, 10, 346–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Cuadro, A.M.; Alvarez-Buila, J. 4,5-Dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride (Appel salt). Reactions with N-nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 10037–10046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Rakitin, O.A.; Rees, C.W.; Vlasova, O.G. 1,2,4-Thiadiazole 4-oxides. Chem. Commun. 1996, 11, 1273–1274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Koyioni, M.; Manoli, M.; Manolis, M.J.; Koutentis, P.A. Reinvestigating the reaction of 1H-pyrazol-5-amines with 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride: A route to pyrazolo[3,4-c]isothiazoles and pyrazolo[3,4-d]thiazoles. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 4025–4037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Baraldi, P.G.; Pavani, M.G.; del Carmen Nunez, M.; Brigidi, P.; Vitali, B.; Gambari, R.; Romagnoli, R. Antimicrobial and antitumor activity of N-heteroimmine-1,2,3-dithiazoles and their transformation in triazolo-, imidazo-, and pyrazolopirimidines. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2002, 10, 449–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Mirallai, S.I.; Manos, M.J.; Koutentis, P.A. One-Step Conversion of 2-amino-N′-arylbenzamidines into 3-aryl-4-imino-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-2-carbonitriles using 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 78, 9906–9913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Konstantinova, L.S.; Bol’shakov, O.I.; Obruchnikova, N.V.; Laborie, H.; Tanga, A.; Sopéna, V.; Lanneluc, I.; Picot, L.; Sablé, S.; Thiéry, V. One-Pot Synthesis of 5-phenylimino, 5-thieno or 5-oxo-1,2,3-dithiazoles and evaluation of their antimicrobial and antitumor activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2009, 19, 136–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. De Fatima Pereira, M.; Sarghe, E.; Rouillard, H.; Domon, L.; Chérouvrier, J.-R.; Thiéry, V. Synthesis of novel heterocyclic fused pyrimidin-4-one derivatives from imino-1,2,3-dithiazoles. Arkivoc 2017, 335–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Emayan, K.; English, R.F.; Koutentis, P.A.; Rees, C.W. New routes to benzothiophenes, isothiazoles and 1,2,3-dithiazoles. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1997, 22, 3345–3349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Koutentis, P.A.; Rees, C.W. Reactions of tetracyanoethylene oxide with 1,2,3-dithiazoles. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 2505–2509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Christoforou, I.C.; Koutentis, P.A.; Rees, C.W. Reactions of 1,2,3-dithiazoles with halogenated malononitriles. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 2002, 1236–1241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Kalogirou, A.S.; Koutentis, P.A. The reaction of 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride with dimethylsulfonium dicyanomethylide: An improved synthesis of (4-chloro-1,2,3-dithiazolylidene)-malononitrile. Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 6850–6854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. D’hooge, B.; Dehaen, W. Stereoisomerism in the adducts of Appel salt with activated methylenes. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 1997, 106, 729–730. [Google Scholar]
  46. Clarke, D.; Emayan, K.; Rees, C.W. New synthesis of isothiazoles from primary enamines. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 1, 77–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Kim, K. Synthesis and Reactions of 1,2,3-Dithiazoles. Sulfur Rep. 1998, 21, 147–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Chang, Y.-G.; Cho, H.S.; Kim, K. Novel synthesis and reactions of 5,7-dialkyl-4,6-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-isothiazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-3-carbonitriles and 6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-1-aza-5-oxa-2-thiaindene-3-carbonitrile. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 507–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Jeon, M.-K.; Kim, K. Synthesis of new 5-alkylidene-4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazoles and their stereochemistry. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 9651–9667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Kalogirou, A.S.; Koutentis, P.A. The degradation of 4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride in wet solvents. Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 6859–6862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Besson, T.; Rees, C.W. New route to 4-alkoxyquinazoline-2-carbonitriles. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1996, 23, 2857–2860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Michaelidou, S.S.; Koutentis, P.A. The Conversion of 2-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazolylideneamino)benzonitriles into 3-aminoindole-2-carbonitriles using triphenylphosphine. Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 8428–8433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Bénéteau, V.; Besson, T.; Guillard, J.; Léonce, S.; Pfeiffer, B. Synthesis and in vitro antitumour evaluation of benzothiazole-2-carbonitrile derivatives. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 34, 1053–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Rees, C.W.; Roe, D.G.; Thiéry, V. Imidazoquinolinethiones from quinolines: A new molecular rearrangement. Chem. Commun. 1996, 24, 2775–2776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Besson, T.; Guillard, J.; Rees, C.W.; Thiéry, V. New syntheses of aryl isothiocyanates. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 5, 889–892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Logé, C.; Testard, A.; Thiéry, V.; Lozach, O.; Blairvacq, M.; Robert, J.-M.; Meijer, L.; Besson, T. Novel 9-oxo-thiazolo[5,4-f]quinazoline-2-carbonitrile derivatives as dual cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1)/glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 43, 1469–1477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  57. Kalogirou, A.S.; Christoforou, I.C.; Ioannidou, H.A.; Manos, M.J.; Koutentis, P.A. Ring transformation of (4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)acetonitriles to 3-haloisothiazole-5-carbonitriles. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 7735–7748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Christoforou, I.C.; Kalogirou, A.S.; Koutentis, P.A. The preparation of dicyano-1,3,4-thiadiazole and tricyanothiazole via 1,2,3-dithiazole chemistry. Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 9967–9972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Besson, T.; Guillaumet, G.; Lamazzi, C.; Rees, C.W.; Thiéry, V. N-(Cyanothioformyl)indoline; a new indoline ring forming reaction. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 24, 4057–4060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Long, D.R.; Richards, C.G.; Ross, M.S.F. The stereochemistry of 2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene derivatives. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1978, 15, 633–636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Osman, F.H.; El-Samahy, F.A. On the reaction of Isatin with cyanomethylene(triphenyl)-phosphorane. A nucleophilic attack of alkyl phosphites on the carbon–carbon double bond of (E)-oxindolylideneacetonitrile. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 1863–1871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Chen, M.; Gan, L.; Lin, S.; Wang, X.; Li, L.; Li, Y.; Zhu, C.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, B.; Jiang, J.; et al. Alkaloids from the root of Isatis Indigotica. J. Nat. Prod. 2012, 75, 1167–1176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 3 and 4 are available from the authors.
