Removal of Ammonia from the Municipal Waste Treatment Effluents using Natural Minerals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Screening of the Commercial Minerals (Non-Modified)
2.2. The Studies on Activated Sorbent
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. The Commercial Minerals
3.2. The Industrial Wastewater
3.3. Ammonium ion Exchange
3.4. The Sorbent Activation
3.5. Analytical Methods
3.6. Ammonium Ion-Exchange Isotherms
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Mineral Commercial Name | Particular Size [mm] | Adsorption Capacity (q) [mgN/gz] | Maximal Removal Efficiency (E) [%] | Needed Contact Time to Achieve Maximum E [min] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zeocem Eco | 0.5–1 | 0.39 | 14.4 | 120 |
Biozeo R.01 | 0.5–1 | 0.77 | 18.0 | 120 |
Zeolite Subio I | 0.5–1 | 3.05 | 40.4 | 180 |
Zeolite Subio II | 0.2–0.5 | 0.99 | 40.7 | 30 |
Zeolite Subio III | 0–0.2 | 1.43 | 34.0 | 90 |
Bentonite I | 0–0.05 | 4.92 | 52.3 | 180 |
Bentonite II | 0–0.05 | 4.22 | 44.9 | 180 |
Zeocem Eco | 0–0.05 | 4.2 | 44.6 | 180 |
Terra Bent Agro | 0–0.05 | 3.79 | 40.3 | 180 |
Mineral | k1 [min−1] | qe [mgN/gz] | R2 |
---|---|---|---|
Natural bentonite I | 0.013 | 7.164 | 0.772 |
0.5 M activated bentonite I | 0.030 | 7.285 | 0.840 |
1 M activated bentonite I | 0.021 | 5.828 | 0.924 |
2 M activated bentonite I | 0.013 | 4.748 | 0.947 |
Mineral | k2 [g/mg·min] | qe [mgN/gz] | h [mg/g·min] | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Natural Bentonite I | 0.013 | 7.164 | 6.657 | 0.979 |
0.5 M activated Bentonite I | 0.134 | 7.285 | 7.127 | 0.972 |
1 M activated Bentonite I | 0.156 | 5.828 | 5.298 | 0.966 |
2 M activated Bentonite I | 0.205 | 4.748 | 4.626 | 0.969 |
Mineral and Chemical Composition [%] | Zeocem Eco | Zeolite Subio | Bentonite I | Bentonite II | Terra Bent Agro | Biozeo R01 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinoptilolite | 84 | 84 | 60 | |||
Cristobalite | 8 | 8 | ||||
Clayish mica | 4 | 4 | ||||
Plagioclase | 3–4 | 3–4 | ||||
Edisonite | 0.1–0.3 | 0.1–0.3 | ||||
Montmorillonite | 85 | 65 | 65 | |||
SiO2 | 65–71.3 | 65–71.3 | 70–80 | 60–65 | 60–80 | 70.6 |
Al2O3 | 11.5–13.1 | 11.5–13.1 | 13–17 | 15–20 | 11–20 | 12.32 |
Fe2O3 | 0.7–1.9 | 0.7–1.9 | 1–2 | 5–7 | ND | 1.48 |
CaO | 2.7–5.2 | 2.7–5.2 | 0.5–1.5 | 2–4 | 1.5–5.2 | 3.42 |
TiO2 | 0.1–0.3 | 0.1–0.3 | 0.05–0.15 | 0.5–1.0 | ND | 0.71 |
MgO | 0.6–1.2 | 0.6–1.2 | 0.8–1.8 | 1–2 | ND | 0.96 |
MnO | ND | ND | 0.05 | <0.05 | ND | 0.02 |
K2O | 2.2–3.4 | 2.2–3.4 | 0.5–2.0 | 0.5–1.0 | 0.5–3.4 | 2.83 |
Na2O | 0.2–1.3 | 0.2–1.3 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ND | 0.68 |
P2O5 | ND | ND | <0,01 | <0,1 | ND | ND |
ZrO2 | ND | ND | <0.01 | <0.01 | ND | ND |
Cr2O3 | ND | ND | <0.01 | <0.02 | ND | ND |
SO3 | ND | ND | <0.01 | <0.01 | ND | ND |
Si/Al. | 4.8–5.4 | 4.8–5.4 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
pH [-] | 7.8 ± 0.3 |
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) [g/L] | 18.7 ± 1.3 |
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) [g/L] | 6.0 ± 0.5 |
Ammonium nitrogen [g/L] | 0.8 ± 0.2 |
Total nitrogen [g/L] | 1.1 ± 0.3 |
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) [g/L] | 3.1 ± 0.2 |
Total suspended solids (TSS) [g/L] | 0.6 ± 0.2 |
Cl− [g/L] | 1.3 ± 0.2 |
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Seruga, P.; Krzywonos, M.; Pyżanowska, J.; Urbanowska, A.; Pawlak-Kruczek, H.; Niedźwiecki, Ł. Removal of Ammonia from the Municipal Waste Treatment Effluents using Natural Minerals. Molecules 2019, 24, 3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203633
Seruga P, Krzywonos M, Pyżanowska J, Urbanowska A, Pawlak-Kruczek H, Niedźwiecki Ł. Removal of Ammonia from the Municipal Waste Treatment Effluents using Natural Minerals. Molecules. 2019; 24(20):3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203633
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeruga, Przemysław, Małgorzata Krzywonos, Justyna Pyżanowska, Agnieszka Urbanowska, Halina Pawlak-Kruczek, and Łukasz Niedźwiecki. 2019. "Removal of Ammonia from the Municipal Waste Treatment Effluents using Natural Minerals" Molecules 24, no. 20: 3633. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203633