A Critical Review of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from the Bark of Woody Vascular Plants and Their Potential Biological Activity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Bark of Woody Vascular Plants—Source of Phenolic Compounds
3. Methods Used to Extract Phenolic Compounds from the Bark of Woody Vascular Plants
4. Biological Effects of Extracts Obtained from the Bark of Woody Vascular Plants
4.1. Antioxidant Effect
4.2. Anti-Inflammatory Effect
4.3. Antibacterial Effect
4.4. Other Effects
5. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source of Bark: Scientific Name (Family)–Commun Name | Extraction | Solvent | Time (min) | Temperature °C | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abies alba Mill (Pinaceae)–silver fir | CWBE | ethyl acetate | 120 | 70 | [53] |
Acacia confuse Merr. (Fabaceae) | CWBE | NaOH 1% | 60 | 100 | [54] |
Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd. (Fabaceae), bullhorn acacia | CWBE | petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol | 4320 | RT | [12] |
Acacia ferruginea DC. (Fabaceae)–rusty acacia | SE | methanol 70% | - | - | [55] |
Acacia mearnsii Wild. (Fabaceae) (Acacia mollissima)–black wattle | MAE | methanol:water 80:20 | - | - | [31] |
Acacia nilotica L. (Fabaceae)–gum arabic tree | CWBE | methanol:ethanol, acetone:water | 480 | RT | [29] |
Acanthopanax leucorrhizus (Oliv.) Harms (Araliaceae) | ME | ethanol 90% | 1440 | RT | [44] |
Acer saccharum Marshal (Sapindaceae)–sugar maple | ME | ethanol 95% | - | - | [56] |
Allophylus africanus Beauv. (Sapindaceae) | CE | water | 30 | - | [45] |
Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae)–cashew tree | ME | water | 120 | RT | [57] |
Anogeissus leiocarpa DC. (Combretaceae)–African birch | SE | ethanol | 300 | - | [58] |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (Meliaceae)–nimtree or Indian lilac | CWBE | methanol:ethanol:acetone:water | 480 | RT | [29] |
Betula alleghaniensis Britt. (Betulaceae)–yellow birch or golden birch | UAE | ethanol 95% | - | - | [56] |
Betula papyrifera Marshall (Betulaceae)–Paper birch | UAE | ethanol:water 80:20 | 180 | 50 | [35] |
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth (Malpighiaceae)–golden spoon | ME | petroleum ether:chloroform:methanol | 4320 | RT | [12] |
Caraipa densifolia Mart. (Calophyllaceae) | SE | hexane:methanol | 180 | - | [59] |
Cassia auriculata (L.) Roxb. (Fabaceae)–matura tea tree | UAE | water | 300 | - | [60] |
Castanea sativa Mill. (Fagaceae)–sweet chestnut | UAE | methanol | 30 | RT | [18] |
SE | n-hexane, acetone, ethanol, methanol | 900 | - | [32] | |
Cayratia pedata Lam. (Vitaceae) | UAE | methanol | 10 | RT | [61] |
Chloroxylon swietenia DC. (Rutaceae)–East Indian satinwood or buruta | UAE | methanol | 10 | RT | [61] |
Cinnamon sp. (Lauraceae) | CWBE | ethyl acetate | 600 | 30 | [62] |
Coutarea hexandra (Jacq.) K. Schum (Rubiaceae) | ME | ethanol 95% | 10,080 | - | [63] |
Diotacanthus albiflorus Benth. (Acanthaceae) | UAE | methanol | 10 | RT | [61] |
Drypetes klainei Pierre ex Pax (Putranjivaceae) | ME | water | 180 | RT | [15] |
Erythrina suberosa Roxb. (Fabaceae)–Corky coral tree | CWBE | methanol | 1080 | RT | [64] |
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Myrtaceae) | UAE | ethanol | - | 40–50 | [36] |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill (Myrtaceae)–Tasmanian bluegum, blue gum | SE | n-hexane, acetone, ethanol, methanol | 900 | - | [32] |
CWBE | ethanol:water 80:20 (v/v) | 360 | 82.5 | [65] | |
Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex. Maiden (Myrtaceae)–rose gum | SE | dichloromethane | 360 | - | [47] |
Eucalyptus maidenii F. Muell (Myrtaceae)–Maiden’s Gum | SE | dichloromethane | 360 | - | [47] |
Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. (Myrtaceae)–mugga, red ironbark | UAE | ethanol:water | 60 | 50 | [66] |
Eucalyptus urograndis (Myrtaceae)–Hybrid E.grandis x E. urophylla | SE | dichloromethane | 360 | - | [47] |
Euclea undulata Thunb. (Ebenaceae)–small-leaved guarri, common guarri | CWBE | acetone | 4320 | RT | [67] |
Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Eucommiaceae) | MAE + UAE | water, ethanol | 10–60 | 20–60 | [46] |
Eugenia jambolana Lam. (Myrtaceae)–Jamun, black plum | CWBE | methanol 80%, ethanol 80%, acetone:water 80:20 | 480 | RT | [29] |
Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae)–common beech | CWBE | water, methanol:water 80:20, ethanol:water 80:20 | 120, 300, 1440 | RT | [25] |
MAE | water, methanol:water and ethanol:water (80:20) | 10, 20 | 60, 80, 100, 120 | ||
UAE | water, methanol:water 80:20, ethanol:water 80:20 | 10, 20, 30 | RT | ||
Ficus talboti King. (Moraceae)–talbot fig | SE | methanol | - | - | [68] |
Flourensia cernua DC. (Asteraceae)–American tarwort and tarbush | UAE | ethanol | - | 40–50 | [36] |
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae)–West Indian elm or bay cedar | CWBE | petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol | 4320 | RT | [69] |
Goniothalamus velutinus Airy Shaw (Annonaceae) | SE | absolute methanol | 600 | - | [70] |
Hugonia mystax Cav. (Linaceae) | CWBE | distilled water, methanol ethanol | - | RT | [13] |
Hymenaea courbaril L. (Fabaceae) | SFE | CO2 and water (9:1, v/v) | - | 56.85 | [42] |
Jatropha dioica Sesse (Euphorbiaceae)–leatherstem | UAE | ethanol | - | 40–50 | [36] |
Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil (Lythraceae) | ME | absolute ethanol | 10,080 | RT | [20] |
Larix laricina K. Koch (Pinaceae)–tamarack or American larch | CWBE | ethanol 80% | - | - | [71] |
Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)–tulip tree, American tulip tree, tulipwood | CWBE | oxalic acid 0.1 M | 60 | 170 | [72] |
Malus domestica Miller (Rosaceae)–apple tree | CWBE MAE | ethanol:water, 1:4 ethanol:water, 60:40 v/v | 120 20 | 55 100 | [22] |
Morus alba L. (Moraceae)–white mulberry | CWBE | methanol:water | - | - | [73] |
Picea abies L. (Pinaceae)–european spruce | UAE | ethanol:water 50%, 70% (v/v) | 30–60 | 40–60 | [48] |
CWBE | water | 10–120 | 60–90 | [19] | |
CWBE | distilled water | 120 | 90 | [50] | |
UAE | ethanol:water 70% (v/v) | 5–75 | 45–60 | [49] | |
Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton (Pinaceae)–the black spruce | SE | water | 60 | - | [11] |
Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae)–Scots pine | CWBE | acetone:water | 3 × 5 | 100 | [74] |
Pinus brutia Tenore (Pinaceae)–Turkish pine | CWBE | distilled water | 60 | 70 | [75] |
Pinus pinaster Aiton (Pinaceae)–the maritime pine, cluster pine | MAE | ethanol:water 80:20 | 30 | - | [38] |
CWBE | distilled water, ethanol, methanol | - | - | [76] | |
CWBE | water:NaOH:Na2SO3:NaHSO3 | 120 | 70–80 | [77] | |
Pinus radiata D.Don (Pinaceae)–Monterey pine, insignis pine or radiata pine | CWBE | Water | 60 | 100 | [78] |
CWBE | deionized water | 30 | 95–99 | [79] | |
CWBE | ethanol:water, 3:1 (v/v) | 120 | 120 | [10] | |
Populus nigra L. (Salicaceae)–black poplar | UAE ME | ethanol:water 70:30 ethanol:water 70:30 | 60 - | - RT | [27] |
Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae)–Pomegranate | CWBE | methanol | - | RT | [80] |
Prunus domestica L. (Rosaceae)–Plums | UAE | 7 ethanol and HCl 1%, 2,6-di-tety-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) | - | - | [81] |
Quercus robur L. (Fagaceae)–common oak, pedunculate oak | MAE | hydroalcoholic solution of methanol and ethanol | 5–120 | 100 | [82] |
Rhus verniciflua (Stokes) F.Barkley (Anacardiaceae)–Chinese lacquer tree | SE | ethanol | - | - | [83] |
Salix alba L. (Salicaceae)–white willow | ME | ethanol:water 70:30 | 1440 | - | [84] |
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd (Fabaceae)–the ashoka tree | CWBE | methanol | 1440 | RT | [85] |
Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (Anacardiaceae)–baraúna | ME | ethanol 90% | 7200 | RT | [47] |
Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. (Anacardiaceae)–marula | ME | distilled water | 2880 | RT | [86] |
Shorea roxburghii D.Don (Dipterocarpaceae) | CWBE | acetone:methanol | - | - | [87] |
Strychnos minor Dennst. (Loganiaceae) | UAE | methanol | 10 | RT | [61] |
Strychnos nux-vomica Dennst. (Loganiaceae)–the strychnine tree, nux vomica, poison nut | UAE | methanol | 10 | RT | |
Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev (Fabaceae) | CWBE | petroleum ether:chloroform:methanol | 4320 | RT | [12] |
Terminalia brownie Fresen (Combretaceae) | SE | absolute ethanol | 300 | - | [58] |
Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn (Combretaceae)–arjun tree | SE | petroleum ether:ethanol | - | 60–80 | [88] |