Molecules 23 01390 g001 550
Figure 1. The (Z)-3-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-thiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one pattern (I) [26,27], and synthesis targets 3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one (II) and (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-2-mercaptoacetonitrile (III).
Figure 1. The (Z)-3-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-thiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one pattern (I) [26,27], and synthesis targets 3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one (II) and (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-2-mercaptoacetonitrile (III).
Molecules 23 01390 g001
Molecules 23 01390 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Reactivity of Appel’s salt with (a) N-arylamines; and (b) active methylene compounds.
Scheme 1. Reactivity of Appel’s salt with (a) N-arylamines; and (b) active methylene compounds.
Molecules 23 01390 sch001
Molecules 23 01390 g002 550
Figure 2. Retrosynthesis to 3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one derivatives (3) and original (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-2-mercaptoacetonitriles (4).
Figure 2. Retrosynthesis to 3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-one derivatives (3) and original (2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-2-mercaptoacetonitriles (4).
Molecules 23 01390 g002
Molecules 23 01390 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis of 3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-ones (3a–3d) via the condensation of 2-oxindoles (2a–2d) with Appel’s salt (1).
Scheme 2. Synthesis of 3-(4-chloro-5H-1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indolin-2-ones (3a–3d) via the condensation of 2-oxindoles (2a–2d) with Appel’s salt (1).
Molecules 23 01390 sch002
Molecules 23 01390 g003 550
Figure 3. Representation of the O–S attractive interaction, and selected mesomer forms for the (Z)-3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indololin-2-ones (Table 1, 3a).
Figure 3. Representation of the O–S attractive interaction, and selected mesomer forms for the (Z)-3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indololin-2-ones (Table 1, 3a).
Molecules 23 01390 g003
Molecules 23 01390 sch003 550
Scheme 3. Dithiazole ring opening with sodium hydride or methyl magnesium bromide. Conversion of 3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indololin-2-ones (3a–d) into 2-mercapto-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles (4a–d) and 2,2′-disulfanediylbis(2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles) (5a–5b).
Scheme 3. Dithiazole ring opening with sodium hydride or methyl magnesium bromide. Conversion of 3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indololin-2-ones (3a–d) into 2-mercapto-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles (4a–d) and 2,2′-disulfanediylbis(2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles) (5a–5b).
Molecules 23 01390 sch003
Molecules 23 01390 sch004 550
Scheme 4. Proposed mechanisms according to the use of NaH (Path A) or methyl magnesium bromide (Path B).
Scheme 4. Proposed mechanisms according to the use of NaH (Path A) or methyl magnesium bromide (Path B).
Molecules 23 01390 sch004
Molecules 23 01390 sch005 550
Scheme 5. Synthesis of 2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) derivatives (6a–6d) via the ring opening of alkenyldithiazole (3a–3d) with supported triphenylphosphine.
Scheme 5. Synthesis of 2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene) derivatives (6a–6d) via the ring opening of alkenyldithiazole (3a–3d) with supported triphenylphosphine.
Molecules 23 01390 sch005
Table
Table 1. Synthesis of 3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-ylidene)indolin-2-ones (3a–d) from indolin-2-ones (2a–d) with Appel’s salt (1.1 equivalent).
Table 1. Synthesis of 3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-ylidene)indolin-2-ones (3a–d) from indolin-2-ones (2a–d) with Appel’s salt (1.1 equivalent).
Starting MaterialRDithiazole 3Yield (%) aChemical Shift of H4 in ppm b
2aH3a968.19 (7.20) c
2b5-Br3b968.36 (7.36)
2c5-Cl3c998.24 (7.20)
2d5-NO23d859.13 (8.07)
a Isolated yield. b The chemical shift of the corresponding indolin-2-ones is given in brackets for comparison. c Chemical shift attributed to the H4 proton through comparison of one-dimensional (1D) NMR spectra of the dithiazole and the corresponding 2-oxindole.
Table
Table 2. Yields of conversion of 3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indololin-2-ones (3a–d) into 2-mercapto-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles (4a–d) and 2,2′-disulfanediylbis(2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles) (5a–d).
Table 2. Yields of conversion of 3-(1,2,3-dithiazol-5-ylidene)indololin-2-ones (3a–d) into 2-mercapto-2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles (4a–d) and 2,2′-disulfanediylbis(2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)acetonitriles) (5a–d).
DithiazoleRMercaptoYield %Yield %DimerYield %Yield %
CompoundNaHCH3MgBr NaHCH3MgBr
3aH4a49335a4630
3b5-Br4b66255b335
3c5-Cl4c68-5c30-
3d5-NO24d88-5d--
Table
Table 3. 1H-NMR data δ of H4 (in ppm) of the mercaptoacetonitriles (4a–4d) and the disulfur dimers (5a–5c).
Table 3. 1H-NMR data δ of H4 (in ppm) of the mercaptoacetonitriles (4a–4d) and the disulfur dimers (5a–5c).
Mercaptoδ of H4 (in ppm)Dimerδ of H4 (in ppm)
acetonitrile
4a8.995a8.10
4b9.235b9.08
4c9.555c8.86
4d9.915d-
Table
Table 4. Yield of conversion of dithiazole (3a–3d) into 2-(2-oxindolil-3-ylidene)acetonitriles (6a–6d) with two equivalents of supported triphenylphosphine.
Table 4. Yield of conversion of dithiazole (3a–3d) into 2-(2-oxindolil-3-ylidene)acetonitriles (6a–6d) with two equivalents of supported triphenylphosphine.
Compd.RYield (%) aδ ppm (Z) Isomerδ ppm (Z) Isomerδ ppm (E) Isomerδ ppm (E) Isomer% (E) Isomer b
6 H4H-vinylH4H-vinyl
6aH887.726.948.086.3180
6b5-Br267.936.828.076.5480
6c5-Cl277.816.837.936.5586
6d5-NO2568.617.348.726.8083
a Isolated yield of stereoisomer mixture. b Percentage determined from integration of NMR signals.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Letribot, B.; Delatouche, R.; Rouillard, H.; Bonnet, A.; Chérouvrier, J.-R.; Domon, L.; Besson, T.; Thiéry, V. Synthesis of 2-Mercapto-(2-Oxoindolin-3-Ylidene)Acetonitriles from 3-(4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-Dithiazol-5-Ylidene)Indolin-2-ones. Molecules 2018, 23, 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061390

