Insecticidal and Nematicidal Contributions of Mexican Flora in the Search for Safer Biopesticides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Insecticidal Compounds and Plant Extracts
2.1. Spodoptera sp.
2.1.1. Terpenes
2.1.2. Flavonoids
2.1.3. Stilbenes
2.1.4. Coumarin and Ketone
2.1.5. Fatty Acids
2.1.6. Alkaloidal Fractions
2.1.7. Plant Extracts with Activity against Spodoptera sp.
2.2. Aedes aegypti, Anopheles albimanus, and Culex quinquefasciatus
2.2.1. Alkaloids
2.2.2. EOs
2.2.3. Plant Extracts
2.3. Anastrepha ludens
2.4. Bactericera Cockerelli
2.5. Bemisia tabaci
Plant Extracts
2.6. Copitarsia Decolora and Dactylopius Opuntiae
2.7. Leptinotarsa decemlineata
2.8. Prostephanus truncates
2.9. Sitophilus zeamais
2.9.1. Terpenes
2.9.2. EOs
2.9.3. Plant Extracts
2.10. Stomoxys calcitrans and Scyphophorus acupunctatus
2.11. Tenebrio molitor and Trichoplusia ni
2.12. Trialeurodes vaporariorum
2.12.1. EOs
2.12.2. Plant Extracts
2.13. Zabrotes subfasciatus
EOs
3. Nematicidal Compounds and Plant Extracts
3.1. Plant Extracts Effective against Parasitic Plant Nematodes
3.1.1. Meloidogyne javanica
3.1.2. Nacobbus aberrans
3.1.3. Meloidogyne incognita
3.2. Plant Extracts with Activity against Parasitic Animal Nematodes
3.2.1. Ascaridia galli
3.2.2. Cooperia puntacta
3.2.3. Cyatostomin sp.
3.2.4. Haemonchus sp.
Haemonchus placei
Haemonchus contortus
3.2.5. Trichostongyus colubriformis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Insect | Species/Family | Plant Part | Compound/Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
S. frugiperda | Roldana barba-johannis * Asteraceae | AP | Sargachromenol (1) (LD50 = 2.94 ppm on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 19.12 ppm on first instar, 7 days) Methyl sargachromenol (2) (LD50 = 15.52 ppm on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 20.76 on first instar, 7 days) Acetyl sargachromenol (3) (LD50 = 3.89 ppm on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 33.31 ppm on first instar, 7 days) Sargahydroquinoic acid (4) (LD50 = 10.17 ppm on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 5.77 on first instar, 7 days) Methyl sargahydroquinoic acid (5) (LD50 = 14.89 ppm on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 62.02 on first instar, 7 days) Acetyl sargahydroquinoic acid (6) (LD50 = 4.83 ppm on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 81.81 on first instar, 7 days) Sargaquinoic acid (7) Mixture 1, 3, and 7 (6:3:1) (LD50 = 9.23 ppm on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 17.76 on first instar, 7 days) Acetylated Mixture (LD50 = 3.26 ppm on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 5.77 on first instar, 7 days) | [19] |
Parthenium argentatum * Asteraceae | AP | Argentatin A (8) (LD50 = 12.4 ppm on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 17.8 ppm, 7 days; MC50 = 21.3 ppm, 7 days) Argentatin B (9) (LD50 = 19.8 ppm, on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 36.1 ppm, 7 days; MC50 = 37 ppm, 7 days) Methanol (LD50 = 3.1 ppm, on fifth instar, 24 h; LC50 = 6.4 ppm, 7 days; MC50 = 6.9 ppm, 7 days) | [20] | |
Gutierreza microcephala * Asteraceae | AP | Bacchabolivic acid (10) (MC50 = 10.7 ppm, 7 days; LD50 = 6.59 ppm, 24 h; 50 ppm: 90.2% IAche) Methyl ester of 10 (10a) (MC50 = 3.46 ppm, 7 days; LD50 = 15.05 ppm, 24 h; 50 ppm: 60% IAche) | [21] | |
Cedrela dugessi * Meliaceae | Leaves | α and β-Photogedunin (11 and 12) mixture (LC50 = 10 ppm, 7days; 19.2 ppm: 88% larval growth inhibition; 5 ppm: 23 and 85% pupation and emergence reduction) α and β- Photogedunin acetates (11a and 12a) mixture (LC50 = 8 ppm, 7 days) Gedunin (13) (LC50 = 39 ppm, 7days; 5 ppm: 91% larval growth inhibition; 5 ppm: 6.2 and 78.5% pupation and emergence reduction) | [22] | |
