Comparison of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and In Vitro Anti-Alzheimer Properties of Twenty-Seven Morus spp. Cultivated in Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Total Phenolic Contents (TPCs), Anthocyanins and Anthocyanidins
2.2. Antioxidant Activities
2.3. In Vitro Cholinesterase and BACE-1 Inhibitory Activities
2.4. Correlation Analysis of Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activities and AD Key Enzyme Inhibitory Activities
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Mulberry Collection, Preparation, and Extraction
4.2. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
4.3. Determination of Total Phenolic Contents, Anthocyanin and Anthocyanidin
4.4. Determination of Cholinesterases and Beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1) Inhibitory Activities
4.5. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Fundings
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Order | Cultivars | TPCs (mg GAE/g DW) | Anthocyanidin (µg/g DW) | Anthocyanins (µg/g DW) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyanidin | Keracyanin | Kuromanin | |||
1 | Morus ‘Krua’ | 3.72 ± 0.18 n | 347.41 ± 32.02 f | 883.55 ± 62.41 h | 1249.03 ± 108.70 g |
2 | Morus ‘Jak’ | 2.75 ± 0.11 o | 45.87 ± 3.01 ghi | 235.19 ± 0.86 mn | 213.03 ± 0.90 mn |
3 | Morus ‘Pai’ | 2.76 ± 0.10 o | 87.58 ± 7.58 ghi | 228.07 ± 2.80 mn | 211.58 ± 2.91 mn |
4 | Morus ‘Pai-Ubon’ | 3.74 ± 0.17 n | 86.50 ± 6.15 ghi | 237.32 ± 0.26 mn | 160.36 ± 1.00 mno |
5 | Morus ‘Poe’ | 3.73 ± 0.12 n | 160.11 ± 8.13 ghi | 522.74 ± 1.79 j | 905.26 ± 4.89 h |
6 | Morus ‘Mae Luke On’ | 4.08 ± 0.39 m | 61.95 ± 5.00 ghi | 155.23 ± 2.71 no | 194.19 ± 1.40 mn |
7 | Morus ‘Som’ | 5.18 ± 0.19 jk | 98.12 ± 4.18 ghi | 235.99 ± 5.41 mn | 172.13 ± 3.05 mn |
8 | Morus ‘Som Yai’ | 4.10 ± 0.38 m | 104.06 ± 11.16 ghi | 299.28 ± 0.40 lm | 263.20 ± 1.78 klmn |
9 | Morus ‘Sida’ | 5.58 ± 0.48 hi | 184.74 ± 16.86 gh | 630.07 ± 1.09 i | 814.19 ± 1.41 h |
10 | Morus ‘Kun Pai’ | 7.87 ± 0.43 e | 1710.50 ± 155.12 bc | 2765.88 ± 42.49 d | 7374.67 ± 30.48 c |
11 | Morus ‘Nakhon Ratchasima 60’ | 3.53 ± 0.20 n | 48.95 ± 5.08 ghi | 161.99 ± 0.30 no | 88.50 ± 0.38 no |
12 | Morus ‘Buri Ram 51’ | 3.70 ± 0.29 n | 107.50 ± 8.29 ghi | 536.22 ± 37.80 j | 222.42 ± 18.22 mn |
13 | Morus ‘Buri Ram 60’ | 4.68 ± 0.23 l | 68.23 ± 0.23 ghi | 372.89 ± 0.03 kl | 309.09 ± 0.78 klm |
14 | Morus ‘Si Sa Ket 33’ | 5.45 ± 0.44 ij | 43.16 ± 4.92 hi | 498.91 ± 0.92 j | 405.97 ± 1.35 jkl |
15 | Morus ‘Number 44’ | 8.84 ± 0.74 d | 143.25 ± 11.45 ghi | 1025.16 ± 5.36 g | 1233.66 ± 19.54 g |
16 | Morus sp. code SKSM 820281 | 7.11 ± 0.58 f | 1789.96 ± 127.59 ab | 4874.70 ± 83.40 c | 6426.53 ± 156.12 d |
17 | Morus sp. code SKSM 14-13-20 | 10.81 ± 0.21 b | 1583.49 ± 113.87 cd | 5848.59 ± 65.45 b | 10141.24 ± 71.43 b |
18 | Morus sp. code SKSM 040691 | 5.05 ± 0.28 k | 62.07 ± 6.66 ghi | 0.00 p | 0.00 o |
