Medical-Grade Silicone Coated with Rhamnolipid R89 Is Effective against Staphylococcus spp. Biofilms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Chemical Characterization of R89BS
2.2. Antimicrobial Tests on Planktonic Cells
2.3. Disruption of Pre-Formed Biofilms
2.4. Surface Physicochemical Characterization
2.5. Anti-Biofilm Assay
2.5.1. Biofilm Quantification
2.5.2. SEM Analysis of Bacterial Biofilms
2.6. Cytotoxicity Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Strains
4.2. Biosurfactant Production
4.3. Chemical Characterization of Biosurfactant R89
4.4. Antimicrobial Test on Planktonic Cells
4.5. Preparation of Medical-Grade Silicone Substrate
4.6. Disruption of Pre-Formed Biofilms
4.7. Silicone Surface Coating and Physicochemical Characterization
4.8. Anti-Biofilm Assays
4.8.1. Biofilm Quantification
4.8.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Bacterial Biofilms
4.9. R89BS and R89BS-Coated SED Cytotoxicity
4.10. Data Analysis and Statistics
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Test Strain | R89BS Concentration (mg/mL) | OD at 595 nm (n = 6) (mean ± SD) |
---|---|---|
S. aureus ATCC® 6538TM | Ctrl | 0.847 ± 0.013 |
0.03 | 0.772 ± 0.017 | |
0.06 | 0.004 ± 0.006 | |
0.12 | 0.001 ± 0.006 | |
0.25 | 0.001 ± 0.006 | |
S. epidermidis ATCC® 35984TM | Ctrl | 0.918 ± 0.039 |
0.03 | 0.768 ± 0.065 | |
0.06 | 0.630 ± 0.062 | |
0.12 | 0.001 ± 0.004 | |
0.25 | 0.001 ± 0.007 |
Time (h) | Strain | Total Biomass | Cell Metabolic Activity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% Confidence Interval for the Ratio Ctrl/R89BS | p-Value (t-Test) | 95% Confidence Interval for the Ratio Ctrl/R89BS | p-Value (t-Test) | ||
24 | S. aureus | (4.33, 5.35) | 1.50 × 10−7 | (3.65, 5.35) | 4.77 × 10−6 |
S. epidermidis | (2.65, 3.04) | 2.22 × 10−8 | (3.65, 4.36) | 1.09 × 10−7 | |
48 | S. aureus | (4.50, 5.10) | 2.28 × 10−10 | (3.95, 4.89) | 3.27 × 10−8 |
S. epidermidis | (2.30, 2.54) | 3.63 × 10−9 | (2.83, 3.10) | 4.30 × 10−11 | |
72 | S. aureus | (3.13, 3.49) | 6.36 × 10−9 | (3.29, 3.95) | 4.22 × 10−10 |
S. epidermidis | (1.95, 2.08) | 6.43 × 10−11 | (2.56, 2.88) | 4.08 × 10−10 |
Time (h) | Strain | Biomass (CV) | Metabolic Activity (MTT) | Surface Coverage (SEM) |
---|---|---|---|---|
24 | S. aureus | 79.2% | 77.1% | 69.9% |
S. epidermidis | 64.6% | 74.9% | 40.3% | |
48 | S. aureus | 79.1% | 77.2% | 81.4% |
S. epidermidis | 58.4% | 66.2% | 51.1% | |
72 | S. aureus | 69.6% | 72.3% | 78.0% |
S. epidermidis | 50.2% | 63.1% | 52.8% |
Time (h) | S. aureus | S. epidermidis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control SEDs | R89BS-Coated SEDs | Control SEDs | R89BS-Coated SEDs | |
24 h | 3.06 ± 0.05 | 9.09 ± 0.19 | 18.74 ± 1.88 | 31.24 ± 4.05 |
48 h | 7.73 ± 0.63 | 9.79 ± 0.62 | 37.90 ± 5.12 | 45.73 ± 3.38 |
72 h | 8.47 ± 1.20 | 11.42 ± 1.58 | 51.09 ± 5.46 | 60.94 ± 2.86 |
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Ceresa, C.; Tessarolo, F.; Maniglio, D.; Tambone, E.; Carmagnola, I.; Fedeli, E.; Caola, I.; Nollo, G.; Chiono, V.; Allegrone, G.; et al. Medical-Grade Silicone Coated with Rhamnolipid R89 Is Effective against Staphylococcus spp. Biofilms. Molecules 2019, 24, 3843. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213843
Ceresa C, Tessarolo F, Maniglio D, Tambone E, Carmagnola I, Fedeli E, Caola I, Nollo G, Chiono V, Allegrone G, et al. Medical-Grade Silicone Coated with Rhamnolipid R89 Is Effective against Staphylococcus spp. Biofilms. Molecules. 2019; 24(21):3843. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213843
Chicago/Turabian StyleCeresa, Chiara, Francesco Tessarolo, Devid Maniglio, Erica Tambone, Irene Carmagnola, Emanuele Fedeli, Iole Caola, Giandomenico Nollo, Valeria Chiono, Gianna Allegrone, and et al. 2019. "Medical-Grade Silicone Coated with Rhamnolipid R89 Is Effective against Staphylococcus spp. Biofilms" Molecules 24, no. 21: 3843. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213843
APA StyleCeresa, C., Tessarolo, F., Maniglio, D., Tambone, E., Carmagnola, I., Fedeli, E., Caola, I., Nollo, G., Chiono, V., Allegrone, G., Rinaldi, M., & Fracchia, L. (2019). Medical-Grade Silicone Coated with Rhamnolipid R89 Is Effective against Staphylococcus spp. Biofilms. Molecules, 24(21), 3843. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213843