Cedrela salvadorensis | Leaves | α- and β-Photogedunin (11 and 12), α- and β- photogedunin acetates (11a and 12a) mixture gedunin (13) | [22] | |
Vitex hemsleyi * Lamiaceae | Leaves Stem | Anticopalic acid (14) (EC50 = 90.6 ppm, L6 larvae) | [23] | |
Myrtillocactus geometrizans * Cactaceae | Whole | Macdougallin (15) (LD95 = 285 ppm; 50 ppm: 97.2% M; 0% pupation; 0% emergence) Peniocerol (16) (LD95 = 125 ppm; 50 ppm: 97.2% M; 0% pupation; 0% emergence) mixture (4:6) 15 + 16 (LD95 = 135 ppm; 20 ppm: 97.2% M; 0% pupation; 0% emergence) | [24] | |
Crescentia alata Bignoniaceae | Fruits | Fraction enriched with ningpogenin (17) (100 ppm: 80% larval mortality); fraction enriched with: β-sitosterol (18), stigmasterol (19) and 6β,7β,8α,10-tetra-p-hydroxybenzoyl-cis-2-oxabicycle[4.3.0]nonan-3-one (20) (100 ppm: 65% larval mortality) | [25,26] | |
Lippia graveolens Verbenaceae | Leaves | Hexane (10–100 ppm: deformed adults), thymol (21, 70.6%), carvacrol (22, 22.8%) | [27] | |
S. littoralis | Salvia keerlii * Lamiaceae | AP | Kerlinolide (23) (AI50 = 67 ppm) | [28] |
Salvia lineata * Lamiaceae | AP | 1(10)-Dehydrosalviarin (24, AI50 = 32 ppm) | [28] | |
Salvia melissodora * Lamiaceae | AP | 13,14-Dihydro-3,4 epoxy-melissodoric acid methyl ester acetate (25) (AI50 = 1 ppm) 2-β-acetoxy-7α-hydroxy-neo-clerodan-3,13-dien-18,19:16.15-diolide (26) (AI50 = 84 ppm) | [28] | |
Salvia rhyacophila * Lamiaceae | AP | Salviarin (27) (AI50 = 81 ppm) 6β-Hydroxysalviarin (28) (AI50 = 24 ppm) | [28] | |
Salvia semiatrata * Lamiaceae | AP | Semiatrin (29) (AI50 = 87 ppm) | [28] | |
Senecio toluccanus * Asteraceae | Roots | Toluccanolide A (30) and toluccanolide A acetate (30a) (50 μg/cm2: 57 and 69.6% antifeedant effect, respectively) | [29] |
Species/Family | Plant Part | Compound (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Gutierreza microcephala * Asteraceae | AP | 5,7,2′-Trihydroxy-3,6,8,4′,5′-pentamethoxyflavone (31) (MC50 = 3.9 ppm, 7 days; LD50 = 36.65 ppm, 24 h; 50 ppm: 35.9% IAche) 5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-3,6,8-trimethoxyflavone (32) (50 ppm: 27.5% IAche) 5,7,2′,4′-Tetrahydroxy-3,6,8,5′-tetramethoxyflavone (33) (MC50 = 27.8 ppm, 7 days; 50 ppm: 27.5% IAche) 5,2-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8,4′,5′-hexamethoxyflavone (34) (50 ppm: 17.8% IAche) | [21] |
Species/Family | Plant Part | Compound (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Yucca periculosa * Asparagaceae | Bark | Resveratrol (36) (LD50 = 24.1 ppm, 24 h; GI50 = 5.94 ppm, 21 days; LC50 = 6.4 ppm, 7 days) 4,4′-Dihydroxystilbene (37) (LD50 = 38 ppm, 24 h; GI50 = 9.24 ppm, 21 days; LC50 = 27.6 ppm, 7 days) 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrahydroxy-4-methoxystilbene (38) (LD50 = 10.1 ppm, 24 h; GI50 = 3.45 ppm, 21 days; LC50 = 5.4 ppm, 7 days) | [31] |
Species/Family | Plant Part | Compound (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Ruta graveolens Rutaceae | Leaves | Psoralen (39) (1 mg/mL: 100% larval mortality) 2-Undecanone (40) (1 mg/mL: 50% larval mortality) | [30] |
Species/Family | Plant Part | Compound (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Carica papaya Caricaceae | Seeds | Palmitic acid (41) (LV50 = 989 ppm) Oleic acid (42) (LV50 = 1353.4 ppm) Powder in artificial diet (15%: 90% mortality, 72 h, all varieties) | [32] |
Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae | Leaves | Linoleic acid (43) (LV50 = 857 ppm, 1st instar larvae) Linolenic acid (44) (LV50 = 849 ppm, 1st instar larvae) | [33] |
