Phytochemical Composition and Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells of Different Berries Following a Simulated In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Berry Phytochemical Contents after In Vitro Digestion
2.2. Berry Total Antioxidant Capacity after In Vitro Digestion
2.3. Berry Cytotoxicity after In Vitro Digestion
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Standard and Reagents
4.2. Berry Sample
In Vitro Digestion
4.3. Berry Phytochemical Characterization
Total Antioxidant Capacity
4.4. Cell Culture
Cell Viability Assay
4.5. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACY | Anthocyanins |
DW | digested weight |
Flavo | flavonoid content |
FRAP | Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power |
GI | gastrointestinal |
HepG2 | human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. |
HT 29 | Human colorectal cancer cell line |
MTT | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide |
TAC | Total antioxidant capacity |
TEAC | Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity |
TPC | Total phenolic content |
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Berry Variety | TPC (mg GAEq/g DW) | Flavo (mg CEq/g DW) | ACY (mg PgEq/g DW) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blackberry | IN | OUT | IN | OUT | IN | OUT |
Loch Ness | 0.46 ± 0.00 a | 1.28 ± 0.02 a* | 0.87 ± 0.04 a | 1.88 ± 0.00 a* | 0.97 ± 0.08 a | 1.19 ± 0.06 a* |
R. brigantinus | 0.25 ± 0.00 b | 1.30 ± 0.05 a* | 0.43 ± 0.02 b | 1.63 ± 0.00 b* | 0.24 ± 0.03 b | 0.48 ± 0.04 b* |
R. vagabundus | 0.22 ± 0.01 b | 0.93 ± 0.05 b* | 0.48 ± 0.02 b | 1.52 ± 0.01 c* | 0.27 ± 0.01 b | 0.35 ± 0.05 c |
Mean | 0.32 ± 0.12 | 1.17 ± 0.19 | 0.59 ± 0.03 | 1.68 ± 0.00 | 0.50 ± 0.04 | 0.67 ± 0.05 |
Blackcurrant | IN | OUT | IN | OUT | IN | OUT |
Ben Finlay | 0.64 ± 0.02 a | 1.10 ± 0.05 a | 1.18 ± 0.02 a | 2.35 ± 0.15 a* | 1.29 ± 0.03 b | 1.81 ± 0.04 b* |
Ben Maia | 0.24 ± 0.00 d | 0.38 ± 0.01 b* | 0.50 ± 0.00 c | 0.66 ± 0.00 c* | 0.89 ± 0.04 c | 0.98 ± 0.03 c |
Ben Starav | 0.49 ± 0.00 b | 1.17 ± 0.03 a* | 1.01 ± 0.02 b | 2.32 ± 0.05 a* | 2.25 ± 0.09 a | 3.41 ± 0.01 a* |
Big Ben | 0.29 ± 0.01 c | 0.41 ± 0.00 b* | 0.54 ± 0.01 c | 0.75 ± 0.01 b* | 0.71 ± 0.01 d | 0.88 ± 0.01 d* |
Mean | 0.41 ± 0.17 | 0.77 ± 0.39 | 0.81 ± 0.02 | 1.52 ± 0.05 | 1.28 ± 0.04 | 1.77 ± 0.02 |
Blueberry | IN | OUT | IN | OUT | IN | OUT |
Biloxi | 0.05 ± 0.002 c | 0.25 ± 0.03 b* | 0.36 ± 0.02 c | 1.50 ± 0.24 b* | 0 | 0.07 ± 0.02 c* |
Georgiagem | 0.11 ± 0.00 b | 0.35 ± 0.03 ab* | 0.52 ± 0.01 b | 1.50 ± 0.03 b* | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.40 ± 0.11 a* |
Misty | 0.14 ± 0.00 a | 0.44 ± 0.00 a* | 1.15 ± 0.02 a | 3.35 ± 0.02 a* | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | 0.17 ± 0.01 b* |
