Chemically Responsive Hydrogel Deformation Mechanics: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hydrogel Swelling Theory
2.1. Mixing Energy
2.2. Ionic Energy
2.3. Elastic Energy
2.3.1. Statistical Mechanics: Flory–Rehner Theory
2.3.2. Continuum Mechanics: Mixture Theory
3. Experimental Analysis
3.1. Deformation Measurements
3.2. Mechanical Behavior
4. Transient Surface Instabilities
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
2D | Two-Dimensional |
3D | Three-Dimensional |
CCD | Charged Couple Device |
CMOS | Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor |
CRC | Centrifuge Retention Capacity |
DIC | Digital Image Correlation |
FEM | Finite Element Method |
MHFEM | Mixed Hybrid Finite Element Method |
MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
NMR | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance |
PTV | Particle Tracking Velocimetry |
SAP | Superabsorbent Polymer |
− (subscript) | Negative Charge |
+ (subscript) | Positive Charge |
Avagadro’s Number | |
Boltzmann Constant | |
C | Capacity |
Change in energy for the formation of a polymer–solvent interaction | |
Chemical Potential | |
n and c | Concentration (amount-of-substance and molar) |
(subscript) | Constituent |
CI | Counter-ion |
Deformation of the system (Statistical Mechanics) | |
F | Deformation Tensor |
Density | |
∇ | Divergence operator |
S | Entropy |
T | First Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor |
Flory–Huggins Parameter | |
Q | Fluid Flux |
fluid specific mass | |
G | Gibbs Free Energy |
F | Helmholtz Free Energy |
I | Identity Tensor |
U | Internal Energy associated with Enthalpy |
J | Determinant of the deformation tensor (Volume change) |
Q | Lagrangian vector |
Principal stretch | |
Mixture theory mapping function | |
M | Mass |
G | Moduli |
Molar chemical potential | |
Molar Volume | |
Number of elastic junctions | |
z | Number of lattice connections |
N | Number of molecules |
Osmotic pressure | |
k | Permeability |
p (subscript) | polymer |
p | pore pressure |
r | Radius |
r | repeat units |
C | right Cauchy–Green strain tensor |
S | second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor |
s (subscript) | solvent |
Stress | |
T | Temperature |
R | Universal Gas Constant |
V | Volume |
Volume Fraction |
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Study | Material | Framework | Dimension | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
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Bowen 1980 | Hydrogel | Continuum | 2D | [62] |
Lanir 1987 | Biological Tissue | Continuum | 2D | [66] |
Lai et al., 1991 | Articular Cartilage | Continuum | 2D | [67] |
Huyghe and Janssen 1997 | Porous Media | Continuum | 2D | [68] |
Oh et al., 1998 | Hydrogel | Statistical | 2D | [83] |
Van Loon et al., 2003 | Biological Tissue | Continuum | 3D | [72] |
Dolbow et al., 2005 | Hydrogel | Statistical | 2D | [84] |
Malakpoor et al., 2007 | Articular Cartilage | Continuum | 2D | [81] |
Hong et al., 2008 | Hydrogel | Statistical | 2D | [17] |
Hong et al., 2009 | Hydrogel | Statistical | 2D | [70] |
Kang and Huang 2010 | Hydrogel | Continuum | 2D | [71] |
Chester and Anand 2010 | Hydrogel | Statistical | 2D | [49] |
Duda et al., 2010 | Hydrogel | Statistical | 2D | [50] |
Bouklas et al., 2012 | Hydrogel | Statistical | 2D | [85] |
Bouklas et al., 2015 | Hydrogel | Statistical | 2D | [73] |
Bertrand et al., 2016 | SAP | Statistical | 3D | [10] |
Yu et al., 2018 | SAP | Continuum | 3D | [11] |
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Fennell, E.; Huyghe, J.M. Chemically Responsive Hydrogel Deformation Mechanics: A Review. Molecules 2019, 24, 3521. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193521
Fennell E, Huyghe JM. Chemically Responsive Hydrogel Deformation Mechanics: A Review. Molecules. 2019; 24(19):3521. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193521
Chicago/Turabian StyleFennell, Eanna, and Jacques M. Huyghe. 2019. "Chemically Responsive Hydrogel Deformation Mechanics: A Review" Molecules 24, no. 19: 3521. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193521