Plant Species/Family | Plant Part | Compound (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Lupinus aschenbornii * Fabaceae | Leaves | Alkaloids extract (LD50 = 24 μg/mL, 7 days) Lupanine (45, 86 μg/g), multiflorine (46, 31 μg/g), sparteine (47, 780 μg/g), 47 commercial standard (LD50 = 11 μg/mL, 7 days) | [37] |
Lupinus montanus * Fabaceae | Leaves | Alkaloids extract (LD50 = 65 μg/mL, 7 days) Aphylline (48, 17.6 μg/g), 45 (9.2 μg/g), α-sparteine (49, 5 μg/g), 47 (640 μg/g) | [37] |
Lupinus stipulates * Fabaceae | Seeds | Alkaloids extract (LD50 = 20 μg/mL, 7 days) 48 (280 μg/g), epi-aphylline-like (50, 307 μg/g), 45 (11.7 μg/g) | [37] |
Insect | Plant Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
S. exigua | Trichilia havanensis * Meliaceae | Seeds | Oil (7000 mg/L: 56% LM, 12 days; 100 mg/L: 71.3% LWR) Solid fraction (7000 mg/L: 56% LM, 12 days; 100 mg/L: 98.5% LWR) | [38] |
S. frugiperda | Bursera copallifera * Burseraceae | Leaves | Ethyl acetate (1000 ppm: 73% LWR, 7 days; IC50 = 553 µg/mL IAche) Methanol (1000 ppm: 55% LWR, 7 days; IC50 = 367 µg/mL IAche) | [42] |
Leaves stem | Acetonic leaves extract (500 ppm: 47% LM; 50% LWR, 14 days); hexanic leaves extract (500 ppm: 44% deformed pupae, 14 days); | [41] | ||
Bursera grandifolia * Burseraceae | Leaves | Methanol leaves extract (500 ppm: 45% LM; 35% deformed pupae, 14 days) | [41] | |
Bursera lancifolia * Burseraceae | Seeds | Ethyl acetate (1000 ppm: 39% LWR, 7 days; IC50 = 397 µg/mL IAche) Methanol (1000 ppm: 32% LWR, 7 days; IC50 = 707 µg/mL IAche) | [42] | |
Ipomoea murucoides * Convolvulaceae | Roots | Methanol (LC50 = 2.69 mg/mL) | [45] | |
Ipomoea pauciflora * Convolvulaceae | Seeds | Hexane (LC50 = 1.68 mg/mL) Chloroform (LC50 = 0.55 mg/mL) | [43] | |
Salvia connivens * Lamiaceae | AP | Chloroform (LV50 = 936 ppm, 1st instar larvae) | [44] | |
Salvia microphylla Lamiaceae | AP | Chloroform (LV50 = 916 ppm, 1st instar larvae) | [44] | |
Tagetes erecta Asteraceae | Leaves | Hexane, acetone, and ethanol (LC50 = 312.2, 264.9, and 152.2 ppm respectively on L1 larvae) | [40] | |
Vitex mollis * Lamiaceae | Leaves | Dichloromethane (LC50 = 46.35 ppm) Chloroform-methanol 1:1 (LC50 = 13.63 ppm) methanol (LC50 = 61.05 ppm) | [39] |
Insect | Species/Family | Plant Part | Compound/Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aedes aegypti | Heliopsis longipes * Asteraceae | Roots | Ethanol (LC50 = 4.07 mg/L, LM 48 h) Affinin (51) (LC50 = 7.38 mg/L, LM 48 h) N-Isobutyl-2E-decenamide (52) (LC50 = 36.97 mg/L, LM, 48 h) | [46] |
Salmea scandens * Asteraceae | Stem bark | EOs (LC50 = 0.3 μg/mL, 24 h) N-isobutyl-(2E,4E,8Z,10Z)-dodecatetraenamide (55, 22.5%) N-isobutyl-(2E,4E,8Z,10E)-dodecatetraenamide (56, 17.2%) | [48] | |
Anopheles albimanus | Heliopsis longipes * Asteraceae | Roots | Ethanol (LC50 = 2.48 mg/L, LM 48 h) 51 (LC50 = 4.24 mg/L, LM 48 h) 52 (LC50 = 7.47 mg/L, LM 48 h) | [46] |
Salmea scandens * Asteraceae | Stem bark | EOs (LC50 = 2.5 μg/mL, 24 h) | [48] | |
Culex quinquefasciatus | Erythrina americana Fabaceae | Seeds | Alkaloidal fraction (LC50 = 87.5 mg L−1, LM) β-eritroidina (53, LC50 = 225 mg L−1; LM) Erisovina (54, LC50 = 399 mg L−1, LM) | [47] |
Persea Americana Lauraceae | Leaves | EOs (50 mg/L: 40% mortality); (800 mg/L: 57.5% mortality; RGI = 0.74) estragole (57) (61.86%), sabinene (58, 15.16%), α-pinene (59, 14.25%) | [49] | |
Pseudocalymma alliaceum * Bignonaceae | Fresh leaves | EOs: (LC50 = 385.29 ppm, 48 h) hydrolat (LC50 = 9.05%, 48 h) diallyl disulphide (60) (50.05%), diallyl sulphide (61, 11.77%), trisulphide di-2-propenyl (62, 10.37%) | [50] |