Mean | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.68 ± 0.01 | 2.12 ± 0.10 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.05 |
Raspberry | IN | OUT | IN | OUT | IN | OUT |
Glen Ericht | 0.31 ± 0.08 a | 0.50 ± 0.00 a | 0.53 ± 0.01 a | 0.91 ± 0.00 a* | 0.59 ± 0.00 b | 0.87 ± 0.01 b* |
Tulameen | 0.26 ± 0.01 b | 0.35 ± 0.00 b* | 0.52 ± 0.02 a | 0.88 ± 0.18 a* | 1.02 ± 0.01 a | 1.21 ± 0.12 a* |
00123A7 | 0.17 ± 0.00 c | 0.31 ± 0.00 c* | 0.29 ± 0.01 b | 0.58 ± 0.01 b* | 0.33 ± 0.06 c | 0.60 ± 0.01 c* |
0304F6 | 0.16 ± 0.00 c | 0.32 ± 0.00 c* | 0.25 ± 0.00 c | 0.52 ± 0.00 c* | 0.15 ± 0.01 d | 0.37 ± 0.00 d* |
2J19 Yellow | 0.16 ± 0.00 c | 0.26 ± 0.00 d* | 0.30 ± 0.02 b | 0.48 ± 0.03 c* | 0 | 0 |
Mean | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.35 ± 0.08 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.67 ± 0.05 | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.61 ± 0.03 |
Strawberry | IN | OUT | IN | OUT | IN | OUT |
F. vesca—white | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 0.78 ± 0.04 a* | 0.39 ± 0.02 b | 1.40 ± 0.01 a* | 0 | 0 |
Romina | 0.29 ± 0.03 a | 0.71 ± 0.09 a* | 0.36 ± 0.00 c | 1.02 ± 0.02 c* | 0.37 ± 0.01 a | 0.67 ± 0.01 a* |
Sabrina | 0.21 ± 0.00 b | 0.59 ± 0.01 ab* | 0.42 ± 0.00 b | 0.77 ± 0.02 e* | 0.09 ± 0.05 b | 0.33 ± 0.02 c* |
AN 00.239.55 | 0.23 ± 0.00 ab | 0.51 ± 0.01 b* | 0.45 ± 0.00 a | 1.18 ± 0.00 b* | 0.34 ± 0.04 a | 0.52 ± 0.01 b* |
AN 07.216.60 | 0.24 ± 0.00 ab | 0.41 ± 0.02 b* | 0.34 ± 0.00 c | 0.84 ± 0.02 d* | 0.12 ± 0.00 b | 0.13 ± 0.01 d |
Mean | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.60 ± 0.15 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 1.04 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.01 |
Berry Variety | TEAC (µmol Teq/g DW) | FRAP (µmol Teq/g DW) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Blackberry | IN | OUT | IN | OUT |
Loch Ness | 9.54 ± 1.53 a | 22.19 ± 0.72 b* | 10.00 ± 0.23 a | 14.70 ± 1.39 b* |
R. brigantinus | 7.31 ± 0.36 b | 28.75 ± 1.55 a* | 8.24 ± 0.08 b | 22.24 ± 0.59 a* |
R. vagabundus | 8.48 ± 1.51 ab | 32.93 ± 4.81 a* | 10.31 ± 0.19 a | 22.41 ± 1.73 a* |
Mean | 8.44 ± 1.13 | 27.96 ± 2.36 | 9.51 ± 0.17 | 19.79 ± 1.23 |
Blackcurrant | IN | OUT | IN | OUT |
Ben Finlay | 41.49 ± 1.30 a | 99.04 ± 1.17 a* | 15.90 ± 0.36 b | 32.09 ± 2.01 a* |
Ben Maia | 21.95 ± 2.35 b | 23.63 ± 0.74 d | 9.31 ± 0.12 c | 15.70 ± 0.68 b* |
Ben Starav | 44.20 ± 2.65 a | 91.05 ± 0.29 b* | 16.62 ± 0.07 a | 33.16 ± 0.39 a* |
Big Ben | 18.70 ± 0.20 b | 29.33 ± 1.08 c* | 9.44 ± 0.34 c | 15.59 ± 1.82 b* |
Mean | 31.59 ± 1.62 | 60.76 ± 0.82 | 12.82 ± 0.22 | 24.13 ± 1.22 |
Blueberry | IN | OUT | IN | OUT |
