Isoflavones Production and Possible Mechanism of Their Exudation in Genista tinctoria L. Suspension Culture after Treatment with Vanadium Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Effect of Vanadium Compounds
- NH4VO3 (1 μM, Figure 1A) has the potential to increase isoflavone biosynthesis and possible metabolites exudation in G. tinctoria suspension culture. This compound significantly increased the content of genistin and formononetin in the NM. Genistein and daidzein content also visibly elevated in the NM after 24 h, but their release was statistically insignificant. Samples of DM only had significantly more genistein after 24 h, however, concentration of DM was higher in comparison with the rest of isoflavones. The amount of biochanin A was not traceable in DM and NH4VO3 (1 μM) took no effect on the release of this isoflavone. Overall, longer cultivation did not cause higher production or exudation of monitored isoflavones.
- NH4VO3 (10 μM, Figure 1B) also caused a significant increase of genistin content in the NM again after 24 h, but not of formononetin. Moreover, the content of genistein was significantly lower than water control in the NM after 24 h and in the DM after 48 h. In spite of previously used concentration of this elicitor, the content of genistin increased in both NM and DM after 48 h. NH4VO3 (10 μM) provided no evidence that it is capable of stimulating conceivable production or releasing remaining isoflavones, although daidzein content again was a little higher in both types of samples.
- VOSO4 (1 μM, Figure 1C), as the second tested vanadium compound, caused significant release in the case of formononetin content in the NM after 48 h. There was no verifiable difference of other isoflavones content in water control and tested samples after application of this elicitor.
- In a similar way, VOSO4 (10 μM, Figure 1D) again caused elevation of formononetin levels in the same samples after 48, but this result was insignificant. Moreover, cultivation for 24 h had a negative effect on this isoflavone presence in the NM. There was a non-significant reduction in genistein content in the DM after 24 h. This result was similar to the genistein value after VOSO4 (1 μM) application (Figure 1C); VOSO4 did not manifest as a potential elicitor for remaining isoflavones.
2.2. The Effects of Transport Mechanism Inhibitors
- NH4Cl (Figure 2) is ranked between protonophores [24]. It can disrupt the proton gradient and inhibit transport of certain substances, such as nicotine [25]. NH4Cl reduced the content of most isoflavones in NM of G. tinctoria cell culture, when only genistein (1 mM, 10 mM) and daidzein (10 mM) had significant values in comparison with NH4VO3 treated samples. In DM, NH4Cl had a specific effect, where it significantly decreased formononetin content. Increased genistin and genistein presence in DM was only evident in comparison with water control (not labelled in the figures).
- Gramicidin (Figure 3) is an antibiotic formed by Bacillus brevis, which acts as a selective ionophore for cations. Gramicidin disrupted processes associated with potassium ions [26], and eventually transport nicotine in a similar way to NH4Cl [25]. The levels of genistein and daidzein significantly decreased in the NM after the application of this inhibitor. Gramicidin, however, did not affect the presence of these two aglycones in DM, as well as other isoflavones in the tested samples. The results also document that the content of genistin and biochanin A was statistically higher in NM after inhibitor application in comparison with the water control (not labelled in the figures).
- Brefeldin A (Figure 4) is a macrolide lactone produced by specific ascomycetes [27]. This inhibitor suppresses the guanine nucleotide exchange factor involved in the vesicular transport of molecules [28]. It also dissolves the Golgi apparatus that contributes on various molecules movement [29]. Brefeldin A suppressed content of some isoflavones content in the NM with significant decrease of genistein, daidzein (2.5 and 5 μM), and formononetin (5 μM). Reduced concentrations of these metabolites could not be verified in NM after treatment with other solutions of this inhibitor. On the other hand, brefeldin A caused a conclusive increase in the levels of genistein (5 μM) and biochanin A (2.5 and 5 μM) in the NM. This inhibitor has no significant effect on any isoflavone content in the DM.