Insect | Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aedes aegypti | Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae | Seeds | Hexane (LC50 = 80 μg /mL, 48 h) acetone (LC50 = 50 μg/mL, 48 h) | [51] |
Pseudosmodingium perniciosum * Anacardiaceae | Stem Bark | Hexane (LC50 = 20 μg/mL, 48 h) | [51] | |
Ruta chalepensis Rutaceae | Aerial part | Ether and methanol (LC50 = 1.8 and 6.4 µg/mL, respectively, 24 h) | [52] | |
Thymus vulgaris Lamiaceae | Leaves | Ether (LC50 = 4.4 ppm, 24 h, 4th instar larvae) | [52] | |
Zanthoxylum fagara Rutaceae | Fruits | Ether (LC50 = 75.1 µg/mL, 24 h) | [52] | |
Culex quinquefasciatus | Azadirachta indica Meliacea | Seeds | Aqueous (1st instar: LD50 = 460 ppm; 2nd instar LD50 = 440 ppm; 3rd instar LD50 = 410 ppm; 4th instar; LD50 = 550 ppm) | [53] |
Insect | Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Anastrepha ludens | Annona diversifolia Annonaceae | Leaves Stems | Ethanol stems (1000 μg/mL: 89.3%, third instar LM, 72 h) Aqueous leaves (100 μg/mL: 70.3% third instar LM, 72 h) Aqueous stems (1000 μg/mL: 74.3 third instar LM, 72 h) | [54] |
Annona lutescens Annonaceae | Leaves Stems | Ethanol leaves (100 μg/mL: 27.0%, third instar LM, 72 h) Ethanol stems (1000 μg/mL: 70.3%, third instar LM, 72 h) Aqueous leaves (100 μg/mL: 81.7% third instar LM, 72h) Aqueous stems (100 μg/mL: 95.9% third instar LM, 72 h) | [54] | |
Annona muricata Annonaceae | Leaves Stems | Ethanol leaves (100 μg/mL: 63.3%, third instar LM, 72 h) Ethanol stems (1000 μg/mL: 61.3%, third instar LM, 72 h) Aqueous leaves (100 μg/mL: 78.3% third instar LM, 72 h) Aqueous stems (100 μg/mL: 86.0 third instar LM, 72 h) | [54] | |
Magnolia dealbata Magnoliaceae | Dry sarcotesta | Ethanol (0.1 mg/mL: 12.8% survival after 3 days; Abbott index: 86.8%, adults) | [55] | |
Bactericera cockerelli | Annona muricata Annonaceae | Seeds | Hexanol (LC50 = 193.5 ppm, 72 h) | [55] |
Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Acalypha gaumeri * Euphorbiaceae | Leaves | Aqueous (LC50 = 0.39% w/v on egg, 48 h) Ethanol (LC50 = 3.54 mg/mL on eggs; 3.15 mg/mL on nymphs, 48 h) | [57] |
Annona squamosa Annonaceae | Leaves | Aqueous (LC50 = 0.36% w/v on eggs, 48 h) Ethanol (LC50 = 2.71 mg/mL on eggs, 48 h; 2.66 mg/mL on nymphs, 48 h) | [57] |
Agave tequilana Asparagaceae | Leaves | Juice (undiluted: 31% mortality on adults) hexane (4%: 100% mortality on adults) | [58] |
Azadirachta indica Meliacea | Leaves | Aqueous (LC50 = 0.30% w/v eggs, 48 h) Ethanol (LC50 = 4.14 mg/mL, eggs, 48 h; 10 ppm: 99.3% mortality of nymphs) | [57] |
Capsicum chinense Solanaceae | Fruits | Ethanol (LC50 = 29.4% w/v; LT50 = 7.31 h; RI = 0.11) | [59] |
Carlowrightia myriantha * Acanthaceae | Leaves | Aqueous (LC50 = 1.1% w/v on eggs) Ethanol (LC50 = 2.69 mg/mL on eggs; 3.10 mg/mL on nymphs) | [57] |
Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiaceae | Leaves Stems | Ethanol (LC50: 3.26% w/v, resuspended in water) | [60] |
Petiveria alliacea Petiveriaceae | Aerial part | Aqueous (LC50 = 0.42% w/v on eggs) Ethanol (LC50 = 2.09 mg/mL on eggs; 1.27 mg/mL on nymphs) | [57] |
Piper nigrum Piperaceae | Fruits | Ethanol (LC50: 1.6% w/v, resuspended in water) | [60] |
Pluchea serícea Asteraceae | Leaves Stems | Aqueous leaves (LC50: 1190 ppm; RI = 0.52 on adults, 24 h) Acetone leaves (LC50: 700 ppm; RI = 0.78 on adults, 24 h) Ethanol leaves (LC50: 1250 ppm RI = 0.66 on adults, 24 h) Aqueous stems (LC50: 2620 ppm; RI = 0.54 on adults, 24 h) | [61] |
