Solidago graminifolia L. Salisb. (Asteraceae) as a Valuable Source of Bioactive Polyphenols: HPLC Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. The Quantification of Total Bioactive Compounds
2.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Polyphenols
2.3. The Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
2.4. The Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity
2.5. The evaluation of Antifungal Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals and Reagents
3.2. Plant Material
3.3. Preparation of Natural Extracts
3.4. Quantitative Analyses
3.5. LC-MS/MS Analysis of Polyphenols. Apparatus and Chromatographic Conditions
3.6. The Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
3.7. The Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity
3.8. The Evaluation of Antifungal Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: No samples are available from the authors. |
Extract | Yield (mg/g) | Total Phenolic Content (mg GAE/g) | Total Flavonoid Content (mg RE/g) |
---|---|---|---|
Petroleum ether extract (PEE) | 121.2 ± 1.39 | 40.67 ± 1.87 | 98.44 ± 3.81 |
Chloroform extract (CE) | 40.51 ± 1.02 | 18.74 ± 0.16 | 45.63 ± 1.06 |
Ethanol extract (EE) | 317.17 ± 3.42 | 192.69 ± 2.64 | 151.41 ± 2.44 |
Methanol extract (ME) | 295.4 ± 3.15 | 179.04 ± 2.55 | 130.58 ± 2.08 |
Aqueous extract (AE) | 280.01 ± 3.01 | 166.29 ± 2.08 | 128.37 ± 1.82 |
Polyphenolic Compound | [M − H]− m/z | Main Daughter Ions | RT a,b,c ± SD (min) | Polyphenol Content mg/100 g Extract |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caftaric acid | 311 | 148.6, 178.6 | 3.34 b ± 0.05 | <LOQ |
Gentisic acid | 153 | 108.7 | 3.69 b ± 0.04 | <LOQ |
Chlorogenic acid | 353 | 178.7, 190.7 | 5.6 b ± 0.05 | 997.88 ± 7.63 |
p-Coumaric acid | 163 | 118.7 | 9.18 b ± 0.08 | 9.89 ± 0.27 |
Ferulic acid | 193 | 133.7, 148.7, 177.6 | 12.8 b ± 0.10 | 1.04 ± 0.05 |
Hyperoside | 463 | 254.9, 270.9, 300.7 | 19.02 b ± 0.12 | 253.19 ± 1.58 |
Rutin | 609 | 254.9, 270.9, 300.7, 342.8 | 20.06 b ± 0.15 | <LOQ |
Quercitrin | 447 | 178.8, 300.7 | 23.44 b ± 0.13 | 431.59 ± 2.94 |
Quercetin | 301 | 150.6, 178.6, 272.7 | 26.8 b ± 0.11 | 130.33 ± 1.04 |
Luteolin | 285 | 150.6, 174.6, 198.6, 240.7 | 29.64 b ± 0.19 | 2.7 ± 0.09 |
Kaempferol | 285 | 150.6, 256.7 | 32.48 b ± 0.07 | 45.53 ± 3.82 |
Gallic acid | 169 | 169 * | 1.5 c ± 0.09 | 3.22 ± 0.11 |
Protocatechuic acid | 153 | 153 * | 2.8 c ± 0.15 | 64.08 ± 4.53 |
Vanillic acid | 167 | 167 * | 6.7 c ± 0.17 | 2.52 ± 0.08 |
Syringic acid | 197 | 197 * | 8.4 c ± 0.11 | 7.19 ± 0.51 |
Rosmarinic acid | 359 | 160.6, 178.6, 196.7 | 2.2 a ± 0.18 | 19.23 ± 0.88 |
Extract | DPPH Scavenging Activity IC50 (μg/mL) | ABTS Scavenging Activity (mg TE/g dw) |
---|---|---|
Ethanol extract (EE) | 12.61 ± 0.74 | 249.55 ± 3.02 |
Methanol extract (ME) | 20.39 ± 0.31 | 196.81 ± 2.35 |
Aqueous extract (AE) | 28.44 ± 0.59 | 165.31 ± 2.06 |
