GC-MS Study of the Chemical Components of Different Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilgorgans and Agarwood from Different Asian Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Moisture Analysis of A. sinensis Organs and Agarwood from Different Regions
2.2. Chemical Composition Analysis of A. sinensis
2.3. Chemical Composition Analysis of Agarwood from Different Regions
2.4. Antioxidant Activity Tests
Free Radical Scavenging Activity Assay of the Essential Oil
2.5. Antibacterial Properties
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.1.1. Apparatus
3.1.2. Plant Material
3.1.3. Bacterial Strains
3.1.4. Preparation of Culture Medium
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Moisture Detection Method
3.2.2. Hydrodistillation (HD) Method for Extracting Volatile Oils
3.2.3. Soxhlet Extraction Method for Preparation of Alcohol Extracts
3.2.4. GC-MS Analysis Condition
3.2.5. Antioxidant Capacity
DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity Assay of Volatile Oils (DPPH)
Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) of the Volatile Oil
3.2.6. Antibacterial Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
No. | Origin | Hydrodistillation Extraction (%) | Soxhlet Extraction (%) | Moisture Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | China | ND | 2.28 ± 0.16 | 7.99 ± 0.13 |
2 | Malaysia | ND | 21.47 ± 0.90 | 9.22 ± 0.16 |
3 | Indonesia | ND | 10.51 ± 0.36 | 11.27 ± 0.31 |
4 | Vietnam | ND | 11.5 ± 0.45 | 14.73 ± 0.08 |
5 * | blossom | <0.05 | 21.51 ± 1.05 | 71.98 ± 0.83 |
6 * | seed | <0.1 | 11.01 ± 0.43 | 79.42 ± 1.27 |
7 * | peel | <0.05 | 25.24 ± 1.10 | 81.2 ± 0.68 |
8 * | blade | <0.05 | 20.30 ± 1.33 | 63.88 ± 0.66 |
9 * | branch | ND | 3.48 ± 0.21 | 63.23 ± 0.24 |
10 * | xylem | ND | 2.39 ± 0.28 | 51.95 ± 0.03 |
11 * | bark | ND | 6.85 ± 0.26 | 70.07 ± 0.23 |
12 * | root | ND | 3.81 ± 0.26 | 46.48 ± 0.36 |
A. sinensis Organ | Main Chemical Components | Molecular Formular | Molecular Weight | CAS Number | RA% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volatile Component | Alcohol Extracts | |||||
blossom | Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, phenylmethyl ester n-Hexadecanoic acid | C14H12O3 C16H32O2 | 228 256 | 118-58-1 57-10-3 | 16.59 -- | -- 15.96 |
seed | 10-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester Squalene | C19H36O2 C30H50 | 296 410 | 13481-95-3 111-02-4 | 21.30 -- | -- 36.66 |
peel | Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, phenylmethyl ester Benzoic acid, ethyl ester | C14H12O3 C9H10O2 | 228 150 | 118-58-1 93-89-0 | 21.50 -- | -- 28.28 |
blade | Octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl)-n-Hexadecanoic acid | C26H54 C16H32O2 | 366 256 | 55282-12-7 57-10-3 | 13.34 -- | -- 8.66 |
branch | 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol | C10H12O3 | 180 | 458-35-5 | -- | 15.07 |
xylem | 8-Naphthol, 1-(benzyloxy)- | C17H14O2 | 250 | 326875-68-7 | -- | -- 18.18 |
bark | 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester | C57H104O6 | 884 | 537-39-3 | -- | 6.74 |
root | Benzoic acid, ethyl ester | C9H10O2 | 150 | 93-89-0 | -- | 20.32 |
Main Chemical Components (RA%) | Molecular Weight | Malaysia | China | Indonesia | Vietnam |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isoaromadendrene epoxide (C15H24O) | 220 | 0.28% | 1.14% | 0.12% | 4.50% |