Trichilia arborea Meliaceae | Leaves | Aqueous (LC50 = 0.39% w/v on eggs, 48 h) Ethanol (LC50 = 2.14 mg/mL on eggs, 48 h; 1.61 mg/mL on nymphs) | [57] |
Insect | Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Copitarsia decolora | Beta vulgaris Chenopodiaceae | Stems Leaves | EOs (0.5%: 19% and 27% increased larval and pupal period length; 99% reduced fecundity and fertility) | [62] |
Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae Chenopodiaceae | Whole plant | EOs (0.5%: 22% and 38% increased larval and pupal period length; 94% and 85% reduced fecundity and fertility) | [62] | |
Chenopodium graveolens Chenopodiaceae | Whole plant | EOs (0.5%: 19% and 28% reduced larval and pupal period length; 75% and 96% reduced fecundity and fertility) | [62] | |
Dactylopius opuntiae | Cymbopogon winterianus Poaceae | Leaves | EOs (LC50 = 6.6 mL/100 mL on 1st instar cochineal) | [63] |
Lippia graveolens Verbenaceae | Leaves | EOs (LC50 = 5.2 mL/100 mL on cochineal mobile juveniles) | [63] | |
Mentha spicata Lamiaceae | Leaves | EOs (LC50 = 0.8 mL/100 mL solvent on cochineal mobile juveniles). Carvone (63, 61.03%) and limonene (64, 15.18%) | [63] | |
Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae | Leaves | EOs (LC50 = 2.4 mL/100 mL solvent on cochineal mobile juveniles) | [63] |
Insect | Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract/Compound (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leptinotarsa decemlineata | Senecio toluccanus * Asteraceae | Roots | 6-Hydroxyeuryopsin (65) and acetyloxyeuropsin (65a) (50 μg/cm2: 85.5% antifeedant effect) | [29] |
Insect | Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract/Compound (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Prostephanus truncates | Lippia palmeri Verbenaceae | Leaves | EOs (LC50 = 320.52 μL/L mortality, 24 h); carvacrol (22, 5.2%), 21 (58.9%) p-cimene (66, 21.8%) | [64] |
Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract/Compound (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Hippocratea excels * Asteraceae | Root cortex | 1% Pristimerin (67) (AAI = 89.2% and M = 16%, 5 days) | [65] |
Eupatorium glabratum Asteraceae | Leaves | EOs (LC50 = 16 (females) and 20 μL/mL (males) after 1 week); LT50 = 53 (females) and 70 h (males); α-pinene (59, 29.5), α-phellandrene (68, 19.6%) | [66] |
Lippia palmeri * Verbenaceae | Leaves | EOs (LC50 = 441.45 μL/L mortality, 48 h) p-cimene (66, 21.8%), 21 (58.9%) | [64] |
Aster subulatus Asteraceae | Leaves | 1% Leaves powder (M = 80.5%, 15 days) | [67] |
Bahia absinthifolia Asteraceae | Leaves | 1% powder (AE = 21.6%, 55 days) | [67] |
Chrysactinia mexicana Asteraceae | Leaves Flower | 1% Leaves powder (M = 80.5%, 15 days; AE = 0.0%, 55 days) 1% Flower powder (AE = 45.0%, 55 days) | [67] |
Erigeron longipes Asteraceae | Flower | 1% powder (M = 88.3%, 15 days) | [67] |
Heliopsis annua Asteraceae | Leaves | 1% powder (M = 80.6%, 15 days) | [67] |
Heterotheca inuloides var. rosei * Asteraceae | Leaves Flower | 1% Leaf powder (M = 87.7%, 15 days; AE = 0.0%, 55 days) 1% Flower powder (M = 87.7%, 15 days; AE = 45.0%, 55 days) | [67] |
Hippocratea celastroides Asteraceae | Roots | 1% Dichloromethane (AAI = 70.7%, 5 days) 1% Hexane (AAI = 67.8%, 5 days) 1% Acetone (soluble part: AAI = 72.3%, precipitate: AAI = 73.9%, 5 days) | [65] |
Senecio flaccidus Asteraceae | Flower | 1% Powder (M = 80.7%, 55 days) | [67] |
Stevia serrata Asteraceae | Leaves Flower | 1% Leaf powder (M = 80.2%, 55 days) 1% Flower powder (M = 81.8%, 55 days) | [67] |
Zaluzania peruviana Asteraceae | Leaves Flower | 1% Leafs powder (M = 88.1%, 15 days; AE = 50.0%, 55 days) 1% Flower powder (M = 48.3%, 15 days; AE 40%, 55 days) | [67] |