Biloxi | 3.46 ± 0.04 b | 7.76 ± 0.62 b* | 3.77 ± 0.01 c | 10.54 ± 0.04 c* |
Georgiagem | 5.39 ± 0.12 a | 12.23 ± 0.64 a* | 6.41 ± 0.04 b | 14.87 ± 0.23 b* |
Misty | 5.60 ± 0.19 a | 12.65 ± 0.03 a* | 7.24 ± 0.02 a | 20.33 ± 0.10 a* |
Mean | 4.82 ± 0.11 | 10.88 ± 0.43 | 5.81 ± 0.02 | 15.25 ± 0.12 |
Raspberry | IN | OUT | IN | OUT |
Glen Ericht | 20.38 ± 0.09 a | 34.57 ± 2.21 a* | 8.07 ± 0.03 b | 13.61 ± 0.16 a* |
Tulameen | 20.00 ± 0.24 a | 29.51 ± 0.32 b* | 8.32 ± 0.08 a* | 2.39 ± 0.52 d |
00123A7 | 15.15 ± 0.92 b | 20.30 ± 0.62 c* | 4.61 ± 0.32 c | 10.57 ± 1.94 b* |
0304F6 | 12.64 ± 0.20 c | 21.15 ± 0.20 c* | 4.32 ± 0.04 c | 7.79 ± 0.20 c* |
2J19 Yellow | 15.99 ± 0.00 b | 17.47 ± 0.23 d* | 4.04 ± 0.24 c | 7.47 ± 1.40 c* |
Mean | 16.83 ± 0.29 | 24.60 ± 0.72 | 5.87 ± 0.14 | 8.37 ± 0.84 |
Strawberry | IN | OUT | IN | OUT |
F. vesca—white | 10.53 ± 0.5 a | 25.12 ± 0.19 a* | 15.97 ± 1.24 a | 42.69 ± 7.39 a* |
Romina | 6.36 ± 0.48 cd | 20.33 ± 0.43 c* | 9.46 ± 0.08 d | 21.45 ± 0.42 b* |
Sabrina | 5.64 ± 0.23 d | 22.48 ± 0.14 b* | 7.64 ± 0.13 e | 15.55 ± 0.83 d* |
AN 00.239.55 | 7.77 ± 0.07 b | 21.80 ± 0.18 b* | 12.79 ± 0.97 b | 25.50 ± 5.12 b* |
AN 07.216.60 | 7.89 ± 0.53 b | 22.00 ± 1.44 b* | 10.89 ± 0.13 c | 19.15 ± 0.75 c* |
Mean | 7.64 ± 0.36 | 22.35 ± 0.48 | 11.35 ± 0.51 | 24.87 ± 2.90 |
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Giampieri, F.; Afrin, S.; Stewart, D.; McDougall, G.J.; Brennan, R.; Blyth, L.; Gasparrini, M.; Mazzoni, L.; Capocasa, F.; Alvarez-Suarez, J.M.; et al. Phytochemical Composition and Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells of Different Berries Following a Simulated In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion. Molecules 2018, 23, 1918. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081918
Giampieri F, Afrin S, Stewart D, McDougall GJ, Brennan R, Blyth L, Gasparrini M, Mazzoni L, Capocasa F, Alvarez-Suarez JM, et al. Phytochemical Composition and Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells of Different Berries Following a Simulated In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion. Molecules. 2018; 23(8):1918. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081918
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiampieri, Francesca, Sadia Afrin, Derek Stewart, Gordon J. McDougall, Rex Brennan, Lesley Blyth, Massimiliano Gasparrini, Luca Mazzoni, Franco Capocasa, Josè Miguel Alvarez-Suarez, and et al. 2018. "Phytochemical Composition and Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells of Different Berries Following a Simulated In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion" Molecules 23, no. 8: 1918. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23081918