MAE | distilled water | 5 | - | [89] | |
ME | ethanol | 7200 | - | [90] | |
CWBE | methanol:ethanol:acetone:water | 480 | RT | [29] | |
Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae) | SE | absolute ethanol | 300 | - | [58] |
Trichilia catigua A.Juss. (Meliaceae) | CWBE | distilled water | 20 | 100 | [91] |
Turnera diffusa Willd (Passifloraceae)–Damiana | UAE | ethanol | - | 40–50 | [36] |
Ulmus pumila L. (Ulmaceae)–the Siberian elm | EAE | cellulose, pectinase, β-glucosidase | 60–90 | 40–60 | [51] |
UAE | ethanol 50% | 10–90 | 52 | ||
CWBE | ethanol 50% | 10–90 | 52 | ||
Vitex doniana L. (Lamiaceae)–Black plum | ME | distilled water | 2880 | RT | [92] |
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae)–Jujube | CWBE | ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone | 160 | 70 | [39] |
UAE | methanol | 20–60 | RT | ||
SE | methanol | 40–140 | 68 | ||
MAE | methanol | 4 | - |
Source of Bark: Scientific Name (Family)–Commun Name | Composition of Extract | Action/Application | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd. (Fabaceae), bullhorn acacia | - | anti-inflammatory topical | [12] |
Allophylus africanus Beauv. (Sapindaceae) | Apigenin, Luteolin, Vitexin, Apigetrin, Cymaroside | anti-inflammatory | [45] |
Anogeissus leiocarpa DC. (Combretaceae)–African birch | Gallic acid, ellagitannin, Ampelopsin, Gallotannin, Epigallocatechin gallate, Ellagic acid derivative | antibacterial | [58] |
Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth (Malpighiaceae)–golden spoon | - | anti-inflammatory topical | [12] |
Caraipa densifolia Mart. (Calophyllaceae) | procaynidin dimer B2, procyanidin trimer C1, epicatechin, lupeol, betulinic acid | cancer prevention chemoprevention | [59] |
Cayratia pedata Lam. (Vitaceae) | quercetin, o-coumaric acid, gallic acid | Antioxidant antiviral, cytotoxic | [61] |
Chloroxylon swietenia DC. (Rutaceae)–East Indian satinwood or buruta | quercetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid | Antioxidant antiviral, cytotoxic | |
Diotacanthus albiflorus Benth. (Acanthaceae) | quercetin, o-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid | Antioxidant antiviral, cytotoxic | |
Erythrina suberosa Roxb. (Fabaceae)–Corky coral tree | α-Hydroxyerysotrine, 4′-Methoxy licoflavanone (MLF), Alpinumisoflavone, (AIF), Wighteone | antitumoral, cytotoxic effect on HL-60 cells | [64] |
Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex. Maiden (Myrtaceae)–rose gum | quinic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, ellagic acid, ellagic, acid-rhamnoside | antioxidant | [47] |
Eucalyptus maidenii F. Muell (Myrtaceae)–Maiden’s Gum | quinic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, taxifolin, quercetin, mearnsetin, naringenin, ellagic acid-rhamnoside | antioxidant | |
Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. (Myrtaceae)–mugga, red ironbark | Monosaccharides, glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, rhamnose | antioxidant | [66] |
Eucalyptus urograndis (Myrtaceae)–Hybrid E.grandis x E. urophylla | quinic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, ellagic acid, ellagic, acid-rhamnoside | antioxidant | [47] |
Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae)–common beech | Procyanidin, Epicatechin, Coumaric acid, Coniferin, Quercetin, Taxifolin-O-hexoside, Coumaric, acid-di-O-hexoside, Syringic acid-di-O-hexoside, Coniferyl alcohol-O-hexoside-O-pentoside | antioxidant | [26] |
Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae)–cluster fig tree, Indian fig tree or goolar (gular) | Kaempferol, Quercetin, Naringenin, Baicalein | normalizes glycogenol levels and hepatic glycogen, normalizes blood glucose levels | [17] |
- | Antioxidant renoprotective activity | [103] | |
Ficus talboti King. (Moraceae)–talbot fig | Gallic acid, Caffeic acid, Rutin, Ellagic acid, Quercetin, Kaempferol | hypocolesterolemiant, antidiabetic—increases the insulin sensitivity of pancreatic β cells, normalizes blood glucose level, antioxidant | [68] |
Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae)–West Indian elm or bay cedar | Flavanocoumarin epiphyllocoumarin, Epiphyllocoumarin-[4β→8]-(−)-epicatechin | anti-inflammatory, antioxidant | [69] |