Stauranthus perforates Rutaceae | Roots | Powder mixed with maize kernels (1–3%: 91, 95.5. and 100% mortality respectively, 15 days) | [67] |
Insect | Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract/Compound (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stomoxys calcitrans | Teloxys graveolens Chenopodiaceae | Aerial part | Pinocembrine (69) (LC50 = 418.69 μg/mL, 3rd stage larvae, 24 h) | [69] |
Scyphophorus acupunctatus | Annona cherimola Annonaceae | Seeds | Podwer (15% in artificial diet: 63% LM; larval, pupal, and adult weight reductions of 98.5, 40.6, and 45.0%, respectively, 24 days) | [70] |
Carica papaya Caricaceae | seeds | fresh seed (15% in artificial diet: 90% LM, 24 days) dry seed powder (15% in artificial diet: 100% LM, 24 days) | [70] | |
Trichilia havanensis Meliacea | seeds | Seed powder (15% in artificial diet: 100% LM, 24 days) | [70] |
Insect | Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract/Compound (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tenebrio molitor | Myrtillocactus geometrizans * Cactaceae | Whole plant | Macdougallin (15) (100 ppm: 5% survival) Peniocerol (16) (100 ppm: 3% survival) mixture (6:4) 15 + 16 (100 ppm: 0% survival) | [24] |
Trichoplusia ni | Azadirachta indica Meliacea | Leaves | Volatile compounds released (1 and 10 g: 24% and 63% neonate mortality; 77% and 79% larval mortality; LD50 = 5.6 g, 7 days) | [71] |
Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Tagetes filifolia Asteraceae | Flower Leaves Whole plant | Flower (RC50 = 0.13 mg/mL; LC50 = 6.59 mg/mL, 24 h; OIC50: 8.43 mg/mL, adults) Leaves (0.23 mg/mL; LC50 = 10.29 mg/mL, 24 h; OIC50: 3.88 mg/mL, adults) Whole plant (RC50 = 0.24 mg/mL; LC50 = 9.9 mg/mL, 24 h; OIC50: 3.56 mg/mL, adults) trans-anethole (70) commercial standard (RC50 = 0.45 mg/mL; LC50 = 1.74 mg/mL, 24 h; OIC50: 1.55 mg/mL, adults) | [72] |
Piper auritum Piperaceae | Leaves stems | Ethanol (LC50 = 116 mg/mL on adult, 24 h) Acetone (IOC50 = 89.1 mg/mL on adult, 24 h) | [73] |
Raphanus raphanistrum Brassicaceae | Leaves | Water (IOC50 = 77.3 mg/mL, on adult, 24 h) Ethanol (LC50 = 185.2 mg/mL, on adult, 24 h) | [73] |
Petiveria alliacea Petiveriaceae | Aerial part | Laboratory assays: Aqueous (LC50 = 4.6%), methanol (LC50 = 1.1%), dichloromethane (LC50 = 0.3%), In greenhouse (tomato) aqueous (LC50 = 16.6%), methanol (LC50 = 13.3%), dichloromethane (LC50 = 3.5%) | [74] |
Arundo donax Poaceae | Roots | Aqueous (non-active) Methanol (LC50 = 0.57% and 34.79% w/v, in vitro and greenhouse RC50 =, respectively) | [75] |
Phytolacca icosandra Phytolaccaceae | Leaves stems | Aqueous (non-active) Methanol (LC50 = 0.34% and 36.47% w/v, in vitro and greenhouse, respectively) Qualitative analysis: Terpenoids and saponins | [75] |
Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Senecio salignus Asteraceae | Roots | Powder (male: LC50 = 0.03%, 3–6 days; LT50 = 1.31 days) (female: 0.08% 3–6 days; LT50 = 3.2 days) | [76] |
Lippia palmeri * Verbenaceae | Leaves | EOs Puerto del oregano (LC50 = 1.35 μL/g mortality, 48), 22 (37.35%), 21 (24.56%), 64 (15.62%) Alamos (LC50 = 1.35 μL/g mortality, 48), 64 (33.70%), 22 (18.32%) | [77] |
Nematode | Species/Family | Plant Part | Compound/Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Meloidogyne javanica | Lippia graveolens Verbenaceae | Leaves | Hexane (LC50 = 0.672 mg/mL) 21 (70.6%), 22 (22.8%) | [27] |
Sicyos bulbosus * Cucurbitaceae | Roots | Tacacoside B3 (71) (0.5 µg/µL: 93% J2 I) tacacoside C (72) (0.5 µg/µL: 97% J2 I) 16-OH-tacacoside B3 (73) (0.5 µg/µL: 100% J2 I), durantanin III (74) (0.5 µg/µL: 74% J2 I) heteropappussaponin 7 rhamnoside (75) (0.5 µg/µL: 80% J2 I), heteropappussaponin 5 (76) (0.5 µg/µL: 91% J2 I) heteropappussaponin 7 (77) (0.5 µg/µL: 93% J2 I) | [78] | |