19 | Morus sp. code SKSM 810191 | 10.27 ± 0.50 c | 2879.30 ± 228.33 a | 7588.34 ± 36.59 a | 13566.64 ± 37.40 a |
20 | Morus sp. code SKSM 810391 | 0.37 ± 0.01 p | 1502.84 ± 157.69 d | 2408.50 ± 159.13 e | 5447.20 ± 305.14 e |
21 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9124-12 | 5.81 ± 0.19 h | 0.00 i | 403.03 ± 0.92 k | 560.18 ± 2.29 ij |
22 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9801-465 | 7.20 ± 0.48 f | 182.72 ± 14.62 gh | 720.44 ± 61.74 i | 1363.68 ± 111.80 g |
23 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9801-535 | 5.58 ± 0.28 hi | 207.84 ± 10.43 fg | 121.33 ± 8.63 o | 139.19 ± 9.84 mno |
24 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9801-833 | 5.39 ± 0.29 ij | 344.58 ± 29.88 f | 346.69 ± 5.19 kl | 421.43 ± 6.22 jk |
25 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9806-271 | 6.79 ± 0.20 g | 713.78 ± 25.11 e | 1428.44 ± 0.07 f | 2634.51 ± 9.53 f |
26 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9806-287 | 11.86 ± 0.19 a | 676.62 ± 41.02 e | 685.19 ± 11.64 i | 611.59 ± 8.34 i |
27 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9809-34 | 5.55 ± 0.26 hi | 41.25 ± 1.68 hi | 152.75 ± 1.02 no | 247.17 ± 0.20 lmn |
Order | Cultivars | DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay (µmol TE/100 g DW) | FRAP Assay (µmol TE/g DW) | ORAC Assay (µmol TE/g DW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Morus ‘Krua’ | 0.62 ± 0.05 e | 4.39 ± 0.18 m | 201.81 ± 15.60 cd |
2 | Morus ‘Jak’ | 0.50 ± 0.05 gh | 2.45 ± 0.19 n | 134.19 ± 11.06 gh |
3 | Morus ‘Pai’ | 0.49 ± 0.05 h | 2.30 ± 0.17 n | 151.04 ± 13.62 fg |
4 | Morus ‘Pai-Ubon’ | 0.56 ± 0.05 f | 2.61 ± 0.11 mn | 172.53 ± 15.75 ef |
5 | Morus ‘Poe’ | 0.58 ± 0.05 f | 3.33 ± 0.16 mn | 151.16 ± 12.03 fg |
6 | Morus ‘Mae Luke On’ | 0.45 ± 0.04 h | 14.24 ± 0.84 jk | 130.52 ± 12.01 ghi |
7 | Morus ‘Som | 0.45 ± 0.04 h | 18.50 ± 0.79 h | 254.04 ± 23.15 b |
8 | Morus ‘Som Yai’ | 0.50 ± 0.04 gh | 13.32 ± 0.63 k | 91.92 ± 8.78 klm |
9 | Morus ‘Sida’ | 0.54 ± 0.05 fg | 16.55 ± 1.43 i | 112.16 ± 9.24 hijk |
10 | Morus ‘Kun Pai’ | 1.25 ± 0.02 a | 44.33 ± 0.76 d | 216.42 ± 53.27 c |
11 | Morus ‘Nakhon Ratchasima 60’ | 0.28 ± 0.02 k | 11.02 ± 0.54 l | 131.73 ± 12.37 ghi |
12 | Morus ‘Buri Ram 51’ | 0.32 ± 0.03 j | 11.37 ± 0.47 l | 103.07 ± 6.55 jkl |
13 | Morus ‘Buri Ram 60’ | 0.37 ± 0.03 i | 15.50 ± 0.90 ij | 158.20 ± 11.01 f |
14 | Morus ‘Si Sa Ket 33’ | 0.37 ± 0.01 i | 15.56 ± 1.33 ij | 178.98 ± 17.51 e |
15 | Morus ‘Number 44’ | 0.83 ± 0.08 b | 27.90 ± 1.10 g | 251.84 ± 21.98 b |
16 | Morus sp. code SKSM 820281 | 0.50 ± 0.03 gh | 43.28 ± 2.85 d | 192.66 ± 48.44 de |
17 | Morus sp. code SKSM 14-13-20 | 0.72 ± 0.05 c | 66.96 ± 6.48 b | 259.25 ± 40.32 b |
18 | Morus sp. code SKSM 040691 | 0.67 ± 0.06 d | 14.70 ± 0.20 ijk | 86.63 ± 7.72 lm |
19 | Morus sp. code SKSM 810191 | 0.75 ± 0.04 c | 63.97 ± 3.84 c | 283.20 ± 36.56 a |