Extract/Bacterial Strain | S. aureus | P. aeruginosa | L. monocytogenes | E. coli | S. typhimurium |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol extract MIC (mg/mL) | 0.04 ± 0.001 | 1.56 ± 0.01 | 1.56 ± 0.02 | 1.56 ± 0.01 | 3.12 ± 0.03 |
Ethanol extract MBC (mg/mL) | 0.09 ± 0.002 | 3.12 ± 0.02 | 3.12 ± 0.03 | 3.1 ± 0.02 | 6.25 ± 0.07 |
Methanol extract MIC (mg/mL) | 0.09 ± 0.001 | 3.12 ± 0.01 | 1.56 ± 0.02 | 3.12 ± 0.01 | 3.12 ± 0.04 |
Methanol extract MBC (mg/mL) | 0.19 ± 0.001 | 6.25 ± 0.04 | 3.12 ± 0.02 | 6.25 ± 0.05 | 6.25 ± 0.03 |
Aqueous extract MIC (mg/mL) | 0.09 ± 0.001 | 3.12 ± 0.01 | 3.12 ± 0.03 | 3.12 ± 0.01 | 3.12 ± 0.04 |
Aqueous extract MBC (mg/mL) | 0.19 ± 0.001 | 6.25 ± 0.04 | 6.25 ± 0.05 | 6.25 ± 0.05 | 6.25 ± 0.03 |
Gentamycin MIC (μg/mL) | 0.03 ± 0.001 | 1.2 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.001 | 1.2 ± 0.01 | 2.4 ± 0.03 |
Gentamycin MBC (μg/mL) | 0.07 ± 0.002 | 2.4 ± 0.04 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 2.4 ± 0.05 | 4.8 ± 0.07 |
Extract/Bacterial Strain | Aspergillus flavus | Aspergillus niger | Candida albicans | Candida parapsilosis | Penicillium fumiculosum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethanol extract MIC (mg/mL) | 0.05 ± 0.008 | 0.05 ± 0.002 | 0.01 ± 0.006 | 0.01 ± 0.003 | 0.05 ± 0.004 |
Ethanol extract MFC (mg/mL) | 0.1 ± 0.002 | 0.1 ± 0.003 | 0.02 ± 0.003 | 0.02 ± 0.002 | 0.1 ± 0.003 |
Methanol extract MIC (mg/mL) | 0.05 ± 0.006 | 0.1 ± 0.005 | 0.02 ± 0.007 | 0.01 ± 0.004 | 0.1 ± 0.006 |
Methanol extract MFC (mg/mL) | 0.1 ± 0.002 | 0.2 ± 0.006 | 0.05 ± 0.004 | 0.02 ± 0.006 | 0.2 ± 0.005 |
Aqueous extract MIC (mg/mL) | 0.1 ± 0.005 | 0.1 ± 0.004 | 0.05 ± 0.008 | 0.05 ± 0.006 | 0.1 ± 0.007 |
Aqueous extract MFC (mg/mL) | 0.2 ± 0.006 | 0.2 ± 0.008 | 0.1 ± 0.006 | 0.1 ± 0.007 | 0.2 ± 0.006 |
Gentamycin MIC (μg/mL) | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.03 |
Gentamycin MFC (μg/mL) | 0.3 ± 0.05 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | 0.3 ± 0.06 |
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Toiu, A.; Vlase, L.; Vodnar, D.C.; Gheldiu, A.-M.; Oniga, I. Solidago graminifolia L. Salisb. (Asteraceae) as a Valuable Source of Bioactive Polyphenols: HPLC Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential. Molecules 2019, 24, 2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142666
Toiu A, Vlase L, Vodnar DC, Gheldiu A-M, Oniga I. Solidago graminifolia L. Salisb. (Asteraceae) as a Valuable Source of Bioactive Polyphenols: HPLC Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential. Molecules. 2019; 24(14):2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142666
Chicago/Turabian StyleToiu, Anca, Laurian Vlase, Dan Cristian Vodnar, Ana-Maria Gheldiu, and Ilioara Oniga. 2019. "Solidago graminifolia L. Salisb. (Asteraceae) as a Valuable Source of Bioactive Polyphenols: HPLC Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential" Molecules 24, no. 14: 2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142666