Hugonia mystax Cav. (Linaceae) | Gallic acid, catechol, caffeic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid | anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antirheumatic | [13] |
Larix laricina K. Koch (Pinaceae)–tamarack or American larch | Rhaponticin, Rhapontigenin, Piceatannol, Taxifolin | antioxidant | [71] |
Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil (Lythraceae) | Ellagic acid | anti-ulcerative-gastric hypopoietic, gastroprotector effect | [20] |
Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae)–tulip tree, American tulip tree, tulipwood | Furan-2-carboxylic acid, Mannose, β-d-glucopyranose, 3,5-dimethoxyphenol, 3,4-dimethoxy-mandelic acid, 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid | antioxidant | [72] |
Malus domestica Miller (Rosaceae)–apple tree | Gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Vanillic acid, Caffeic acid, Syringic acid, Ferulic acid, Sinapic acid, Resveratrol, Myricetin, Quercetin, Cinnamic Acid | antioxidant in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry | [12] |
Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton (Pinaceae)–the black spruce | Neolignans, Lignans: pinoresinol, Secoisolariciresinol, isolariciresinol, Epi-pinoresinol. Phenolic acids: trans-p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid. Stilbenes: transresveratrol. Flavonoids: Kaempferol, quercetin, taxifolin, epitaxifolin, pallasiin, mearnsetin. Other phenolic compounds: p-vanillin, dihydroconiferyl alcohol | antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | [11] |
Pinus radiata D.Don (Pinaceae)–Monterey pine, insignis pine or radiata pine | Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Proanthocyanidin B2, Catechin, Epicatechin, Syringic acid, Taxifolin, Quercetin, Homovanillic acid, Epigallocatechin | antioxidant | [10] |
Rhamnus alaternus L. (Rhamnaceae)–Italian buckthorn | Emodin, Chrysophanol, Physcion | Antioxidant antimicrobial | [104] |
Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (Anacardiaceae)–baraúna | Gallic acid | Analgesic anti-inflammatory topical | [28] |
Solidago canadensis L. (Asteraceae)–Canada goldenrod | - | Antioxidant antimicrobial | [94] |
Strychnos minor Dennst. (Loganiaceae) | quercetin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid | antioxidant, antiviral, cytotoxic | [61] |
Strychnos nux-vomica Dennst. (Loganiaceae)–the strychnine tree, nux vomica, poison nut | quercetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid | antioxidant, antiviral, cytotoxic | |
Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev (Fabaceae) | - | anti-inflammatory topic | [12] |
Terminalia arjuna Wight & Arn (Combretaceae)–arjun tree | - | Antioxidant antimutagenic | [88] |
Terminalia brownie Fresen (Combretaceae) | Gallic acid, Ellagitannin, Punicalagin, Gallotannin, Corilagin | antibacterial | [58] |
Terminalia laxiflora Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae) | Gallic acid, EllagitanninEllagic acid glucuronide, GallotanninMethylellagic acid glucuronide, Methyl-(S)-flavogallonate and its isomer | antibacterial | |
Terminalia tomentosa Wight & Arn (Combretaceae)–Asan, Indian Laurel, Silver grey wood | - | anti-inflammatory | [105] |
Trichilia catigua A.Juss. (Meliaceae) | Catechin, Procyanidin, Epicatechin, Apocynin E, Cinchonain I, 3-Methoxybenzoylquinic acid | antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, neuroprotective | [91] |
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Tanase, C.; Coșarcă, S.; Muntean, D.-L. A Critical Review of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from the Bark of Woody Vascular Plants and Their Potential Biological Activity. Molecules 2019, 24, 1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061182
Tanase C, Coșarcă S, Muntean D-L. A Critical Review of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from the Bark of Woody Vascular Plants and Their Potential Biological Activity. Molecules. 2019; 24(6):1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061182
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanase, Corneliu, Sanda Coșarcă, and Daniela-Lucia Muntean. 2019. "A Critical Review of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from the Bark of Woody Vascular Plants and Their Potential Biological Activity" Molecules 24, no. 6: 1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061182