AMA Style

Letribot B, Delatouche R, Rouillard H, Bonnet A, Chérouvrier J-R, Domon L, Besson T, Thiéry V. Synthesis of 2-Mercapto-(2-Oxoindolin-3-Ylidene)Acetonitriles from 3-(4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-Dithiazol-5-Ylidene)Indolin-2-ones. Molecules. 2018; 23(6):1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061390

Chicago/Turabian Style

Letribot, Boris, Régis Delatouche, Hervé Rouillard, Antoine Bonnet, Jean-René Chérouvrier, Lisianne Domon, Thierry Besson, and Valérie Thiéry. 2018. "Synthesis of 2-Mercapto-(2-Oxoindolin-3-Ylidene)Acetonitriles from 3-(4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-Dithiazol-5-Ylidene)Indolin-2-ones" Molecules 23, no. 6: 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061390

APA Style

Letribot, B., Delatouche, R., Rouillard, H., Bonnet, A., Chérouvrier, J. -R., Domon, L., Besson, T., & Thiéry, V. (2018). Synthesis of 2-Mercapto-(2-Oxoindolin-3-Ylidene)Acetonitriles from 3-(4-Chloro-5H-1,2,3-Dithiazol-5-Ylidene)Indolin-2-ones. Molecules, 23(6), 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23061390

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop