Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Simultaneous Extraction of Three Active Compounds from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa and Comparison with Conventional Extraction Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effect of a Single Factor on Extraction Yields
2.1.1. Effect of Solvent and Comparison with Maceration
2.1.2. Effect of pH of the Solvent
2.1.3. Effect of Particle Size of the Sample
2.1.4. Effect of Temperature
2.1.5. Effect of Solvent to Material Ratio
2.1.6. Effect of Ultrasonic Input Power and Extraction Time
2.2. Optimization of UAE Using RSM
2.2.1. Modeling of the Extraction Yields and Response Surface Analysis
2.2.2. Optimization of the UAE
2.3. Validation of UAE and Comparison with Conventional Methods
2.4. Analytical Method Performance
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials, Standards and Reagents
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Extraction Methods
3.2.2. HPLC Analysis
3.2.3. Single Factor Experiments
3.2.4. Response Surface Design
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Sample of the fruits of Forsythia suspensa is available from the authors. |
No. Exp. | Ethanol Concentration (%) | Solvent Ratio (mL/g) | Extraction Time (min) | Extraction Yield (mg/g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FSA | PHI | RT | ||||
1 | 80 | 25 | 10 | 24.58 | 2.28 | 1.66 |
2 | 40 | 15 | 25 | 29.14 | 2.06 | 1.81 |
3 | 80 | 15 | 25 | 23.02 | 1.96 | 1.76 |
4 | 60 | 25 | 25 | 32.72 | 2.49 | 1.87 |
5 | 60 | 35 | 40 | 32.80 | 2.47 | 1.91 |
6 | 60 | 15 | 40 | 30.44 | 2.19 | 1.84 |
7 | 80 | 35 | 25 | 26.02 | 2.30 | 1.74 |
8 | 40 | 25 | 10 | 26.42 | 2.26 | 1.83 |
9 | 60 | 25 | 25 | 32.24 | 2.48 | 1.85 |
10 | 80 | 25 | 40 | 25.82 | 2.19 | 1.80 |
11 | 60 | 25 | 25 | 31.26 | 2.45 | 1.84 |
12 | 60 | 15 | 10 | 29.32 | 2.2 | 1.72 |
13 | 40 | 25 | 40 | 29.50 | 2.23 | 1.97 |
14 | 60 | 25 | 25 | 31.5 | 2.52 | 1.88 |
15 | 40 | 35 | 25 | 31.46 | 2.34 | 1.94 |
16 | 60 | 25 | 25 | 31.42 | 2.47 | 1.86 |
17 | 60 | 35 | 10 | 31.68 | 2.38 | 1.77 |
Coefficient | FSA | PHI | RT |
---|---|---|---|
β0 | −9.36 | −0.29 | 1.22 |
β1 | 1.25 ** | 0.056 | 7.38 × 10−3 ** |
β2 | 0.059 ** | 0.067 ** | 0.026 ** |
β3 | 0.32 * | 9.28 × 10−3 | 8.94 × 10−3 ** |
β12 | 8.50 × 10−4 | 7.50 × 10−5 | −1.88 × 10−4 ** |
β13 | −1.5 × 10−3 | −5.00 × 10−5 | 2.08 × 10−19 |
β23 | −2.4 × 10−17 | 1.67 × 10−4 | 3.33 × 10−5 |
β11 | −0.011 ** | −4.84 × 10−4 ** | −5.31 × 10−5 * |
β22 | 3.1 × 10−4 | −1.24 × 10−3 ** | −2.63 × 10−4 * |
β33 | −3.55 × 10−3 | −2.16 × 10−4 | −1.06 × 10−4 * |
Model (p-value) | 0.0006 | 0.0002 | <0.0001 |
Lack of Fit (p-value) | 0.093 | 0.078 | 0.358 |
Extraction Methods | Solvent | Extraction Time (min) | Extraction Yields (mg/g) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FSA | RT | PHI | |||
UAE | 50% Ethanol | 37 | 32.80 ± 1.03 | 1.90 ± 0.035 | 2.47 ± 0.11 |
HRE | 50% Ethanol | 90 | 29.44 ± 1.20 | 1.50 ± 0.030 | 1.96 ± 0.085 |
SE | Methanol | 240 | 31.97 ± 0.99 | 1.74 ± 0.070 | 2.10 ± 0.067 |
DE | Water | 270 | 22.15 ± 0.79 | 1.28 ± 0.065 | 1.64 ± 0.092 |
Compounds | Regression Equation | Regression Coefficient (r2) | Linear Range (µg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|
RT | y = 2E + 07x + 49,211 | 0.9993 | 2.30–153.00 |
FSA | y = 2E + 07x + 129,820 | 0.9997 | 7.40–644.00 |
PHI | y = 1E + 07x + 22,223 | 0.9996 | 2.06–103.00 |
Independent Variables | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | 1 | |
Ethanol concentration (X1) (%) | 40 | 60 | 80 |
Solvent to material ratio (X2) (mL/g) | 15 | 25 | 35 |
Extraction time (X3) (min) | 10 | 25 | 40 |
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Fang, X.; Gu, S.; Jin, Z.; Hao, M.; Yin, Z.; Wang, J. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Simultaneous Extraction of Three Active Compounds from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa and Comparison with Conventional Extraction Methods. Molecules 2018, 23, 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092115
Fang X, Gu S, Jin Z, Hao M, Yin Z, Wang J. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Simultaneous Extraction of Three Active Compounds from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa and Comparison with Conventional Extraction Methods. Molecules. 2018; 23(9):2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092115
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Xinsheng, Shubo Gu, Zongyuan Jin, Mingqian Hao, Zhenzhen Yin, and Jianhua Wang. 2018. "Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Simultaneous Extraction of Three Active Compounds from the Fruits of Forsythia suspensa and Comparison with Conventional Extraction Methods" Molecules 23, no. 9: 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092115