Agarospirol (C15H26O) | 222 | 0.11% | 0.13% | 0.49% | 0.66% |
β-Guaiene (C15H24) | 204 | 0.08% | 0.07% | 0.21% | 0.21% |
Benxylacatone (C10H12O) | 148 | 0.21% | 0.18% | 0.30% | 0.15% |
2-(2phenylethyl)chromone (C17H14O2) | 250 | 1.78% | 1.65% | 0.07% | 0.03% |
6-hydroxy-2-[2-(4-methoxyl-phenyl)ethyl]chromone (C18H16O4) | 0.56% | 0.49% | 0.23% | 0.21% | |
6-hydroxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone (C17H15O3) | 0.43% | 0.79% | 0.77% | 0.17% |
Concentration(mg/mL) | E. coli | B. subtilis | S. aureus | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average OD (cm) | Inhibition Ratio (%) | Average OD (cm) | Inhibition Ratio (%) | Average OD (cm) | Inhibition Ratio (%) | |
0 | 2.03 | 0 | 2.05 | 0 | 2.04 | 0 |
0.2 | 2.15 | 5.58 ± 0.22 | 2.44 | 15.98 ± 0.32 | 2.43 | 16.05 ± 0.33 |
0.4 | 2.34 | 13.25 ± 0.43 | 2.72 | 24.63 ± 0.82 | 2.77 | 26.35 ± 0.81 |
0.6 | 2.56 | 20.70 ± 1.07 | 3.12 | 34.29 ± 1.30 | 3.36 | 39.29 ± 1.21 |
0.8 | 2.84 | 28.52 ± 1.31 | 3.57 | 42.58 ± 1.42 | 3.76 | 45.74 ± 1.24 |
1.0 | 3.09 | 34.30 ± 1.52 | 3.89 | 47.30 ± 1.33 | 4.01 | 49.13 ± 1.65 |
1.2 | 3.53 | 42.49 ± 1.88 | 4.39 | 53.30 ± 1.82 | 4.48 | 54.46 ± 1.75 |
1.4 | 3.81 | 46.72 ± 2.07 | 4.66 | 56.01 ± 2.31 | 4.82 | 57.68 ± 1.97 |
1.6 | 4.07 | 50.12 ± 2.44 | 4.97 | 58.75 ± 2.82 | 5.30 | 61.51 ± 2.65 |
1.8 | 4.40 | 53.86 ± 2.47 | 5.12 | 59.96 ± 2.34 | 5.54 | 63.18 ± 2.57 |
2.0 | 4.83 | 57.97 ± 3.44 | 5.23 | 60.80 ± 3.82 | 5.74 | 64.46 ± 3.01 |
Origin | Geographical Location Information |
---|---|
China | Guangdong, China is located between latitude 20°13′~25°31′ and longitude 109°39′~117°19′; subtropical monsoon climate, annual average precipitation is 1300~2500 mm. |
Malaysia | Malaysia is located between 1~7° north latitude and 97–120° east longitude, tropical rainforest climate and tropical monsoon climate, no obvious four seasons, average temperature is 26~30 °C, abundant rainfall. |
Indonesia | Indonesia is located between 12° S–7° N and 96° E~140° E, tropical rainforest climate, annual average temperature is 25~27 °C, no four seasons, abundant precipitation, annual precipitation is 1600~2200 mm. |
Vietnam | Vietnam is located at 8°30′~23°22′ north latitude and 102°10′~109°30′ east longitude, tropical monsoon climate, average annual rainfall is 1500~2000 mm. |
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Wang, M.-R.; Li, W.; Luo, S.; Zhao, X.; Ma, C.-H.; Liu, S.-X. GC-MS Study of the Chemical Components of Different Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilgorgans and Agarwood from Different Asian Countries. Molecules 2018, 23, 2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092168
Wang M-R, Li W, Luo S, Zhao X, Ma C-H, Liu S-X. GC-MS Study of the Chemical Components of Different Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilgorgans and Agarwood from Different Asian Countries. Molecules. 2018; 23(9):2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092168
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Meng-Ru, Wei Li, Sha Luo, Xin Zhao, Chun-Hui Ma, and Shou-Xin Liu. 2018. "GC-MS Study of the Chemical Components of Different Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilgorgans and Agarwood from Different Asian Countries" Molecules 23, no. 9: 2168. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092168