20 | Morus sp. code SKSM 810391 | 0.75 ± 0.07 c | 117.87 ± 1.77 a | 109.74 ± 3.64 ijk |
21 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9124-12 | 0.73 ± 0.06 c | 15.75 ± 0.53 ij | 64.03 ± 4.32 n |
22 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9801-465 | 0.55 ± 0.03 f | 3.06 ± 0.23 mn | 77.71 ± 3.84 mn |
23 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9801-535 | 0.56 ± 0.05 f | 16.64 ± 3.17 i | 103.79 ± 8.10 jkl |
24 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9801-833 | 0.55 ± 0.04 f | 14.20 ± 0.71 jk | 113.79 ± 9.44 hijk |
25 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9806-271 | 0.67 ± 0.06 d | 30.15 ± 1.52 f | 151.52 ± 11.82 fg |
26 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9806-287 | 0.85 ± 0.07 b | 40.52 ± 1.16 e | 116.96 ± 9.64 hij |
27 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9809-34 | 0.55 ± 0.03 f | 15.28 ± 1.34 ij | 82.85 ± 5.84 lmn |
Order | Cultivars | Percentage of Inhibition (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
AChE | BChE | BACE-1 | ||
1 | Morus ‘Krua’ | 44.91 ± 2.62 f | 42.38 ± 2.35 j | 41.58 ± 7.89 j |
2 | Morus ‘Jak’ | 37.35 ± 1.54 ij | 51.16 ± 4.58 g | 58.61 ± 0.41 efg |
3 | Morus ‘Pai’ | 34.68 ± 3.11 jkl | 51.30 ± 3.62 g | 38.78 ± 2.26 j |
4 | Morus ‘Pai-Ubon’ | 37.09 ± 3.44 ijk | 48.36 ± 3.63 gh | 71.23 ± 0.00 bc |
5 | Morus ‘Poe’ | 33.70 ± 3.31 lm | 55.34 ± 1.05 f | 37.48 ± 2.07 jk |
6 | Morus ‘Mae Luke On’ | 45.71 ± 3.95 ef | 56.52 ± 5.16 ef | 51.27 ± 3.32 ghi |
7 | Morus ‘Som’ | 56.29 ± 2.41 b | 77.02 ± 3.14 a | 63.01 ± 5.22 de |
8 | Morus ‘Som Yai’ | 53.89 ± 4.20 bc | 63.16 ± 1.03 c | 63.00 ± 7.50 de |
9 | Morus ‘Sida’ | 49.65 ± 2.53 d | 64.86 ± 2.39 c | 52.81 ± 1.37 ghi |
10 | Morus ‘Kun Pai’ | 35.37 ± 1.77 jkl | 41.78 ± 1.28 j | 48.93 ± 1.66 i |
11 | Morus ‘Nakhon Ratchasima 60’ | 60.09 ± 3.62 a | 62.72 ± 5.23 c | 54.21 ± 2.69 ghi |
12 | Morus ‘Buri Ram 51’ | 53.66 ± 3.40 bc | 71.33 ± 6.79 b | 65.54 ± 3.44 cde |
13 | Morus ‘Buri Ram 60’ | 45.61 ± 3.96 ef | 56.85 ± 1.50 ef | 70.65 ± 1.02 bc |
14 | Morus ‘Si Sa Ket 33’ | 45.85 ± 4.47 ef | 62.99 ± 3.03 c | 76.32 ± 2.06 ab |
15 | Morus ‘Number 44’ | 50.98 ± 2.73 cd | 61.31 ± 3.53 cd | 70.45 ± 3.54 bc |
16 | Morus sp. code SKSM 820281 | 34.05 ± 3.70 klm | 48.76 ± 4.59 gh | 55.12 ± 1.38 fghi |
17 | Morus sp. code SKSM 14-13-20 | 31.37 ± 2.25 m | 37.80 ± 3.79 k | 77.11 ± 5.60 ab |
18 | Morus sp. code SKSM 040691 | 26.10 ± 1.44 n | 43.86 ± 0.91 ij | 54.60 ± 3.59 fghi |
19 | Morus sp. code SKSM 810191 | 43.68 ± 2.28 fg | 59.05 ± 2.28 de | 66.34 ± 2.06 cd |
20 | Morus sp. code SKSM 810391 | 21.87 ± 1.48 o | 22.02 ± 2.20 m | 61.64 ± 6.11 def |
21 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9124-12 | 48.52 ± 4.78 de | 50.57 ± 2.22 gh | 31.28 ± 1.78 k |
22 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9801-465 | 22.96 ± 1.42 o | 21.27 ± 1.96 m | 58.10 ± 3.23 efgh |
