Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata) Extract Assessment as a Green Antioxidant for Biodiesel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Extract Obtaining
2.2. Antioxidant Properties of the Extract
2.3. Biodiesel Preparation and Characterization
2.4. Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Extract Obtaining
3.1.1. Plant Material Obtaining
3.1.2. Maceration
3.2. Antioxidant Properties of the Extract
3.2.1. Determination of Phenolic Acids by HPLC
3.2.2. Determination of the Free Radical Scavenging Capacity Through a DPPH Assay
3.2.3. Capacity of Ferric Reduction Through FRAP Assay
3.2.4. Capacity of Absorption of Oxygen Radicals Through ORAC Assay
3.2.5. Total Phenols
3.3. Biodiesel Preparation and Characterization
3.3.1. Biodiesel Preparation
3.3.2. GC-MS
3.4. Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel
3.4.1. Peroxide Value (PV)
3.4.2. Higher Heating Value
3.4.3. Oxidative Stability Index
Effect of Temperature on OSI
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Method | Result |
---|---|
DPPH | 10.14 ± 0.1 TEAC/g |
FRAP | 172.1 ± 0.13 TEAC/g |
ORAC | 50,770 ± 4.2 TEAC/g |
Total Phenols | 211.18 ± 0.39 GAE/g |
Compound | Concentration (mg/g) |
---|---|
Chlorogenic Acid | 0.920 |
Caffeic Acid | 2.288 |
p-Coumaric Acid | 0.916 |
Ferulic Acid | 0.849 |
Catechin | 1.967 |
Epicatechin | 1.866 |
Total | 8.806 |
RT (min) | Methyl Ester Name | Relative Abundance (%) |
---|---|---|
32.24 | 9-Octadecenoic acid (z) methyl ester | 46.35 |
32.14 | 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester | 23.54 |
30.24 | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 9.04 |
32.49 | Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester | 5.46 |
34.08 | 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester | 3.12 |
Others | 4.20 |
B100 | B100ox | Biodiesel 250 mg/L | Biodiesel 500 mg/L | Biodiesel 1000 mg/L | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average (MJ/kg) | 36.11 | 31.17 | 35.94 | 35.59 | 36.48 |
SD | 0.08 | 1.35 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.25 |
Sample Concentration (mg/L) | T (°C) | OSI (h) | Linear Equation | Ea (kJ/mol) | Q10 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m | ln A | R2 | |||||
Blank | 100 | 2.11 | 8457 | −21.90 | 0.98 | 70.32 | 1.76 |
110 | 1.25 | ||||||
120 | 0.58 | ||||||
130 | 0.42 | ||||||
250 | 100 | 27.90 | 12,296 | −29.81 | 0.93 | 102.23 | 2.38 |
110 | 8.80 | ||||||
120 | 3.04 | ||||||
130 | 2.65 | ||||||
500 | 100 | 27.88 | 14,249 | −34.64 | 0.96 | 118.47 | 2.65 |
110 | 16.89 | ||||||
120 | 5.61 | ||||||
130 | 1.69 | ||||||
1000 | 100 | 68.41 * | 10,989 | −25.23 | 0.99 | 91.37 | 2.08 |
110 | 32.27 | ||||||
120 | 14.22 | ||||||
130 | 7.89 |
Material | Antioxidant | Concentration (mg/L) | Blank OSI (h) | OSI with Antioxidant (h) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canola biodiesel | 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol | 1000 | 5.2 | 7.45 | Botella et al. [35] |
Catechol | 1000 | 5.2 | 9.51 | ||
Soybean biodiesel | BHT | 500 | 3.7 | 7 | Roveda et al. [36] |
Propyl gallate | 500 | 3.7 | 10 | ||
Soybean oil | Rosemary extract | 400 | 2.2 | 3.40 | Yang et al. [17] |
BHA+BHT | 400 | 2.2 | 2.90 | ||
Canola biodiesel | THBQ | 1000 | 9.15 | 38.53 | Mittelbach et al. [37] |
Propyl gallate | 1000 | 9.15 | 27.36 | ||
BHA | 1000 | 9.15 | 24.30 | ||
Canola biodiesel | L. tridentata methanolic extract | 1000 | 1.25 | 32.27 | Current authors |
500 | 1.25 | 16.89 |
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Sagaste, C.A.; Montero, G.; Coronado, M.A.; Ayala, J.R.; León, J.Á.; García, C.; Rojano, B.A.; Rosales, S.; Montes, D.G. Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata) Extract Assessment as a Green Antioxidant for Biodiesel. Molecules 2019, 24, 1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091786
Sagaste CA, Montero G, Coronado MA, Ayala JR, León JÁ, García C, Rojano BA, Rosales S, Montes DG. Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata) Extract Assessment as a Green Antioxidant for Biodiesel. Molecules. 2019; 24(9):1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091786
Chicago/Turabian StyleSagaste, Carlos A., Gisela Montero, Marcos A. Coronado, José R. Ayala, José Á. León, Conrado García, Benjamín A. Rojano, Stephania Rosales, and Daniela G. Montes. 2019. "Creosote Bush (Larrea tridentata) Extract Assessment as a Green Antioxidant for Biodiesel" Molecules 24, no. 9: 1786. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091786