- Na3VO4 (sodium orthovanadate; Figure 5) is known and used as a plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase inhibitor. Application of this substance to cell culture of Eschscholtzia californica caused gradual alkalisation of surrounding media and a lower rate of excretion of benzophenanthridine alkaloids [30]. In addition, the inhibition caused by Na3VO4 was discussed for the ABC transporter in Salmonella typhimurium [31] and similar transporters in the plants [32]. Na3VO4 affected isoflavone content according to used concentration. The application of Na3VO4 (1 mM) strongly reduced the content of genistein and daidzein in the NM, but the less concentrated solution only caused the decrease of genistein concentration. Na3VO4 had a negative effect on genistin and genistein content in DM, in a case of significant glycoside. Remaining isoflavones also had no greater difference in their amount in these samples.
- Verapamil (Figure 6) inhibits the activity of calcium transport channels, but also has a suppressing effect on multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), a subfamily of ABC proteins. This effect could help with overcoming the tolerance of some drugs caused by P-glycoprotein [33], and Thalictrum minus accumulated alkaloid berberine within the cells after this inhibitor application [34]. Verapamil did not cause a significant decrease in any studied isoflavone levels in the NM, but a small reduction for all compounds, except for daidzein, was found. This particular aglycone had a higher concentration than the water control (not labelled in the figures). There was also no verifiable change of isoflavones amount in DM after verapamil application.
- Probenecid (Figure 7) primarily affects the excretion of uric acid in kidneys. This drug can have an effect on the ABC transporters, multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 and 2 subfamily (MRP1 and MRP2), and inhibits the transfer of organic anions [24]. After probenecid treatment, a statistically significant reduction of genistein (0.5 mM) and daidzein (0.5 and 1 mM) was measured in the NM. However, their content did not change significantly in the DM, as well as those of other isoflavones. On the other hand, this inhibitor also positively affects the concentration of genistin (1 mM) and biochanin A in a medium compared with water control samples.
- Glibenclamide (Figure 8) is a drug that acts primarily on ABC proteins in pancreatic B-cells. This drug inhibited the activity of MRP1 in the lung tumour [35], as well as AtMRP5 in Arabidopsis thaliana [36]. No isoflavone had a significantly lower content in the NM after glibenclamide application. Nevertheless, there was some reduction of isoflavones (genistein, biochanin A, formononetin). On the contrary, glibenclamide positively affected daidzein content in the NM after administration of both concentrations of the inhibitor, resulting in the opposite effect compared with probenecid. The same effect was found for genistein (0.5 mM) in spite of the water control.
3. Discussion
3.1. Impact of Vanadium Compounds
3.2. Transport of Isoflavones across Membranes
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. In Vitro Culture Preparation
4.2. Vanadium Treatment
4.3. Transport Mechanism Inhibitors Treatment
4.4. Extracts Preparation and HPLC Analysis
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
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Skalicky, M.; Kubes, J.; Hejnak, V.; Tumova, L.; Martinkova, J.; Martin, J.; Hnilickova, H. Isoflavones Production and Possible Mechanism of Their Exudation in Genista tinctoria L. Suspension Culture after Treatment with Vanadium Compounds. Molecules 2018, 23, 1619. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071619
Skalicky M, Kubes J, Hejnak V, Tumova L, Martinkova J, Martin J, Hnilickova H. Isoflavones Production and Possible Mechanism of Their Exudation in Genista tinctoria L. Suspension Culture after Treatment with Vanadium Compounds. Molecules. 2018; 23(7):1619. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071619
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkalicky, Milan, Jan Kubes, Vaclav Hejnak, Lenka Tumova, Jaroslava Martinkova, Jan Martin, and Helena Hnilickova. 2018. "Isoflavones Production and Possible Mechanism of Their Exudation in Genista tinctoria L. Suspension Culture after Treatment with Vanadium Compounds" Molecules 23, no. 7: 1619. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071619