Microsechium helleri * Cucurbitaceae | Roots | Amole F (78) (0.5 µg/µL: 4.78% J2 I) amole G (79) (0.5 µg/µL: 7.83% J2 I) 16-OH-amole F (80) (0.5 µg/µL: 6.52% J2 I) 16-OH-amole G (81) 0.5 µg/µL: 6.34% J2 I) | [78] | |
Nacobbus aberrans | Capsicum annuum Solanaceae | Roots | Capsidiol (82) (1 μg/mL: >80% J2 I, 72 h) | [79] |
Meloidogyne incognita | Calea urticifolia Asteraceae | Roots | Ethanol (250 ppm: 80% larval mortality, 72 h) In greenhouse: Water (50% w/v: 72% decrease eggs formation; 50% galling reduction) | [80] |
Eugenia winzerlingii * Myrtaceae | Leaves | Ethanol (ED50 = 133.4 ppm) | [81] | |
Tephrosia cinerea Fabaceae | Stem | Ethanol (250 ppm: 85% larval mortality, 72 h) | [81] |
Nematode | Species/Family | Plant Part | Compound/Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ascaridia galli | Teloxys graveolens Chenopodiaceae | Aerial part | Pinocembrine (69) (LC50 = 623.49 μg/mL) | [69] |
Cooperia punctata | Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae | Fresh Leaves | Water (LC50 = 7.93 mg/mL EHI) Fraction LlC1F3 (LC50 = 0.06 mg/mL EHI) Quercetin (83, 82.21%), caffeic acid (84, 13.42%) | [82,83] |
Gliricidia sepium Fabaceae | Fresh Leaves | Acetone (LC50 = 1.03 mg/mL EHI) 2H-Chromen-2-one (85) (EC50 = 0.024 mg/mL EHI) | [84] | |
Oxytroside (86) (2400 µg/mL inhibited exsheathment) | [85] | |||
Cyathostomin sp. | Diospyros anisandra Ebenaceae | Leaves Bark | Methanol bark (LC50 = 10.28 µg/mL EHI in rainy season) Methanol leaves (LC50 = 18.48 µg/mL EHI in rainy season) | [86] |
Petiveria alliacea Petraceae | Stem | Methanol (LC50 = 28.27 µg/mL EHI in rainy season) | [86] |
Species/Family | Plant Part | Extract (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Caesalpinia coriaria Fabaceae | Fruits Leaves | Hydroalcoholic (fruits: LC50 = 1.63 mg/mL; leaves: LC50 = 3.98 mg/mL on EHI, 48 h) | [87] |
Phytolacca icosandra Phytolaccaceae | Leaves | Dichloromethane (LD50 = 0.90 mg/mL LMI; LD50 = 0.28 mg/mL EHI) Ethanol (2 mg/mL: 55.4% LMI; 1.8 mg/mL: 95% EHI) | [88] |
Gliricidia sepium Fabaceae | Leaves | Methanol (ED50 = 394.96 µg/mL EHI) | [89] |
Acacia cochliacantha Fabaceae | Fresh Leaves | Hydroalcoholic (100 mg/mL: 100% EHI) Ethyl acetate (LC50 = 0.33 mg/mL EHI) Dichloromethane soluble fraction (LC50 = 0.06 mg/mL EHI) Dichloromethane precipitate (LC50 = 0.04 mg/mL EHI) | [90] |
Carica papaya Caricaceae | Seeds | Ethanol (2.5 mg/mL: 92% EHI) Hydroalcoholic (2.5 mg/mL: 50% EHI) | [91] |
Acacia pennatula Fabaceae | Leaves | Tannins (1200 µg/mL: 51% LMI) | [92] |
Arachis pintoi Fabaceae | Leaves | Condensed tannins (4.5–45 µg/mL: 76.6–100% LM, 96 h) | [92] |
Guazuma ulmifolia Malvaceae | Leaves | Condensed tannins (4.5–45 µg/mL: 86.0–99.4% LM, 96 h) | [92] |
Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae | Leaves | Condensed tannins (4.5–45 µg/mL: 69.9–100%, LM, 96 h) | [92] |
Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae | Leaves | Condensed tannins (4.5–45 µg/mL: 71.0–98.4% LM, 96 h) | [92] |
Leaves | Tannin (1200 µg/mL: 53.6% LMI) | [93] | |
Lysiloma latisiliquum Fabaceae | Leaves Leaves | Tannin (1200 µg/mL: 49.1% LMI) | [93] |
Piscidia piscipula Fabaceae | Leaves | Tannin (1200 µg/mL: 63.8% LMI) | [93] |
Laguncularia racemosa Combretaceae | Leaves | 30% Acetone–water (3600 µg/mL: 50.29 larvae failing eclosion) | [94] |
Senegalia gaumeri * Fabaceae | Leaves | Acetona–water 70:30 (EC50= 401.8 EHI; 83.1 LMI) | [95] |
Bursera copallifera * Burseraceae | Stem | Acetone (20 mg/mL: 66% LM, 72 h) | [96] |
Prosopis laevigata Fabaceae | Aerial part | Hexane (20 mg/mL: 86% LM, 72 h postexposure) | [96] |
Cydista aequinoctialis Bignonaceae | Leaves | Aqueous (20 mg/mL: 39.57% LM, 72 h) | [97] |
Heliotropium indicum * Boraginaceae | Leaves | Aqueous (20 mg/mL: 34.59% LM, 48 h) | [97] |
Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae | Leaves Fruits | Aqueous (20 mg/mL: 53.83% LM, 72 h) Aqueous (20 mg/mL: 68.13% LM, 72 h) | [97] |
Larrea tridentata Zygophyllaceae | Leaves | Hydro-methanol 30% (EC50 = 36 mg/mL on exsheathed larvae, 24 h) | [98] |
Allium sativum Amaryllidaceae | Bulbs | Hexane (LC50 = 3.8 mg/mL LM, 72 h) | [99] |
Tagetes erecta Asteraceae | Flowers | Acetone (40 mg/mL: 36.6% LM, 72 h) | [99] |
A. sativum-T. erecta | Combined | Combined bulbs and flower (LC50 = 1.3 mg/mL LM, 72 h) | [99] |
Castela tortuosa * Simaroubaceae | Aerial part | Hexane (LC50 = 17.3 mg/mL EGI, 72 h) | [100] |
Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodiaceae | Aerial part | Hexane (LC50 = 1.5 mg/mL EGI, 72 h) | [100] |
C. ambrosioides- C. tortuosa | Combined | Hexane (LC50 = 6.5 mg/mL EGI, 72 h) | [100] |
Plant Species | Host | Sample (Toxicity) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Allium sativum Amaryllidaceae | Gerbils | Oral administration extract (40 mg/mL) (100 µL: 68.7% LPR) | [99] |
Tagetes erecta Asteraceae | Gerbils | Oral administration extract (40 mg/mL) (100 µL: 53.9% LPR) | [99] |
Allium sativum-Tagetes erecta 1:1 combined | Gerbils | Oral administration combined extract (40 mg/mL) (100 µL: 87.5% LPR) | [97] |
Castela tortuosa * | Gerbils | Hexane extract intraperitoneally administred (40 mg/kg BW: 27.15% LPR) | [100] |
Chenopodium ambrosioides | Gerbils | Hexane extract (100 µL) intraperitoneally administred (40 mg/kg: 45.86% LPR) | [100] |
Castela tortuosa Chenopodium ambrosioides combined | Gerbils | Hexane extract (100 µL) intraperitoneally administred (40 mg/kg BW: 57.36% LPR) | [100] |
Prosopis laevigata | Gerbils | Hexane extract (40 mg/mL) intraperitoneally administred (100 µL: 42.5% reduced the parasite population) | [101] |
Lysiloma acapulcensis * | Lambs | Ethyl acetate fraction (25 mg/kg BW: 94.8% EHI; 62.9% EPGR) Dried leaves (5g/kg BW: 50.1% EPGR) | [102] |
Sheep | Rutin (36) (10 mg/kg BW: 66.2% EPGR) | [102] | |
Phytolacca icosandra | Sheep | Ethanol (250 mg/kg, 2 days: 72% reduction on eggs/g of faeces) | [103] |
Oxalis tetraphylla Oxalidaceae | Lambs | (20 mg/kg: 45.6% reduction in the eggs/g of feces) | [104] |
Acacia cochliacantha | Goats | Fresh foliage (1.48 log10 excreted eggs per gram; control 2.18 log10; 0.6 kg/ animal weight gained) | [105] |
Pithecellobium dulce | Goats | Fresh foliage (1.18 log10 excreted eggs per gram; control 2.18 log10; 2.4 kg/ animal weight gained) | [105] |
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Hernández-Carlos, B.; Gamboa-Angulo, M. Insecticidal and Nematicidal Contributions of Mexican Flora in the Search for Safer Biopesticides. Molecules 2019, 24, 897. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050897
Hernández-Carlos B, Gamboa-Angulo M. Insecticidal and Nematicidal Contributions of Mexican Flora in the Search for Safer Biopesticides. Molecules. 2019; 24(5):897. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050897
Chicago/Turabian StyleHernández-Carlos, Beatriz, and Marcela Gamboa-Angulo. 2019. "Insecticidal and Nematicidal Contributions of Mexican Flora in the Search for Safer Biopesticides" Molecules 24, no. 5: 897. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050897