23 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9801-535 | 39.98 ± 2.72 hi | 61.63 ± 3.07 cd | 51.03 ± 0.36 hi |
24 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9801-833 | 36.50 ± 2.07 jkl | 48.75 ± 1.48 gh | 62.85 ± 0.97 de |
25 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9806-271 | 41.21 ± 3.00 gh | 51.87 ± 4.24 g | 76.12 ± 5.45 ab |
26 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9806-287 | 26.63 ± 2.20 n | 30.00 ± 2.60 l | 78.67 ± 5.70 a |
27 | Morus sp. code SRCM 9809-34 | 36.17 ± 3.55 jkl | 47.06 ± 3.21 hi | 64.79 ± 2.52 cde |
Parameters | TPCs | Cyanidin | Keracyanin | Kuromanin | DPPH | FRAP | ORAC | Anti-AChE | Anti-BChE | Anti-BACE1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPCs | 1 | |||||||||
Cyanidin | 0.476 * | 1 | ||||||||
Keracyanin | 0.540 ** | 0.943 ** | 1 | |||||||
Kuromanin | 0.505 ** | 0.963 ** | 0.977 ** | 1 | ||||||
DPPH | 0.502 ** | 0.527 ** | 0.381 | 0.498 ** | 1 | |||||
FRAP | 0.242 | 0.772 ** | 0.678 ** | 0.725 ** | 0.481 * | 1 | ||||
ORAC | 0.421 * | 0.543 ** | 0.626 ** | 0.610 ** | 0.269 | 0.300 | 1 | |||
Anti-AChE | −0.138 | −0.305 | −0.204 | −0.247 | −0.418 * | −0.360 | 0.178 | 1 | ||
Anti-BChE | −0.154 | −0.297 | −0.193 | −0.252 | −0.480 * | −0.413 * | 0.208 | 0.860 ** | 1 | |
Anti-BACE1 | 0.416 * | 0.178 | 0.213 | 0.175 | −0.350 | 0.300 | 0.269 | −0.037 | −0.020 | 1 |
Time (min) | Solvent A | Solvent B |
---|---|---|
0 | 88 | 12 |
6 | 88 | 12 |
8 | 85 | 15 |
25 | 85 | 15 |
25 | 88 | 12 |
30 | 88 | 12 |
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Temviriyanukul, P.; Sritalahareuthai, V.; Jom, K.N.; Jongruaysup, B.; Tabtimsri, S.; Pruesapan, K.; Thangsiri, S.; Inthachat, W.; Siriwan, D.; Charoenkiatkul, S.; et al. Comparison of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and In Vitro Anti-Alzheimer Properties of Twenty-Seven Morus spp. Cultivated in Thailand. Molecules 2020, 25, 2600. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112600
Temviriyanukul P, Sritalahareuthai V, Jom KN, Jongruaysup B, Tabtimsri S, Pruesapan K, Thangsiri S, Inthachat W, Siriwan D, Charoenkiatkul S, et al. Comparison of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and In Vitro Anti-Alzheimer Properties of Twenty-Seven Morus spp. Cultivated in Thailand. Molecules. 2020; 25(11):2600. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112600
Chicago/Turabian StyleTemviriyanukul, Piya, Varittha Sritalahareuthai, Kriskamol Na Jom, Butsara Jongruaysup, Somying Tabtimsri, Kanchana Pruesapan, Sirinapa Thangsiri, Woorawee Inthachat, Dalad Siriwan, Somsri Charoenkiatkul, and et al. 2020. "Comparison of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and In Vitro Anti-Alzheimer Properties of Twenty-Seven Morus spp. Cultivated in Thailand" Molecules 25, no. 11: 2600. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112600